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Resilience assessment and management of technical systems have been increasingly important as the current applications in the process industries are becoming more complex. Several review papers on resilience man-agement methods and applications have been published by researchers from different aspects. However, none of them put the focus on bibliometric analysis of the relevant research works especially those in the process in-dustries. This study pays attention to system resilience assessment and management, by reviewing sources of relevant publications, collaboration of institutions and authors, and development trends. In addition, the development of resilience engineering and management is further investigated through analyzing the most influential and relevant journals of process safety and environmental protection. This review provides valuable information regarding knowledge structure, evolution and influential publications, and high-level insights for future research.

Society is concerned about maritime accidents since pollution, such as oil spills from ship accidents, adversely affects the marine environment. Operational and strategic pollution preparedness and response risk management are essential activities to mitigate such adverse impacts. Quantitative risk models and decision support systems (DSS) have been proposed to support these risk management activities. However, there currently is a lack of computationally fast and accurate models to estimate oil spill consequences. While resource-intensive simulation models are available to make accurate predictions, these are slow and cannot easily be integrated into quantitative risk models or DSS. Hence, there is a need to develop solutions to accelerate the computational process. A fast and accurate metamodel is developed in this work to predict damage and oil outflow in tanker collision accidents. To achieve this, multiobjective optimization is applied to three metamodeling approaches: Deep Neural Network, Polynomial Regression, and Gradient Boosting Regression Tree. The data used in these learning algorithms are generated using state-of-the-art engineering models for accidental damage and oil outflow dynamics. The multiobjective optimization approach leads to a computationally efficient and accurate model chosen from a set of optimized models. The results demonstrate the metamodel’s robust capacity to provide accurate and computationally efficient estimates of damage extents and volume of oil outflow. This model can be used in maritime risk analysis contexts, particularly in strategic pollution preparedness and response management. The models can also be linked to operational response DSS when fast, and reasonably accurate estimates of spill sizes are critical.

While the concept of smart shipping is expected to shape the future of the maritime industry, its safety is still a major concern. New risks might emerge when shifting from human controllers onboard, to autonomous software controllers and remote human controllers. The uncertainties associated with the emerging risks require an efficient decision-making methodology to ensure ship safety. This paper proposes a framework for selecting Risk Control Options (RCOs) of ships with higher degrees of autonomy in the context of marine risk assessment and Formal Safety Assessment (FSA). The framework uses the System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) for the hazard analysis and the identification of RCOs, while Bayesian Network is employed in the framework for estimating the system risk. Integrating STPA and BN offers the possibility to cover most of the steps of both risk assessment and FSA and permits the prioritization of the identified RCOs. The proposed method is applied to a concept of an autonomous seawater coolingsystem (SWC) as an illustrative case study. The results indicate that the RCOs including sensors health monitoring and software testing should be prioritized to reduce the risk. This is unveiled by the STPA analysis which shows the risk contribution of the associated causal scenarios.

Escort and convoy are typical operations when a merchant ship navigates in ice beyond its own ice-going capability. In such scenarios, a safety distance between the front ship and the following ship is maintained. The leading vessel may suddenly decelerate or even come to a halt if it encounters a heavy ridge or thick ice floe. When this happens, the following ship needs to take actions to avoid collision with the leading vessel. An evasive operation for such collision avoidance is to break out of the channel. The safety distance can be defined as the minimum distance which is needed for successful collision avoidance. This depends on various parameters such as ice thickness, ship speed, channel width, the ship’s icebreaking capability and its manoeuvrability in ice. This paper investigates safety distance during escort and convoy by model-scale experiments and numerical simulation of a ship breaking out of ice channel. The experiments are carried out at Aalto Ice Tank and the numerical simulations are conducted via the in-house simulation software package of Aalto University Marine Technology group. The dependencies of the safety distance on ice thickness, channel width and initial speed are identified via multiple experimental and simulation runs. The simulation proves to provide accurate estimation on breakout distance through comparison with model test results, and reveals the influence of ice thickness, channel width and initial speed on the breakout distance.

