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Background: Diazinon is one of the most common pesticides in the world playing a similar role to radiation and it could cause DNA breaks and genetic effects. Objective: In this study, radiosensitivity of a lymphoblastic cell line pretreated by Diazinon was investigated. Material and Methods: In this case-control study, the human lymphoblastic T-cell line was divided into 6 groups based on receiving radiation or/and Diazinon. After that, the DNA damage, in all of the groups, were counted by cytokinesis-block micronuclei assay using different indices. Results: The mean frequency of micronuclei, nuclear bridges and nuclear buds in cell groups exposed by both Diazinon and radiation were remarkably higher than the other groups which just received radiation or Diazinon alone. The interaction between radiation and Diazinon treatment was statistically significant for NBUDS index. Conclusion: The results indicated that the Diazinon contamination could affect the radiosensitivity index of cancerous cells while further molecular and in-vivo studies are needed to investigate genetic and toxic effects of Diazinon on DNA and its repair system.

Pain is a subjective feeling and one of the defense and alerting mechanisms of the body, which is distinguished from the body senses, including touch sensation and perception of heat, cold, pressure, etc. Pain, discomfort, and edema are very common after dental procedures, especially after periodontal surgeries, usually occurring during the first 24 hours after surgery; such pains are classified as medium to severe pains. Generally, medications are used to manage patients' pain and discomfort. One of the most commonly used medications for pain control is Ibuprofen, which is one of the NSAIDs and is a simple derivative of phenylpropionic acid. There is evidence that caffeine alone or in association with Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen, or Aspirin can increase their analgesic effects. Novafen is a new drug which consists of Acetaminophens, Ibuprofen and caffeine and has been marketed in Iran in recent years. 70 subjects referring to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry, who were candidates for crown lengthening procedure, were randomly selected and included in the present study, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. No significant differences were detected in pain severity between the two groups either clinically or statistically at 30-minutes postoperative interval. Pain, discomfort, and edema are very common after dental procedures, especially after periodontal surgeries. Such conditions usually occur during the first 24-hours postoperative interval and are considered moderate to severe pains. Although in the present study, the administration of Novafen before periodontal surgery resulted in the relief of postoperative pain, further studies are recommended on the subject, The administration of Novafen before periodontal surgeries resulted in pain relief after surgery.

In this investigation which had been done in commercial catch regions (where discharged theirs catch) in three ports Babolsar, Amirabad (in mazandaran) and Anzali (in Guilan).The main objectives of the present study were to estimate of catch and catch per unit effort, von Bertalanffy growth parameters, condition factor, sex ratios, spawning, biomass and maximum sustainable yield of common kilka in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea. The result shown that catch of kilka in Iranian coastal in 2015 increased from 21553 ton to 22428 ton in 2016 and CPUE was 2.6 and 2.7 ton (Vessel ×Night) respectively . Common kilka was the predominant all months of the year about 98 percent. The mean length was 103±9.6 at the same time and range length 92.5–112.5 mm were the dominant population (about 82%). The mean condition factor was 1.38±0.1 . Age abundance during this period have not been substantially changed and always fishes with 3 and 4 year olds had the highest frequency78.5 and 76.8 percent respectively. The parameters of the Von Bertalanffy growth curve were 138[1 exp ] 0.251( 1.124)   t Lt for common kilka. The instantaneous coefficient of natural mortality (M) was 0.506 yr-1 . The instantaneous coefficient of fihing mortality and total mortality were 0.753 yr-1 and 1.259 yr-1 , respectively. The exploitation rate of common kilka were 0.60 during 2015-2016. In the years 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, the biomass of common kilka was estimated 86401 and 71671 ton, respectively. In these years, fish of the 2nd and 3rd year of this fish had the highest amount of reserves (respectively 29025 and 24632 ton) and The lowest reserves for 6-year-old fish, respectively, were 772 and 355 tons respectively. The breeders biomass of this species is 37132 and 34390 tons respectively and The ratio of biomass of broodstocks to the whole was 43% and 48% respectively. Acceptable Biological Catch was estimated with a precautionary approach of 18,400 tons. The average catch of this species on the coast of Iran in the last 10 years has been more than 21,000 tons, and in fact, the optimal level of harvesting from the reserves has not been observed. It should be noted that when exploiting a storage facility, excessive harvesting of the harvestable product will lead to the destruction of longterm storage. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Shrimp is one of the most important aquatic animals,that have decreased their stocks in Hormozgan province, especially the eastern province . Evalution of food interaction in shrimp habitats (Estuaries of Tyab, Yek shabeh, Laft and Khouran) was studied with Ecopaht with Ecosim software (ver. 6.5) in Hormuzgan province. After entering the input components (Biomass,P/B and Q/B), model was balanced and outputs were extracted. Results of trophic levels, was close to previous research in these areas for all species in estuaries. Maximum of ecotrophic efficiency was belonged to phytoplankton and other preys that were observed in predator stomachs. Biological future of food web estimated to be threatened based on omnivore index of planktonivore groups. Maximum food competition between the four food models was estimated in detritivores communities in Laft estuary, that may be related to the low density of mangrove in this region. Khamir estuary ecosystem could be more stable, because each impacting group had its own separate ecological niche and special predation territory. key indices in each of four food models were related to phytoplankton communities, this key role has been demonstrated much better in Yek Shovy estuary than others. Future of commercial shrimp stocks will be expected to be in better condition in Khoran estuary compared to other three ones, due to selection of separate ecological niche by predators and High biomass of detritus in this estuary.

