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Priority service and multilevel demand subscription have been proposed as two alternative methods for the mobilization of residential demand response. Whereas priority service relies on the differentiation of electricity service according to reliability, multilevel demand subscription further differentiates electricity service according to duration. Despite its increased complexity, multilevel demand subscription promises increased operational efficiency, as it permits a finer differentiation of consumer classes by the utility. It also allows households to reduce their electricity bills relative to priority service. This paper proposes a framework for quantifying these effects. We design a modeling approach for evaluating the performance of these different aggregator service offerings in a system with utility-scale renewable supply, residential renewable supply, and residential storage. We compare priority service to multilevel demand subscription, and discuss the implications of these different residential demand response options on operational efficiency and consumer expenditures for electricity service on a realistic model of the Belgian power market. We show how the comparison between the two schemes is affected by the adoption of a different time resolution in a detailed case study.

Residential demand response is poised to emerge as an increasingly important aspect of power market operations. A major challenge in the proliferation of residential demand response relates to the development of scalable aggregator business models. This has motivated quality differentiation in the form of priority service. Priority service consists of a priority charge, which is payable regardless of the usage of electricity, and a service charge, which is payable only when electricity is actually consumed. In this paper, we analyze the role of service charges in priority service pricing. From a theoretical standpoint, we characterize service charges that maintain the equivalence between priority service and real-time pricing in terms of consumer expenditures. We also revisit the results of the traditional theory regarding a finite number of priority service classes for the general case of non-zero service charges. The experimental side of the paper is focused on the comparison of different priority service settings in terms of their impact on consumer comfort and electricity bills. The analysis is performed on a realistic case study of a Texas household using the Pecan Street database and on a Belgian household using the LINEAR database. The results reveal that service charges are crucial for the viable practical implementation of priority service pricing. We use our case study to further analyze the incentives of households in a priority service pricing regime.

Residential demand response is poised to emerge as an increasingly important aspect of power market operations due to the widespread deployment of distributed renewable supply in the form of rooftop solar panels and distributed flexibility such as batteries. A major challenge in the proliferation of residential demand response relates to the development of scalable aggregator business models that respect the requirement of consumers for privacy, simplicity, and control. This has motivated quality differentiation in the form of priority service and its generalized form, namely multilevel demand subscription. Whereas priority service relies on the differentiation of electricity service according to reliability, multilevel demand subscription further differentiates electricity service according to duration. This dissertation proposes several modeling approaches that are aimed at quantifying the impact of these two service definitions on system efficiency and costs incurred by households. The coordination achieved by these services is compared against the ideal economic benchmark, real-time pricing., (FSA - Sciences de l'ingénieur) -- UCL, 2021

The unprecedented growth of renewable energy has led to various challenges in power system operations. Demand response can provide additional flexibility to the system in order to balance the effects of the massive integration of renewable resources. This paper focuses on the comparison of two approaches for enabling demand response, real-time pricing and priority service pricing. This analysis is centered on the impact to consumers by assessing the effects of these schemes on their comfort and bill. We use a simple example of a single household with one appliance. The example provides an end-to-end illustration of (i) how to design a priority service menu from a time series of real-time prices, (ii) how a household selects options from this menu, (iii) how devices in the household are dispatched by a home energy router, and (iv) what consumer welfare losses are relative to the golden standard of real-time pricing.

Oestrogen signalling pathways are emerging targets for lung cancer therapy. Unravelling the contribution of oestrogens in lung cancer development is a pre-requisite to support the development of sex-based treatments and identify patients who could potentially benefit from anti-oestrogen treatments. In this study, we highlight the contribution of lymphatic and blood endothelia in the sex-dependent modulation of lung cancer. The orthotopic graft of syngeneic lung cancer cells into immunocompetent mice showed that lung tumours grow faster in female mice than in males. Moreover, oestradiol (E2) promoted tumour development, increased lymph/angiogenesis and VEGFA and bFGF levels in lung tumours of females through an oestrogen receptor (ER) alpha-dependent pathway. Furthermore, while treatment with ERb antagonist was inefficient, ERa antagonist (MPP) and tamoxifen decreased lung tumour volumes, altered blood and lymphatic vasculature and reduced VEGFA and bFGF levels in females, but not in males. Finally, the quantification of lymphatic and blood vasculature of lung adenocarcinoma biopsies from patients aged between 35 and 55 years revealed more extensive lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in tumour samples issued from women than from men. In conclusion, our findings highlight an E2/ERa-dependent modulation of lymphatic and blood vascular components of lung tumour microenvironment. Our study has potential clinical implication in a personalised medicine perspective by pointing to the importance of oestrogen status or supplementation on lung cancer development that should be considered to adapt therapeutic strategies., info:eu-repo/semantics/published