This article presents a bibliometric analysis and mapping of the Chinese process safety research, focusing on the contributions made in core process safety journals and on the influences of international collaborations and knowledge sources on the developments of this research domain. Collaboration networks, term co-occurrence networks, and co-citation network were analyzed to identify trends, patterns, and the knowledge distribution of the Chinese research on process safety. Work to data has been clustered mainly on safety of chemical processes, fire and explosion, and risk management and accidents. Chinese research contributions are concentrated in only few journals, while the corresponding intellectual base draws on the wider literature focused on understanding and modeling phenomena, and on the broader risk research literature, although to a lesser extent. While various foreign authors are highly cited by Chinese authors, only very few direct collaborations with international scholars are identified. The results are used as a basis for a discussion on future research directions and developments for the community. Increased focus on uncertainty treatment and handling of black swan events, risk evaluation and economic aspects of safety decisions, interorganizational risk management, road and maritime transport of hazardous substances, risk perception and communication, and integrated safety and security assessment, are highlighted as fruitful directions for future scholarship. It is hoped that the insights obtained from this work can facilitate new and consolidated collaborations, as well as further invigorate the Chinese process safety domain, ultimately contributing to improved safety performance of process industries in China and elsewhere.

Safety climate and safety culture are important research domains in risk and safety science, and various industry and service sectors show significant interest in, and commitment to, applying its concepts, theories, and methods to enhance organizational safety performance. Despite the large body of literature on these topics, there are disagreements about the scope and focus of these concepts, and there is a lack of systematic understanding of their development patterns and the knowledge domains on which these are built. This article presents a comparative analysis of the literature focusing on safety climate and safety culture, using various scientometric analysis approaches and tools. General development patterns are identified, including the publication trends, in terms of temporal and geographical activity, the science domains in which safety culture and safety climate research occurs, and the scientific domains and articles that have primarily influenced their respective development. It is found that the safety culture and safety climate domains show strong similarities, e.g., in dominant application domains and frequently occurring terms. However, safety culture research attracts comparatively more attention from other scientific domains, and the research domains rely on partially different knowledge bases. In particular, while measurement plays a role in both domains, the results suggest that safety climate research focuses comparatively more on the development and validation of questionnaires and surveys in particular organizational contexts, whereas safety culture research appears to relate these measurements to wider organizational features and management mechanisms. Finally, various directions for future research are identified based on the obtained results.

Towing operations are highly reliant on the experience of the towing operators. Safety concerns arise when towing operations are subjected to environmental disturbances and dynamic traffic conditions. However, a systematic framework and approaches to enhance the safety and automation of towing operations remain lacking. This work proposes a framework of collision prevention of ship towing operations under environmental disturbance in near port waters. The focus is to prevent internal collisions between tug and assisted ship and provide early warning of possible collisions with other surrounding ships. A cooperative multi-agent control strategy is employed to specify the direction and magnitude of the towing force of the two tugs in real-time. Therefore, in the presence of environmental disturbance, the assisted ship can sail along the planned trajectory, and the acceptable safe geometric distance between each ship pair in the towing system is guaranteed. Further, a COLREGs-compliant collision alert system is designed to promptly remind the towing operators of a collision hazard with nearby ships, and different alert levels indicate different action obligations of towing operators. This proposed framework and developed methods are applied to a tandem towing system consisting of two tugs and one assisted ship to test its feasibility.

Funding Information: The first author of this work is supported by the China Scholarship Council (Grant Number: 201606950009) and Marine Technology research group in Aalto University (9170094). This work is also supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through Grant No. 52001237 and 52001241. The work has further received financial support from the Canada First Research Excellence Fund, through the Ocean Frontier Institute. This financial support is gratefully acknowledged. Besides, we thank the two anonymous reviewers for their very insightful comments, which have been very instrumental to improve an earlier version of this work. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 This paper introduced a new ship domain concept and an analytical framework. The ship domain takes the point of the ship’s first evasive maneuver as a basis and correlates it with the navigator-perceived collision risk level. The first evasive maneuver of a ship is detected based on the ship turning point identification and ship intention estimation. The available maneuvering margin (AMM) is utilized as a proxy to measure the perceived collision risk by the navigator. Interpreting the first evasive maneuver in terms of this AMM over a large sample of vessel encounters taken from automatic identification system (AIS) data finally enables an empirical estimation of the size of this ship domain. The method is applied to AIS data in the Northern Baltic Sea, and separate ship domains are constructed for the give-way and stand-on vessels with different maneuverability characteristics. Compared to the existing proximity-based ship domain, this ship domain explicitly incorporates the dynamic nature of the encounter process and the navigator’s evasive maneuvers. Several advantages of this proposed ship domain concept and limitations of the presented modeling approach are discussed. Finally, possible future applications are explained, including waterway safety assessment and navigational decision support systems to reduce ship-ship collision risk.