Cheshmehkileh River and adjacent mountainous streams, play a strategic role as a historical axis for anthropogenic civilization, human welfare also habitat and migration pathway of commercial – biologic valuable fishes e.g. Caspian trout, Caspian kuttum, members of Cyprinidae family in south Caspian Sea drainage. Treats such as overfishing of Caspian trout and Red spotted trout stocks in mountainous headwaters, barriers construction and manipulations those are out of river carrying capacity developed by human activities, affected normal function of river as well. Sand mining big factories establishment next to the river, legal and illegal trade of river sediments, direct entry of Tonekabon landfill leakage into the river, development of Rainbow trout farms since 3 decades and huge effluents into the river containing dead fish and types of solids, escapement of cultured Rainbow trouts into the river, … are major minimum factors which needs basic information for integrating inclusively drainage management system. Cheshmehkileh River contains Headwaters of Dohezar (Daryasar & Nusha), Sehezar and Valamroud rivers during 13 monthly sampling phases between September 2009 and October 2010 based on macrozoobenthoses investigations by EPT, EPT/C EPA protocols, measurements of nominated physic-chemical and microbiologic parameters. Probability of Rainbow trouts escapement and invasion, existence, nutrition in Cheshmehkileh environment indeed investigated. Data analysis explained significant differences (P

This study focused on population structure, biodiversity, and abundance of the Chitgar Lake fishes in October 2014. Based on the lake location fishes samples were collected at 34 stations in water body. In this study identified 8 family belong to 18 species comprised of Cyprinidae (11 species), Cichlidae (one species), Loricariidae (one species), Pangasiidae (one species), Serrasalmidae (one species), Poeciliidea (one species), Salmonidae (one species), and Scaridae (one species) were Identified. Among the fishes just one native fish from Capoeta bohsei species observed during the study. The dominant lake fishes were invasive species Hemiculter leucisculus, Alburnus hohenackeri, Carassius auratus, Carassius gibelio and Pseudorasbora parva. The highest abundance of fishes were H. leucisculus 62 % and A. hohenackeri 35 % by Seine net. Furthermore, those were dominant abundance (69 and 12 % respectively) in Gill net method. Finally in Cast net method A. hohenackeri 38 %, Pseudorasbora parva 21 % and H. leucisculus 17 % were dominated in the shore region. The lowest fishes abundance were P. hypophthalmus and Parrotfish. Overall more than 90 % of the fishes population were invasive and alien species. Thus, the present of invasive fishes and predator fishes luck in the Chitgar lake might be reason for ecosystem ruin, algae bloom, feed competitive, fish disease and trophy level rises. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

