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1. Planetary protection: an international concern and responsibility

Author

Athena Coustenis, Niklas Hedman, Peter T. Doran, Omar Al Shehhi, Eleonora Ammannito, Masaki Fujimoto, Olivier Grasset, Frank Groen, Alexander G. Hayes, Vyacheslav Ilyin, K. Praveen Kumar, Caroline-Emmanuelle Morisset, Christian Mustin, Karen Olsson-Francis, Jing Peng, Olga Prieto-Ballesteros, Francois Raulin, Petra Rettberg, Silvio Sinibaldi, Yohey Suzuki, Kanyan Xu, and Maxim Zaitsev

Subjects
Planetary protection, COSPAR, space exploration, contamination control, sterilization, space mission, Astronomy, QB1-991, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract

Planetary protection is a set of measures agreed upon at an international level to ensure the protection of scientific investigation during space exploration. As space becomes more accessible with traditional and new actors launching complex and innovative projects that involve robotics (including sample return) and human exploration, we have the responsibility to protect the pristine environments that we explore and our own biosphere. In this sense, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) provides the international standard for planetary protection as well as a forum for international consultation. COSPAR has formulated a Planetary Protection Policy with associated requirements for responsible space exploration. Although not legally binding under international law, the standard offered by the Policy with its associated requirements is internationally endorsed along with implementation guidelines supplied for reference in support States’ compliance with Article IX of the United Nations Outer Space Treaty of 1967. Indeed, States parties to the Outer Space Treaty (under Article VI) are responsible for any space activities in their countries, governmental and non-governmental. The main goal of this Policy is to avoid compromising the search for any lifeforms on other celestial bodies and to protect the Earth from a potential threat posed by extraterrestrial samples returned by an interplanetary mission. The COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy has defined five categories, depending on the target and objective of the specific space mission. Associated to these categories are requirements are various degrees of rigor in the contamination control applied. The Policy is assessed regularly and updated with input from new scientific findings and in conjunction with the fast-evolving space exploration milieu. The COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection (PPP) is a designated international committee composed of scientists, agency representatives and space experts. Its role is to support and revise the COSPAR Policy and its related requirements (https://cosparhq.cnes.fr/scientific-structure/panels/panel-on-planetary-protection-ppp/). The Panel’s activities deal with the individual needs of a space mission while exercising swift care and expertise to ensure sustainable exploration of the Solar System.

Published
2023
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2. The COSPAR planetary protection requirements for space missions to Venus

Author

María Paz Zorzano, Karen Olsson-Francis, Peter T. Doran, Petra Rettberg, Athena Coustenis, Vyacheslav Ilyin, Francois Raulin, Omar Al Shehhi, Frank Groen, Olivier Grasset, Akiko Nakamura, Olga Prieto Ballesteros, Silvio Sinibaldi, Yohey Suzuki, Praveen Kumar, Gerhard Kminek, Niklas Hedman, Masaki Fujimoto, Maxim Zaitsev, Alex Hayes, Jing Peng, Eleonora Ammannito, Christian Mustin, and Kanyan Xu

Subjects
Committee on Space Research’s (COSPAR), Radiation, Planetary Protection, Ecology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Astronomy and Astrophysics, space missions, Venus, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)
Published
2023
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3. Planetary protection: Updates and challenges for a sustainable space exploration

Author

Athena Coustenis, Niklas Hedman, Peter T. Doran, Omar Al Shehhi, Eleonora Ammannito, Masaki Fujimoto, Olivier Grasset, Frank Groen, Alex Hayes, Vyacheslav Ilyin, Praveen Kumar K, Caroline-Emmanuelle Morisset, Christian Mustin, Karen Olsson-Francis, Jing Peng, Olga Prieto Ballesteros, Francois Raulin, Petra Rettberg, Silvio Sinibaldi, Yohey Suzuki, Kanyan Xu, and Maxim Zaitsev

Subjects
Planetary protection policy, Space mission categories Contamination control, Aerospace Engineering, COSPAR Panel on planetary protection, Bioburden (reduction), Planetary protection
Published
2023
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4. The COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy for robotic missions to Mars: A review of current scientific knowledge and future perspectives