Although there is a growing field of research focusing on university laboratory safety, accidents in such contexts still occur relatively frequently. Therefore, it is significant to summarize current research status and gaps, and to propose future research directions in the field of university laboratory safety. In this paper, a bibliometric analysis method was applied to gain an overall view of the developments, focus areas, and trends in this field of safety research. A total of 219 scientific publications on university laboratory safety were identified and screened from the database of Web of Science, covering 44 countries or regions, 254 research institutions, 575 authors, 126 publication sources, and 70 subject categories. Bibliometric data such as annual growth trend and distribution of subject categories were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The most productive and influential countries, institutions, authors, and their cooperation networks were identified from co-citation maps created by VOSviewer. Further analysis was carried out to find out the core publications and publication sources in this field. Insights in the focus areas and research topics over time were obtained through terms co-occurrence analysis. The results indicate that university laboratory safety is a highly multidisciplinary research field. However, it is still a young discipline and belongs to the minority research field when compared with other safety domains. Several avenues for future research are identified to advance and make progress in this field.

The automatic identification system (AIS) has become a key element in maritime domains of inquiry and the number of related articles has increased rapidly. The systematic integration of AIS data with other datatypes has received less attention and has mostly resulted in application-specific datasets that are small relative to the available AIS data. This work presents an accumulating multi-purpose database for the northern Baltic Sea that combines nine years of AIS data with marine environmental data. The main application is winter navigation research, for which purpose the environmental data is from ice charts and ice drift models. The AIS data is from terrestrial stations and amounts to 6 billion messages. It has a full update rate which is also required for the analysis of ice navigation as this involves close encounters, icebreaker assistance, convoy operations, and rapid speed changes. To identify and study such traffic features, distances between ships that are close to each other are included in the database. Application examples are given for spatial traffic statistics, reduction of ship speed with increasing ice thickness, and for icebreaker assistance.

Most vessels cannot safely sail in areas with sea ice. In the Northern Baltic Sea area, the presence of sea ice often requires icebreaking ships to open up ice-covered areas so merchant vessels can proceed to their destinations. In this environment there is an increasing number of ships. With growing transport volumes in sea ice environments, icebreaker operations such as convoys have become increasingly important to ensure navigation safety. This paper proposes a model of multi-ship following for icebreaker convoy operations in continuous icebreaking conditions, using modelling principles from earlier proposed car following models combined with considerations of safe distance and safe speed in ship convoy operations in ice conditions. The model parameters are calibrated with empirical data from actual icebreaker convoy operations, using data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) and sea ice model data. The model determines ice resistance according to ice thickness, type, and bending strength, and the main dimensions of the icebreaker leading the convoy. The maximum safe navigable speed is used to assess the following ships’ ability to sail in sea ice. The multi-ship following simulation results were found to be in good agreement with empirical data. The new proposed model can provide a theoretical reference for icebreaker convoy operations, can have practical use in ship simulators to improve training, and could be useful for traffic modelling and planning purposes.

The growing interest for Arctic and Antarctic shipping activities due to the decreasing ice cover will also increase the risks of accidents on these waters. The design of ships for ice has traditionally been based on the practical experience without a clear link to the physics of the ship-ice interaction. The rules are, however, getting more towards the goal based approach, which require good knowledge of all the various element important for design. Risk based ship design (RBSD) is also widely applied e.g. for the passengers ships. Therefore, the scope of this paper is the review of the knowledge necessary for RBSD for Arctic conditions. The main focus is on ice loads and ship structures. Accident prevention and environmental consequences of oil spills are also discussed, but more briefly. In risk analysis, there is a recent focus on the treatment of uncertainty, or conversely, the strength of knowledge underlying the risk quantification. In light of this, the review is performed with specific focus on the strength of evidence of the different fields of knowledge needed to perform RBSD in ice conditions. The results indicate that the risk based design for Arctic operations is challenging as the ice environment, together with all the possible ship-ice contact scenarios, are complicated to define properly, especially on proper probabilistic terms, The main challenges are still related how to describe the ship-ice interaction parameters such as ship-ice contact characteristics, pressure distributions, and load levels in all the various ice conditions. In addition, the possible environmental consequences of the accidents need further research. Finally, human factors need to be incorporated in risk analysis techniques.

The Baltic Sea is a unique and sensitive brackish-water ecosystem vulnerable to damage from shipping activities. Despite high levels of maritime safety in the area, there is a continued risk of oil spills and associated harmful environmental impacts. Achieving common situational awareness between oil spill response decision makers and other actors, such as merchant vessel and Vessel Traffic Service center operators, is an important step to minimizing detrimental effects. This paper presents the Next-Generation Smart Response Web (NG-SRW), a web-based application to aid decision making concerning oil spill response. This tool aims to provide, dynamically and interactively, relevant information on oil spills. By integrating the analysis and visualization of dynamic spill features with the sensitivity of environmental elements and value of human uses, the benefits of potential response actions can be compared, helping to develop an appropriate response strategy. The oil spill process simulation enables the response authorities to judge better the complexity and dynamic behavior of the systems and processes behind the potential environmental impact assessment and thereby better control the oil combat action.