This study focused on population structure, biodiversity, and abundance of the Chitgar Lake fishes in October 2014. Based on the lake location fishes samples were collected at 34 stations in water body. In this study identified 8 family belong to 18 species comprised of Cyprinidae (11 species), Cichlidae (one species), Loricariidae (one species), Pangasiidae (one species), Serrasalmidae (one species), Poeciliidea (one species), Salmonidae (one species), and Scaridae (one species) were Identified. Among the fishes just one native fish from Capoeta bohsei species observed during the study. The dominant lake fishes were invasive species Hemiculter leucisculus, Alburnus hohenackeri, Carassius auratus, Carassius gibelio and Pseudorasbora parva. The highest abundance of fishes were H. leucisculus 62 % and A. hohenackeri 35 % by Seine net. Furthermore, those were dominant abundance (69 and 12 % respectively) in Gill net method. Finally in Cast net method A. hohenackeri 38 %, Pseudorasbora parva 21 % and H. leucisculus 17 % were dominated in the shore region. The lowest fishes abundance were P. hypophthalmus and Parrotfish. Overall more than 90 % of the fishes population were invasive and alien species. Thus, the present of invasive fishes and predator fishes luck in the Chitgar lake might be reason for ecosystem ruin, algae bloom, feed competitive, fish disease and trophy level rises.

A mass-balance Ecopath model of coastal areas in the Caspian Sea has been constructed for a quantitative description of the trophic structure of the ecosystem. The model is used to estimate the important biological parameters and relationships among the different ecologically important groups. Twenty five species were used in the present analysis. The model is based on the data collected of Kilka fisheries, beach seining (Bony fish fisheries), and set Gillnet (Sturgeon Fisheries) and also dietary information. Total landings along the Iranian portion of southern Caspian coast reached 39647 t, including sturgeon (41 t), kilka (22873 t) and bony fishes (16733 t) in 2014. Two species of kilka (Common kilka and Anchovy) are important commercially in the Caspian Sea, together accounting in the past decade for > 60 % of the total catch, as well as being a crucial part of the food chain. The mean average trophic level was estimated at 3.17 by Ecopath software. In this research, the mean level were studied between eight species varied from 2.56 to 4.04, Sander lucioperca occupy the highest and the as vimba vimba was the lowest level. The ranges of total mortality varied from 0.5 to 2.56 per years. The food consumption rate was estimated about 101.56 per year Mixd trophic level index (MTI) showed small pelagic fishes as prey, have crucial role in feeding of pelagic predators population such as invasion of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, bream fish and benthic fish such as sturgeon. In general, niche overlap was greater in more species such as Alburnus chalcoides, Rutilus rutilus, Clupeonella cultriventris, Rutilus kutum and M. leidyi who consumed large amounts of plankton. In conclusion small pelagic fish exert a major control on the trophic dynamics of the Caspian Sea ecosystems and constitute midtrophic-level populations.

Mullet and mullet products have considerable economic importance at a regional level, especially around the Caspian Sea. The leaping mullet constitutes an important part of their production. This study is the first detailed work on the age and growth of the leaping mullet (Liza saliens) from September 2012 to March 2013 in theSouthern coast of the Caspian Sea.Age and growth determinations were based upon thescale samples taken from 102 fish. Marginal increment analysis was used to validate agedetermination. The back-calculated lengths stage estimated from the scale showed no differences between in this study. The maximum age of leaping mullet in the Southern coast of the Caspian Sea was 5 years for males and 6 years for females.The von Bertalanffy growth functions were Lt=30.415(1-e-0.275(t+0.645)) for males and Lt=34.832(1-e0.211(t+1.009)) for females. A large spread and length overlapcharacterized the age groups. The estimated LengthWeight relationships were common for the two sexes(W=0.079L3 ). The slope (b) values of the length-weight relationship showed that weight of leaping grey mullet in Mazandaran increased associated with length in isometric. The mean condition factor for males, females and all specimens were determined as 0.908, 0.900 and 0.897, respectively. According to sex groups, the mean condition factor of males was slightlyhigher than that of females. The total length for leaping grey mullet was determined as 23.3 cm. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