Author

Karen Olsson-Francis, Peter T. Doran, Vyacheslav Ilyin, Francois Raulin, Petra Rettberg, Gerhard Kminek, María-Paz Zorzano Mier, Athena Coustenis, Niklas Hedman, Omar Al Shehhi, Eleonora Ammannito, James Bernardini, Masaki Fujimoto, Olivier Grasset, Frank Groen, Alex Hayes, Sarah Gallagher, Praveen Kumar K, Christian Mustin, Akiko Nakamura, Elaine Seasly, Yohey Suzuki, Jing Peng, Olga Prieto-Ballesteros, Silvio Sinibaldi, Kanyan Xu, and Maxim Zaitsev

Subjects
Astrophysics and Astronomy, Radiation, Ecology, COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Physics, Mars, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planetatry Protection, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract

Planetary protection guidance for martian exploration has become a notable point of discussion over the last decade. This is due to increased scientific interest in the habitability of the red planet with updated techniques, missions becoming more attainable by smaller space agencies, and both the private sector and governments engaging in activities to facilitate commercial opportunities and human-crewed missions. The international standards for planetary protection have been developed through consultation with the scientific community and the space agencies by the Committee on Space Research's (COSPAR) Panel on Planetary Protection, which provides guidance for compliance with the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. In 2021, the Panel evaluated recent scientific data and literature regarding the planetary protection requirements for Mars and the implications of this on the guidelines. In this paper, we discuss the COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy for Mars, review the new scientific findings and discuss the next steps required to enable the next generation of robotic missions to Mars.

Published
2023

5. The Sample Analysis at Mars Investigation and Instrument Suite

Author

Paul R. Mahaffy, Christopher R. Webster, Michel Cabane, Pamela G. Conrad, Patrice Coll, Sushil K. Atreya, Robert Arvey, Michael Barciniak, Mehdi Benna, Lora Bleacher, William B. Brinckerhoff, Jennifer L. Eigenbrode, Daniel Carignan, Mark Cascia, Robert A. Chalmers, Jason P. Dworkin, Therese Errigo, Paula Everson, Heather Franz, Rodger Farley, Steven Feng, Gregory Frazier, Caroline Freissinet, Daniel P. Glavin, Daniel N. Harpold, Douglas Hawk, Vincent Holmes, Christopher S. Johnson, Andrea Jones, Patrick Jordan, James Kellogg, Jesse Lewis, Eric Lyness, Charles A. Malespin, David K. Martin, John Maurer, Amy C. McAdam, Douglas McLennan, Thomas J. Nolan, Marvin Noriega, Alexander A. Pavlov, Benito Prats, Eric Raaen, Oren Sheinman, David Sheppard, James Smith, Jennifer C. Stern, Florence Tan, Melissa Trainer, Douglas W. Ming, Richard V. Morris, John Jones, Cindy Gundersen, Andrew Steele, James Wray, Oliver Botta, Laurie A. Leshin, Tobias Owen, Steve Battel, Bruce M. Jakosky, Heidi Manning, Steven Squyres, Rafael Navarro-González, Christopher P. McKay, Francois Raulin, Robert Sternberg, Arnaud Buch, Paul Sorensen, Robert Kline-Schoder, David Coscia, Cyril Szopa, Samuel Teinturier, Curt Baffes, Jason Feldman, Greg Flesch, Siamak Forouhar, Ray Garcia, Didier Keymeulen, Steve Woodward, Bruce P. Block, Ken Arnett, Ryan Miller, Charles Edmonson, Stephen Gorevan, and Erik Mumm

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Published
2012
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6. Prebiotic processes in planetary atmospheres

Author

Francois Raulin and Christian Frere

Subjects
Atmosphere, symbols.namesake, Prebiotic chemistry, Atmosphere of Earth, Meteorite, Chemistry, Planet, symbols, Plant Science, Titan (rocket family), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Astrobiology
Abstract

Within 40 years of experimental studies in prebiotic chemistry, most of the building blocks of the living systems have been synthesized in plausible conditions of the primitive Earth. The starting ingredients correspond to two complementary classes: volatile organics, and their non volatile oligomers. They may have been formed in the atmosphere on the primitive Earth and/or imported by extra-terrestrial sources. Organic chemistry is involved in meteorites, comets, in the giant planets and several of their satellites. Again this chemistry presents the two complementary aspects. In particular, with a dense reduced atmosphere rich in organic compounds in gas and aerosol phases, Titan appears as a natural laboratory for studying prebiotic chemistry at a planetary scale.