Funding Information: The work received funding from SIMREC project (CBC 2014?2020), funded by the European Union, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finland. The work also received funding from the Lloyd's Register Foundation, a charitable foundation, helping to protect life and property by supporting engineering-related education, public engagement and the application of research www.lrfoundation.org.uk. The contributions by the third author were undertaken in context of the project ?Safe Navigation and Environmental Protection?, thanks in part to funding from the Canada First Research Excellence Fund, through the Ocean Frontier Institute. The authors also thank Fang Li and Mikko Suominen for their valuable comments to the paper. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s) Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. Ships navigating in ice inevitably encounter different ice conditions. Dynamic ice typically presents severe conditions when it is moving perpendicular towards the parallel midship section, which can lead to ships getting stuck in ice. This can cause delays for ships or even damage to the ship hull. However, there currently is no model to assess ship operability in this dynamic ice. This paper aims to develop a method to assess operability of ships in dynamic ice conditions, which can be used for ship routing to avoid ship stuck. The method is especially useful for emergency response planning purposes, e.g. for marine pollution preparedness and response planning, where an understanding of the operability of response vessels in dynamic ice conditions currently is lacking. First, a transit model is introduced for both independent navigation and escort operations, considering the additional ice resistance by dynamic ice. Then, a ship operability index is proposed based on the modelling of ship's performance. Case studies of independent navigation and escort operations in realistic dynamic ice conditions are investigated to compare with the simulated results. Reasonable agreement is obtained, indicating that the proposed method can be used for ship operability assessment in dynamic ice.

Highlights • A new risk management framework for maritime Pollution Preparedness and Response is proposed. • The framework aims to comply with the complex reality of Pollution Preparedness and Response risk management. • The framework is based on the current scientific knowledge and practical needs of its end-users. Several risk management frameworks have been introduced in the literature for maritime Pollution Preparedness and Response (PPR). However, in light of the actual needs of the competent authorities, there is still a lack of framework that is established on a sound risk conceptual basis, addresses the different risk management decision-making contexts of organizations, and provides tools for various risk management questions of this field. To alleviate the limits of existing approaches, this paper introduces a new risk management framework for this purpose, which was developed in cooperation with the competent authorities and other maritime experts. The framework adopts the risk-informed decision-making strategy and includes three aligned components. The first component provides a unified theoretical risk concept to the framework through an interpretation of the Society for Risk Analysis risk approach. The second consists of four ISO 31000:2018 standard based processes focused on different risk management decision-making contexts of the PPR organizations. The third comprises a set of practical risk assessment tools to generate the needed information. A case study provides an example of the functionality of this framework with integrated data from the northern Baltic Sea. To conclude, a risk concept is provided for the PPR authorities and their stakeholders as well as processes for managing the risk and tools for its assessment.

Ship performance in level ice involves problems such as attainable speed and maneuverability under different ice thickness. As the alternative to analytical methods, numerical simulation models have been proposed in recent years to improve the accuracy and to analyze more complex operations. However, current numerical models use quite diverse approaches to model the icebreaking components, and focus on rather different aspects, while the choices need more justification. The primary aim of this paper is to propose a framework for the development of effective and efficient numerical models to simulate ship performance in level ice, based on state-of-the-art knowledge of ship-ice interaction. This covers a discussion of modelling purposes and a hierarchical decomposition of the problem, followed by a strategy and two methods which could be applied to improve accuracy and credibility, as well as methodology of validation. Following the proposed framework, a numerical model is proposed as a prototype model, which simulates ship performance in level ice, and can be developed further in future. The numerical simulation results are compared with full-scale measurement results of a ship on the Baltic Sea, indicating reasonable estimation of ship turning. This implies the validity of the model as a prototype of the proposed framework.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Macro-analysing the scientific literature on Coronaviruses and Covid-19. • Identifying macro-level patterns of scholarly publications on Coronaviruses and Covid-19. • Scoping review of the safety-related research dimensions with respect to Covid-19. • Synthesising the current safety-related findings of the scientific studies on Covid-19. • Identifying underrepresented safety dimensions with respect to academic studies of Covid-19., The COVID-19 global pandemic has generated an abundance of research quickly following the outbreak. Within only a few months, more than a thousand studies on this topic have already appeared in the scientific literature. In this short review, we analyse the bibliometric aspects of these studies on a macro level, as well as those addressing Coronaviruses in general. Furthermore, through a scoping analysis of the literature on COVID-19, we identify the main safety-related dimensions that these studies have thus far addressed. Our findings show that across various research domains, and apart from the medical and clinical aspects such as the safety of vaccines and treatments, issues related to patient transport safety, occupational safety of healthcare professionals, biosafety of laboratories and facilities, social safety, food safety, and particularly mental/psychological health and domestic safety have thus far attracted most attention of the scientific community in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis also uncovers various potentially significant safety problems caused by this global health emergency which currently have attracted only limited scientific focus but may warrant more attention. These include matters such as cyber safety, economic safety, and supply-chain safety. These findings highlight why, from an academic research perspective, a holistic interdisciplinary approach and a collective scientific effort is required to help understand and mitigate the various safety impacts of this crisis whose implications reach far beyond the bio-medical risks. Such holistic safety-scientific understanding of the COVID-19 crisis can furthermore be instrumental to be better prepared for a future pandemic.