This study was conducted to determine growth parameters, catch and fishing effort trends, stock assessment of Caspian Sea mullets in the Iranian coastal waters of Caspian Sea in the fishing season of 2013-2014. For gathering of data on biometry and catch statistics, 5 mobile working group in the regions of Anzali, Kiashahr, Noshahr, Babolsar and Torkmen were involved from the start to the end of fishing season.Gathered data Were entered to the computer. For data analysis, common methods were undertaken for estimation of growth parameters, mortality rates, biomass and Maximum Sustainable yield (MSY) as well. According to the result, the number of beach seines cooperatives was 124 and fishing efforts were 44688 beach seining haul. The catch per unit of effort CPUE) was calculated 53 kg/haul during this fishing season. The total catches of Caspian Sea mullets (including illegal fishing estimated as 2373 mt. Growth parameters of golden gray mullet (Liza aurata) were estimated as K=0.16/yr, L_∞=57.4 cm, t_0=-0.45/yr. Based on catch-at-age data, in the fishing season of 2013-2014, the total biomass, from the biomass-based cohort analysis were estimated 12473.3. mt. Based on these results, the fishing mortality rate in fishing season of 2013-2014 were 0.575/yr. In this survey, the Maximum sustainable yield were estimated as 2558.6 mt respectively. Generally from three Northern Province’s cooperatives 3406 samples collected. Results of biometry of golden gray mullet (Liza auratus) showed that the mean length and weight and age of this species were 32.3±6.1 cm and 383.5±74.823.4 g and 1.2±5.6 y respectively and leaping gray mullet (Liza saliens) showed that the mean length and weight and age of this species were 24.8±3.3 cm and 119±25.5 g and 2.5±0.6 y respectively. The biometric results showed that, 97.5% of the samples belonged to golden gray mullet and population of leaping gray mullet was sever declined. Also, the fishing of the mullet was increased over the last year by 10.3 % from 2151 tons to 2373 tons per year during 1391-92 and 1392-93, respectively .

The ichthyology studies at fish tagging was referred to more than 100 years ago. Tagging is utilized for the estimation of stock amount, population frequency and project or calculating of survival and growth value. There are many various methods for fish tagging are used for juvenile to adult fish. The current study was carried out at Ghare-su research station during 2011-2013. 250 of carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio) were tagged by bath with tetracycline manner (pH=6, 500mg/l). The fork length and weight of fish were 10-12 mm and 2-4 g, respectively. Also, fish were fed twice a day. The second and third tagging stages were performed at November 2012 and July 2014, respectively. After otolith was extracted, it was washed water and dry at lab room air. The tagged rings or loops (annuali) were observed by lab loupe with 10X and 40 X magnifications. The results showed that a narrow band was formed after the first tagging of carp fingerlings, as it was seen at the end of otolith edge. It was demonstrated that tetracycline was absorbed and the tagged ring or loop (annuli) was newly formed at external or out of othlith edge. There was not observed any fish death, when carp fingerlings were tagged by OTC bath manner. It said that the first OTC band will be seen, the first sign of the formed OTC band was observed at external margin of otoilith after 6th month , of course , from 4th month, this sign was formed at the most external of otoilth edge but with added the following region, it can be hardly distinguished. The formed band in relative to second tagging was similar to the first band but there was no discrepancy or difference with together.