Published
1991
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7. Search for past life on Mars: Physical and chemical characterization of minerals of biotic and abiotic origin: part 1 - Calcite

Author

Fabien Stalport, Patrice Coll, Michel Cabane, Alain Person, Rafael Navarro González, Francois Raulin, Marie Jo Vaulay, Patrick Ausset, Chris P. McKay, Cyril Szopa, John Zarnecki, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UPMC - Département de Géologie Sédimentaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratorio de Química de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios [Mexico], Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS (UMR_7086)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute [Milton Keynes] (PSSRI), Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research [Milton Keynes] (CEPSAR), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), and Laboratoire de Géologie des Bassins Sédimentaires

Subjects
Geophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Several lines of evidence suggest that early Mars once had liquid water on its surface, a denser atmosphere and a mild climate. Similar environmental conditions led to the origin of life on the Earth more than 3.5 billion years ago; consequently, life might also have originated on Mars. The Viking landers searched for evidence of organic molecules on the surface of Mars, and found that the Martian soil is depleted in organics at ppb levels at the landing sites. We contend that inorganic compounds could give us interesting clues as to the existence of possible biological activity in future astrobiological missions to Mars. Consequently, we have investigated the physical and chemical properties of calcite, which could be expected on Mars because liquid water was certainly present on the surface of early Mars and carbon dioxide was abundant in its atmosphere. Calcite is interesting because on Earth this mineral is produced by abiotic processes as well as by biological activity. One may suppose that crystalline defects and trace element in the crystal lattice and the growth speed of biotic calcites must indicate a difference between them and pure abiotic calcites. We investigated twelve different terrestrial calcite samples from various origins: biotic, diagenetic and abiotic. The minerals were studied by X-ray diffraction and electron scanning microscopy to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition, and differential thermal analysis coupled to thermogravimetric analysis (DTA-TG) to determine their thermal behavior. Our results show that the thermal degradation of abiotic calcite starts at a temperature at least 40°C higher than the degradation temperature of any biotic calcite investigated. Consequently, in the case of a Martian in-situ study or in a sample return mission, the analysis of Martian minerals by DTA-TG represents a promising approach to detect evidence of past biological activity on Mars.

Published
2005
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8. Évaluation de la marchabilité de trois environnements urbains de la région métropolitaine montréalaise à partir de l’outil MAPPA

Author

François Raulin, Sébastien Lord, and Paula Negron-Poblete

Subjects
Montreal, urban, environmental assessment, planification, city, urbanism, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

The walk became a public health priority in urban planning. In addition, walking need to be included in combination with almost all types of transport. However, walking is not always possible or enjoyable or even feasible within different urban environments. Some areas can be described as not “walkable” like the suburbs, while others correspond to the assumption that the central neighbourhoods are more favourable to pedestrians. By exploring the concept of walkability and using the MAPPA tool, we evaluate in the study three residential neighbourhoods in the greater Montréal. To compare neighbourhoods, we constructed a typology that classifies street segments from their low to more walkability potential. These three urban areas were chosen in terms of various economic phases that succeeded historically in the province of Québec: 1) Old Rosemont - former working class neighbourhood; 2) Duvernay - Laval - postwar suburbs; 3) Bois-Franc - Saint-Laurent District - new urbanism. In a working class neighbourhood built before automobile standards, walkability is high and there are many proximity destinations. In the suburbs, walkability is not as low as what we assumed. Urban form developed around the car offers good walkability, which is essentially local and leisure related. In the New Urbanism neighbourhood, the vast majority of streets offer excellent walkability. The least favourable street segments are those leading to amenities. Although, a good walkability planned on paper is not enough without the planning of mixed and functional diversity.

Published
2016
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