Dr. Kletz is one the pioneers in the process safety area, known widely for his work on inherent safety design and loss prevention. He worked 38 years in Imperial Chemical Industries, and became a fulltime researcher only after his retirement. He published more than 200 papers and 15 books during his retirement. The intellectual basis analysis presented in this article shows that he frequently cited his books in his articles, indicating that his industrial experience was very influential to his scholarly contributions. Lawley, H.G. was one of the researchers whose work had most influence on Kletz's research. Among Dr. Kletz's publications, the article ‘What You Don't Have, Can't Leak’ has the highest impact, while his most influential book is ‘Process plants: A handbook for inherently safer design’. The references co-citation network is divided in two clearly connected components: his earlier work related to infra-red spectra, and his later work addressing process safety related topics, including inherent safety and hazard and accident analysis. Both his work and that of his followers is rooted in a similar intellectual basis within process safety research, in which particularly Dr. Kletz's earlier work forms an influential original body of knowledge rooted in his industrial experience. His career is a prime example of how process safety research has been strongly influenced by knowledge from industrial practice, illustrating that a continued strong connection between industry and academia can lead to very fruitful outcomes. It is hoped that the presented analysis can inspire especially young graduates with academic interests to first embark on an industrial career to gain industrial experience before aiming to contribute to academic process safety knowledge.

Over the last decades, process safety has been an important area of academic inquiry, aiming to build knowledge which can contribute to reduce the occurrence of industrial accidents in the process and chemical industries, or to mitigate their consequences. Knowledge in this interdisciplinary research domain is created using applied science, engineering, organizational, and social science approaches. This article provides a retrospective overview of the process safety research field, through the lens of three major journals contributing to the development of this knowledge domain: Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, and Process Safety Progress. An analysis of the articles in these journals, published between 1999 and 2018, provides insights in the structure, developments, trends, and highly influential works in this research domain, while revealing differences and similarities between these three core process safety journals. General publication trends, the geographic distribution of leading knowledge producers (countries/regions and institutions), their collaboration and temporal evolution patterns, topic clusters and emerging trends, and highly cited sources and articles, are identified and discussed.

This chapter is a proactive risk exploration of hypothetical remotely operated search and rescue (SAR) ships in the Canadian Arctic. The harsh and remote environment in the region, combined with complicated coastlines and many uncharted or poorly charted traffic routes, makes it one of the most challenging SAR areas. Canada has committed itself to safety, environmental protection and sovereign presence in the area by maintaining joint SAR centres of federal government departments and mobilizing private volunteers. The characteristics of Canadian SAR response in the Arctic rest with its high dependency on heavy equipment such as aircraft, helicopters and icebreakers, entailing prolonged hours of response time. As recent climate change impacts and maritime traffic increase in the northern waters disclose safety gaps, innovation in SAR assets is anticipated. The safety gaps may be filled by state-of-the-art remote control technology. This chapter discusses remotely operated unmanned ships for SAR response, exploring their opportunities, risk dimensions and governance implications.

The diminishing extent of sea ice in Arctic areas brings opportunities for increased shipping activities in the Canadian Arctic. However, it also causes concerns, e.g., related to environmental pollution to vulnerable areas and impacts on ecosystems at local, regional, and global scales, which can further impact human health. Increased shipping activity also causes concerns about safety risks associated with the navigation of vessels, for instance, related to the response to vessels or people in distress. Appropriate risk management strategies, tools, and equipment are essential to successfully mitigate these risks, with due consideration of concerns of rights-holders, stakeholders, and society at large. In this chapter, an exploratory application of key elements of the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) risk governance framework is presented, focusing on selected risks associated with shipping in the Canadian Arctic. After introducing the IRGC framework, selected shipping risks in the Canadian Arctic are classified in terms of the type of risk problem these represent. Subsequently, a discussion is given on the implications of this pre-screening for selecting appropriate risk governance strategies. The chapter concludes with a discussion on suggestions for future work on risk governance in a Canadian Arctic maritime shipping risk context.