The aim of this project is to study the growth and age structure in the Caspian trout, comparison with other coldwater species and check the trend of these parameters in recent years. This study was conducted during 2013 till 2015. Totally, 43 specimens for back calculation and 101 specimens for biometrical study of the Caspian trout have been caught in two month period. Biometric parameters such as length, weight and age of the fish were recorded. Base on Back calculation method in 1393, the average length of fish at ages 1, 2 and 3 years old were 18.98 ± 3.5, 30.5 ± 7.24 and 41.7 ± 9.1 cm. So these age groups are under the adult age and don’t approaching to near the beach and rivers for spawning behavior. Therefore, these length groups cannot be observed in catch composition. The result showed, the mean of gonad weight in this fish was about 11 percent of total weight and number of eggs per gram of gonad calculated about 10.8 numbers. Minimum age and maximum age of this species determined 4 years and 7 years (mean = 5.6) and the most frequency allocated to 5 age group and the frequency of 6 and 7 years has been remarkable. The average length of salmon was 69.2 ± 6.2 cm (minimum 57 and maximum 81 cm) and the average weight was measured 3323 ± 677 g (2400 to 5600 g) in the catch composition. Growth parameters such as k, L∞ and ø’ was measured 0.18, 104 cm and 3.289 respectively. The amount of b for relation length and weight was 2.9 which imply negative allometry. L∞ and growth coefficient (K) on the Caspian trout were acceptable range, that it shows good growth the fish in the sea water. Most of the fishes were catched from Cheshmehkileh River. As at present Shilat uses just the broods of the Tonekaboon region for restocking of this species, we recommend using the broods of the western region separately for rehabilitation of the stocks of this region. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

The Caspian Sea is an important source of water in terms of having valuable resources of sturgeon and bony fish is taken into consideration roach(Rutilus rutilus caspicus (L.)) is one of the most important commercial species in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea in Iran , the catch of this species has declined substantially in the last 10 years, The management and exploitation need of comprehensive review of its biology .This study as part of a comprehensive study of feeding , spawning and growth of this species.In this study, using samples caught in beach seine along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea coastal ( Iranian waters ) took place. The fork length and total weight ranged between 12.5 to29.5(cm) and 29 to293( grm),10.5 to23(cm) and17.2 to21(grm) in Golestan and Gilan Province respectively. The b value of the length-weight relationship ranged 3.02 to 3.25 and 3.28 to 3.75 for female and male, in Golestan and Gilan Province respectively. The age composition of the catch was from 1 to 4 year in both Province, there was one spawning peak and Fecundity variations were high and ranged 7260 to 231965 eggs. Average growth in length was described with the Von Bertalanffy growth model: L (t) = 30.94(1-exp (0.42(t-0.18) and L (t) = 20.49(1-exp (0.53(t-1). The percent of empty stomach and prey dominant evaluated during different seasons by specific formula. Result showed that gastropod, Polychaete worms and molluscs were dominated and specific food items respectively. Shrimp, fish, insects, zooplankton and clams were scare of prey. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Reproductive biology, Diet and population dynamics parameters of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus commerson, in the Persian Gulf were studied during 2011-2012. Fork length frequencies were collected from the commercial catch and from the current fishery nets (gill nets with 9 and 14cm mesh size) at the landing places. During 5 periods in October, December, March, April and July 20-40 specimens were also purchased from the fishermen at several landing sites to investigate and recording of data for feeding and reproductive conditions. Fork length (FL) of 2742 fishes was recorded to the nearest cm and weight of the specimens were measured to the nearest 0.01kg. FiSAT program was used to assess growth and mortality parameters. Reproductive maturity stages were assessed macroscopically using a five element scheme based on gonad size and appearance. The numbers of ovaries were fixed and preserved in 10% formalin. Central sections were embedded in wax, sectioned Hematoxylin–Eosin stains. For this subset, gonad maturation was categorized histological using a simplified five-stage description scheme and compared with the macroscopic assessments for validation. A Gonosomatic index (GSI) was also calculated for each fish. Feeding condition results showed that, sardines are the major prey of S. commerson. Pony fishes, Haltbeak and Indian mackerel were observed in the stomach content. These preys can be assumed as a secondary or accidental food items. Liver Somatic Index (HSI) was maximum in April and minimum in July. The annual instantaneous rate of fishing mortality (F= 0.42 year^−1) was considerably greater than the target (Fopt= 0.28) and limit (Flimit= 0.37) biological reference points, suggesting that the stock is heavily overexploited. Feeding and nutrition results showed that sardines are the major items prey of king S. commerson. Ponyfish, haltbeak and Indian mackerel fishes were observed in diet that can be considered as secondary or accidental foods. Maximum and minimum of Kn index was in October (9.3) and in March respectively. Liver Somatic Index (HSI) was the highest rate in February (1.70) and the lowest in July (0.85) that indicated on the worst and the best condition of fish in the mentioned periods respectively. No difference was observed in the weight stomach index and weight index (SI) in two sexes and it was about 0.09. The smallest of fish was observed 17cm FL and the biggest was 152cm FL. The mean size of fork length frequency was observed from maximum108cm (SD= 24) in February to minimum 29.4cm (SD= 5.5) in September. Based on growth curve analysis, growth parameters, K and L∞ were estimated 0.23year^−1 and 156.45 cm respectively. Instantaneous total mortality (Z), was 1.13 year^−1 . The estimate of M was 0.43 year^−1 and thus, the estimate of F was0.7 year^−1 . This translates to an exploitation rate (F/Z) of 0.69 year^−1 . Target (Fopt) and limit (Flimit) biological reference points were calculated 0.17 year^−1 and 0.22 year^−1 respectively. The size at capture at a probability of 0.25 (L25), 0.5 (L.5) and 0.75 (L.75) was35.84 cm, 40.28cm and 61.98 cm respectively. Tmax was calculated as 3/K equal to 6 years. Matured females (Stages III, IV) were observed between mostly between April to July. By July, most fishes were in ripped and spent stages (StagesIV, V) indicating the end of the spawning season. The result of GSI avtivity in 153 male and female fish indicated the higest reproductive activity from April to July with the peak of July. The present study results shows that the highest of catch rate were done in 1 and 2 years olds of fish.Although exploitation rate have not indicated over fishing but Fopt and Flimit rates are less than fishing mortality that shows overexploitation was happened. Changes of the mesh size in thegillnet of 9cm and the size of the nets should be considered. Banning of the king mackerel catch in the June and July that is the spawning peak period can be helped to the brood stocks. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Study of tagging effects on survival rate of Caspian trout (Salmo trutta caspius) fries before releasing to natural habitat was a part of a large research plan on conservation and restoration of Caspian trout stocks in the Southern Caspian by Coldwater Fishes Research Center. Catching brooders, propagation, larvae and juvenile rearing were carried out in Southern coasts and rivers of Caspian sea and in shahid Bahonar propagation center in Kelardasht, Mazandaran (North of Iran) in autumn 2012. 150 fries for each treatment (5, 10 and 20 g fries and Plastic T tag, elastomer tag and control treatments) anesthetized, weighed (g), measured (mm), tagged, disinfected and introduced to cement ponds. Fries were kept and fed for 5 days and their behavior and responses to food, infection of wound and mortality were recorded. No mortality were observed in all treatments, fries were shocked for few hours after handling and did not take food but they started to feed from the first day after tagging and there was no infection in macroscopic observation of wound. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