Dr. M. Sam Mannan is one of the true pioneers in the process safety area, spending almost his entire lifetime in process safety and risk research. He was dedicated to ‘make safety second nature’ and published an impressive body of work. An overview of his research helps understanding the process safety area and provides insight in the legacy of this process safety pioneer. In this paper, 327 publications authored by Dr. Mannan from 1999 to 2019 in Web of Science core collection were downloaded and visually analyzed from four perspectives: his publication outputs, collaboration networks, topic areas, and highly cited papers and cited references. The results show a rapidly increasing trend in his research activity, mostly through journal publications. He published in 53 different outlets, with Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries being most frequently selected. Dr. Mannan had a very active and diverse worldwide network, and collaborated with 18 different countries/regions, nearly 90 different institutions and 387 authors. His publications addressed process safety-related topics widely, including safety related to liquefied natural gas, explosions, runaway reactions, inherent safety, flammability and aerosol, and more recently resilience. Dr. Mannan's most cited paper focused on ‘fuzzy risk matrix’, whereas the most frequently cited reference in his work is ‘thermal hazard evaluation by an accelerating rate calorimeter’ by Townsend DI in 1980. Based on his most recent research activity, promising future directions for process safety research include resilience linked to risk assessment and management, for instance through the ‘safety triad’ concept he promoted shortly before passing away.

Autonomous vessels are envisioned to enhance safety, improve environmental sustainability, increase efficiency, and reduce costs. With much effort directed towards merchant shipping, technical designs for urban ferries are also under development to facilitate smart mobility. Safety perceptions of such autonomous ferries are likely important drivers of the adoption of such novel technologies. Understanding the public’s perceived benefits and concerns can support policy makers and industry in implementing responsible risk governance and can have design and operational implications. This article explores this topic for a hypothetical autonomous urban ferry in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Through phone surveys and interviews, focus is on safety perceptions of different automation degrees, which are further explored in relation to selected population characteristics. Improved environmental performance is the most important perceived benefit, whereas safety is the most important concern. Overall, there is support for increased automation, but an on-board presence of qualified operators is considered important for safety and security related reasons. Remotely controlled ferries without onboard personnel or fully autonomous vessels are generally perceived as (very) unsafe. Men are slightly more favourable of increased automation than women, as are people with more digital knowledge and skills. Acknowledging several limitations of this exploratory study, of which the focus on older age groups in the studied population is the most significant, the findings suggest that understanding the public’s safety perceptions is important to ensure the successful design, implementation, and operation of autonomous urban, so that the envisaged benefits of these new systems can be achieved.

Designing maritime safety management systems commonly follows basic processes which focus on fulfilling the demands of the regulations in the industry. This provokes designing systems with limited application which are not capable to efficiently use the guidance contained in regulatory demands, and more importantly, creating systems which are not capable of representing, evaluating, and improving the dynamic management of safety-critical organizations. This article proposes a safety system engineering process for designing maritime safety management systems which is based on the Systems-Theoretic Accident Modelling and Processes (STAMP). This process is applied for sketching the safety management of the Vessel Traffic Services in Finland. The aim is to systematically represent the function of the utilized controls for ensuring the internal VTS safety management and the safety of navigation in Finnish sea areas. The outcome of this study provides a descriptive process of analysis for designing maritime safety management systems. In this process, two other concrete elements are included for supporting the functioning of the safety management system to be designed. First, the adaptation of an identification process for determining key performance indicators for planning, monitoring and evaluating the functioning of the safety management system. Second, the constitution of a performance monitoring tool capable of executing the monitoring, measuring, and updating of the determined key performance indicators and the general functioning of the designed safety management system.

For the design and transit simulation of ice-going ships, a number of methods have been proposed for the prediction of ship resistance and transit speed in various ice conditions. In this paper, selected methods for ship performance in level ice, ridged ice and channel ice are evaluated based on full-scale measurement data of two ships. Uncertainties are identified and evaluated for a better understanding of the deviations in the results. Ice thickness in full-scale data was measured using multiple methods to minimize the uncertainty. The thickness of level ice was measured by a stereo camera system. The ridge profile was identified through measurement with an electromagnetic device. Visual observation was conducted for the description of encountered ice conditions. For a better estimation of ship net thrust through propulsive data, the net thrust model is revised in this paper to take the effect of power and propeller pitch into consideration. The results show that for transit simulation, the selected methods for level ice give acceptable prediction of ship speed with certain underestimation. For ridged ice, the method seems to underestimate the speed, especially when a ship needs to conduct ramming operation. Data acquisition is the most problematic for the investigation of channel ice. The uncertainties due to the modelling of sub-processes and ice properties lead to certain scatter in applying these methods for speed prediction. Possible improvements are given as the conclusion of this work.