An ecosystem-based management fishery is a new way of looking at management of living resources. Trophic levels of basic food items, feeding habits, growth and mortality rate of 20 exploited fish species (including commercial and bycatch) are investigated in the Persian Gulf (from the provinces of Khuzestan, Bushehr and Hormozgan,) from 2010 to 2012. The model considers trophic interactions among 12 functional group of the ecosystem involving Phytoplankton, Zeoplankton, Cephalopods, Shrimp, Infauna Benthos, Epifaunal Macrobenthos, Demersal Zoobenthos Feeders, Small Pelagic Planktivorous Fish, Benthoplagic Feeder, Piscivorous, Large Benthic Carnivores And Small Benthic Carnivores. In general 7452 of stomach contents samples were analyzed based on the weight and numerical method and were detected about 40 preys. The results demonstrated gaps in our knowledge on the food web structure. The mean trophic levels were varied from L. klunzingeri (2) to S. tumbil (4.64), while the total catch of some species were fluctuating widely. Result of our study showed that Total mortality varied between 0.45 per year (A. suppositus) to 9.5 per year (P. indicus) and food consumption rate also fluctuated by 1.9 (L. johni ) to 89 (L. lineolatus). The results indicated that some fish species including sardine, Anchovies, small carangids, S. stridens with high frequency in ecosystem, have been occupied in the food web as a wasp-waist. The model showed that most hunters groups live in middle levels in the food web such as N. japonicas, A. latus, P. kaakan, L. nebolusus, P. indicus and T. lepturus . Analysis the catch rate during 2001-2011 reveled that there is a clear trend of declining most of fish species catches in this research except for T. lepturus, P. kaakan and sparids which lead to upset the fundamental ecological balance of the Persian Gulf in future. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Accurate scientific and practical plan for achieving the goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran within the framework of Vision development 1404, is the infrastructure achieving sustainable development of the country. Order to achieve the above mentioned objectives and in order to the comprehensive development plans in the country, Iranian fisheries research organization adjust the fifth developing plan for support of executive related departments in country with mobilization a large number researchers consists of several working groups of ifro affiliated research centers. The fifth developing plan consist of three chapters for report of the forth developing plan and intrudction of research, construction plans and financial support (budjet) for period of 2011-2014 A.C.

Incorporation of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) meat in extruded puffed corn-fish snack was studied. Fish protein concentrate (FPC) was produced by liquid-solid extraction. Ethanol and isopropanol were used as the solvents. FPC extraction efficiency of 19.5% and 9.5% (w/w) were obtained based on fish meat and whole fish respectively. Protein content of isopropanol extracted FPC (93.3%±0.4) significantly (P

360 funnel traps were prepared as 30 in one row. They were bitted and located in different depths in sampling sites. Two rows each composed of 30 traps were located by stone, linking rope and boat with 50 m distance in sampling stations. The results showed that the average of total length of caught crayfish was 106.26±12.89 mm and their mean weight was 38.79 ± 15.54 gr. The largest crayfish had 171 mm length and 216 g weight. Also mean of total CPUE was 9.72±4.49 individuals in the study period. The evaluation by Schnabel approach indicated that fluctuation range of freshwater crayfish biomass with more than 120mm length was 131-313 with an average of 212.59 ±30.23 kilograms per ha. In this study freshwater crayfish biomass with more than 120mm length was 247 × 10^3 kilograms. The Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) was estimated 83 × 10^3 kilograms. In this study ّFecundity and biometry of crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) was investigated during 2012-2013. The results showed that the average of total length of caught crayfish was 106.26±12.89 mm and their mean weight was 38.79 ± 15.54 gr. The largest crayfish had 171 mm length and 216 g weight. Mean number of ovarian and pleopodal eggs were estimated at 286 ± 82 and 246.31 ± 80.41 eggs (with 95% confidence limits), respectively. In this research, male to female ratio was obtained 1.21:1. The time of male moulting at 16° C was started from April and was ended in the late May, when the water temperature reached to 18° C. The second moulting of males and the first moulting of females was performed simultaneously in 18° C water temperature at September. Reproduction of freshwater crayfish was started from November and continued to May of the next year. Harvesting period was from May to late November. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

This study has carried out on five earth ponds of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimps investigation and Mahan Siraf farm s which located at Helleh site in the Bushehr province from may 2007 . main objectives’ were : (1) Measurements of quality factors in water and sediment, Planktons and benthoses, (2) quality factors’ effects on growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei. With respect the time of shrimp stocking and harvesting, the frequencies of water and sediment sampling were done per 10 day and once per month, respectively. both sediment sampling of the pond beds have done before and after harvesting. The measured factors in the water ponds were : pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, transparency, temperature (Twice a day in the morning and the afternoon), chlorophyll-a, nitrate,nitrite, orthophosphate, iron, biochemical oxygen demand, TSS, TDS, Planktons. The parameters (pH, total organic matter, iron) were measured in sediment. The measurement of grain size has done in two times (before and after harvesting). independent variables including nitrate, Ammonia, orthophosphate, iron and chlorophyll-a had significant correlations with shrimp weights as dependent variable. Nitrate showed the highest correlation with the shrimp weights (r = 0.921). overall correlation of fifth most important factors with the shrimp weights, namely nitrate, orthophosphate, Ammonia, iron and chlorophyll-a was estimated to r=0.999. The results show low concentration of the essential nutrient such as phosphate and nitrate, high concentration of ammonia, undesirable’s transparency, and a great amount of clay in pond beds . On the basis of above description, required to renewing management in fertilizing, feedings, liming qualities of the bed. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