Risk perception is important in organizational and societal governance contexts. This article presents a high-level analysis of risk perception research using Web of Science core collection databases, scientometrics methods and visualization tools. The focus is on trends in outputs, geographical and temporal trends, and patterns in the associated scientific categories. Thematic clusters and temporal dynamics of focus topics are identified using keyword analysis. A co-citation analysis is performed to identify the evolution of research fronts and key documents. The results indicate that research output is growing fast, with most contributions originating from western countries. The domain is highly interdisciplinary, rooted in psychology and social sciences, but branching into domains related to environmental sciences, medicine, and engineering. Significant research themes focus on perceptions related to health, with a focus on cancer, human immunodeficiency virus, and epidemiology, natural hazards and major disasters, traffic accidents, technological and industrial risks, and customer trust. Risk perception research originated from consumer choice decisions, with subsequent research fronts focusing on understanding the risk perception concept, and on developing taxonomies and measurement methods. Applied research fronts focus on environmental hazards, traffic accidents, breast cancer and, more recently, e-commerce transactions and flood risk. Based on the results, various avenues for future research are described.

Risk ranking is a widely used technique for selecting and prioritizing multiple risks facing an organization or decision maker. In industrial practice and in academic work, risk ranking methods are commonly based an implicit risk conceptualization, adopting a particular foundational perspective and accounting for selected factors. Nevertheless, different stakeholders may adhere to various risk conceptualizations, applying different foundational perspectives and accounting for different factors in the ranking process. Identifying a gap in the literature to coherently consider these different foundations, this paper presents an approach for reconciling different foundational perspectives and stakeholder views, accounting for uncertainties about these. The approach is presented based on three foundational perspectives (the expected value, uncertainty and moral perspective), and developed as a Bayesian Network – Influence Diagram. The main use of the model is to make possible controversies in risk prioritization explicit, facilitating stakeholder deliberation. The model can easily be extended with new perspectives on risk ranking, or adapted based on additional knowledge about other aspects, e.g. relating to risk perception. The graphical representation allows insights into the contribution of various aspects, facilitating the selection of appropriate risk management actions. The developed model is applied to an example, suggesting that the envisaged benefits of the proposed approach are plausible. It is concluded that the novel approach has a clear potential for reconciling different foundational perspectives and stakeholder views on risk ranking. Nevertheless, it is stressed that the conceptual contribution made in this paper should be more elaborately tested in practical settings, substantiating the findings further.

Usually the improvements of human performance in the course of ship design process is carried out by modifying local ergonomics, like electronic visualisation and information display systems on the bridge or in the engine control room, stair or hatch covers design. However, the effect of global design factors (GDFs), such as ship motion, whole body vibration and noise, on human performance has not been given attention before. Such knowledge would allow the improvements of human performance by effective design modification on very early stage of ship design process. Therefore, in this paper we introduce probabilistic models linking the effect of GDFs with the human performance suitable for ship design process. As a theoretical basis for modelling human performance the concept of Attention Management is utilized, which combines the theories described by Dynamic Adaptability Model, Cognitive Control Model and Malleable Attentional Resources Theory. Since the analysed field is characterised by a high degree of uncertainty, we adopt a specific modelling technique along with a validation framework that allows uncertainty treatment and helps the potential end-users to gain confidence in the models and the results that they yield. The proposed models are developed with the use Bayesian Belief Networks, which allows systematic translation of the available background knowledge into a coherent network and the uncertainty assessment and treatment. The obtained results are promising as the models are responsive to changes in the GDF nodes as expected. The models may be used as intended by naval architects and vessel designers, to facilitate risk-based ship design.

Navigational accidents in wintertime conditions occur relatively frequently, yet there is little systematic knowledge available about the circumstances under which these occur. This paper presents an analysis of navigational shipping accidents in the Northern Baltic Sea area which occurred in the period 2007–2013. The analysis is based on an integration of various data sources, aiming to reconstruct the accident conditions based on the best available data sources. Apart from basic accident information from the original accident databases, data from the Automatic Identification System is used to obtain insight in the operation type during which the accident occurred, as well as into other dynamic aspects of the accident scenario. Finally, atmospheric and sea ice data is used to reconstruct the navigational conditions under which the accidents occurred. The analysis aims to provide qualitative insights in patterns and outlier cases in the accidental conditions. Correspondingly, visual data mining is selected asanalysis approach, because of its utility in obtaining qualitative knowledge from data sources through a combination of visualization techniques and human interaction with the data. Special attention is given to the strength of evidence of the identified accident patterns. The results are primarily useful for improving risk analyses focusing on oil spill risks in winter conditions and for developing realistic training scenarios for oil spill response operations.

According to International Maritime Organization (IMO), the Baltic Sea Area has some of the densest maritime traffic in the world. The Baltic Sea was designated a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) at IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee's 53 rd session in July 2005. The Mandatory Ship Reporting System in the Gulf of Finland Traffic Area (GOFREP) was established by IMO in 2003 and has been in operation since 2004. The objective of this study in progress is 1) to outline the hierarchical structure of the maritime navigation safety management system from European to ship onboard level and 2) to apply the Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to identify system level hazards and potentially unsafe ship speed and maneuvering control actions with respect to IMO Collision Regulations (COLREGs) Rules on ship safe speed, ship safe separation distances and the Traffic Separation Schemes requirements with the aim of evaluating the effective hazard control options to enable efficient updating of ship level situational awareness and the enforcement of safety constraints in real time.

Ice management enables offshore and marine activities in Arctic waters in the presence of sea ice or icebergs. The presence of ice introduces additional risks to the activities. This paper discusses the risks in the light of novel risk perspectives, emphasizing uncertainties arising from potentially weak background knowledge in ice management operations. An ice management system is defined and a generic risk picture of an ice management operation is created. Risk theory is connected to the results using discussion and a conceptual example. Ice management operations are complex socio-technical systems requiring expertise in various fields. Available data is scarce and uncertainties are high. Still, the main activities need to trust in the ice management system to operate safely. The risks in ice management operations culminate in decision making and physical ice management. These need to be better understood to manage the operational risks.

Autonomous vessels have become a topic of high interest for the maritime transport industry. Recent progress in the development of technologies enabling autonomous systems has fostered the idea that autonomous vessels will soon be a reality. However, before the first autonomous vessel can be released into her actual context of operation, it is necessary to ensure that it is safe. This is a major challenge as the experience of autonomous ships is very limited. This study highlights the need for elaborating a systemic and systematic hazard analysis since the earliest design phase of an autonomous vessel. In particular, it proposes a process for elaborating an initial hazard analysis and management that provides coherent, transparent and traceable safety input information for the design of an autonomous vessel. The process is applied to analyse the hazards of two autonomous vessel concepts for urban transport in the city of Turku, Finland.

Slip and fall incidents at work remain an important class of injury and fatality causing mechanisms. An extensive body of safety research has accumulated on this topic. This article presents an analysis of this research domain. Two bibliometric visualization tools are applied: VOSviewer and HistCite. Samples of 618 slip and fall related articles are obtained from the Web of Science database. Networks of institutions, authors, terms, and chronological citation relationships are established. Collaboration and research activities of the slip and fall research community show that most contributors are from the United States, with the (now closed) Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety the most influential research organization. The results of a term clustering analysis show that the slip and fall research can be grouped into three sub-domains: epidemiology, gait/biomechanics, and tribology. Of these, early research focused mainly on tribology, whereas research on gait/biomechanics and epidemiological studies are relatively more recent. Psychological aspects of slip and fall incident occurrence represent a relatively under-investigated research topic, in which future contributions may provide new insights and safety improvements. Better linking of this research domain with other principles and methods in safety science, such as safety management and resilience, may also present valuable future development paths.

Safety for conventional and autonomous navigation in ice-covered waters is a topic of rising importance. Here, we propose a generic extendable framework to provide the optimal route from multiple route planning objectives. These objectives are attained by an evaluation of multi-source input data, including state-of-the-art model data for ice conditions, for bathymetric knowledge, and for ship-ice interaction. Additionally, we model the ship-ship interactions statistically using a mean-field, to account for ships (indirectly) assisting each other via artificial ice channels. For the subsequent pathfinding problem, we propose a new A*-based algorithm that yields output which is not dependent on the grid format of the input data but instead consists of a path that follows the Earth's curvature. The outputs of the algorithm are a set of waypoints (representing the optimal route), the travel costs (expressed in time), and the additional travel cost estimates caused by route deviation, should the optimal route be altered in any way. The steaming speeds, the optimal route, and the deviation times are represented with two-dimensional (2D) maps. Finally, we provide a model implementation of our framework as a Matlab-package, ICEPATHFINDER, that is suitable for both operational and strategic ship route optimization.