The study of fluctuation of large pelagic stock (yellowfin tuna, skipjack tuna, longtail tuna, Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel ) in order to optimum exploitation in the Persian Gulf & Oman sea This study was carried out from 2005-07 in order to acquire some biological characteristics and population dynamic parameters for stock management and responsible fisheries. Thunnus albacares (yellowfin tuna), katsuwonus pelamis (skipjack tuna), Thunnus tonggol (longtail tuna) and scomberomorus commerson (Narrow- barred Spanish mackerel) were sampled. In total, length frequency of 9345 specimens of yellowfin tuna were analyzed. Size range was 37-172 cm. Teleost fishes were the most dominant prey species observed in this study (42%), Occurrence of Potunus Pelagicus was found to be the second (28%).Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (22%), Natosquilla (5%) and octopus (3%) also were identified in the gut content of the yellowfin tuna. Length of maturity (50%) of yellow fin tuna was estimated 77.2 cm and spawning season was started from May. 8443 specimens of skipjack with size range of 32-90 cm were sampled. 48% of food items were teleost fishes. Squid and shrimp were also identified. Spawning season was begun from June. Growth parameters & fishing mortalities of yellow fin tuna and skipjack tuna were also estimated. Size range if longtail tuna was from 26-125cm Length infinity was estimated 132.3 cm with growth parameter of 0.35 per year. In total 10451 specimens of narrow- barred Spanish mackerel were sampled. Size range was from 20-164 cm. Teleost fishes were the most dominant prey species observed in the study (91.3%). Crustaceans (0.6%) and Indian squid (0.2%) also were identified in the specimens. Length maturity (50%) was estimated 83.6cm.

An artificial Reef is a fabricated, underwater structure, typically built for promoting marine life in areas of generally featureless bottom. Creating artificial reefs began from 2000 in southern provinces in Iran. This study has surveyed about the Bushehr and Khozestan states. The objective is to determine the effectiveness of artificial reefs in attracting and enhancing the production different aquatics through increasing of fish assemblage and fishery. The performance of artificial reefs deployed off the coast of the Persian Gulf in 10 to 15m, was evaluated. The reefs comprised of seven artificial and one control (natural) statistical tests plan in three replicates. Three types of artificial reefs were used in this study. That two were designed reefs and one was not designed or used material. The experimental plan consisted (i) Reef ball (R), designed hemispherical shaped; (ii) Laneh Mahi (L), designed pyramid shaped; (iii) Used material (U); (iv) mixed (RL); (v) mixed (RU); (vi) mixed (LU); (vii) mixed (RLU); and (viii) control site (CS). Trap nets and under-water visual census surveys were adopted for seasonal sampling of fish aggregation. Results of statistical analysis using ANOVA and T-test of the mean Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) showed significant difference (p

The Caspian Sea is the biggest lacustrine water source. Common carp is very important commercially in south coastal line of Iranian Caspian Sea waters, especially in east coastal line, because eighty percent annual catch of this species has been caught in this area in particular. Despite the common carp importance and value in Iran, but there is a little information about its biology in natural system. This study is comprehensive research on reproduction, growth and feeding. The specimens were caught by beach seine net in coastal line of Iranian waters. The fork length ranged between 5.6 and 2866.2 g. The b value of the length-weight relationship ranged from 2.843 to 2.924 for female and male, respectively. The age composition of the specimens was from 1 to 11 year. The gonadosomatic ratio (GSR) changed from 2 to 12. There were two peaks of GSR in April and December, so that the latter peak was much shorter than the first that. Fecundity variations were high and ranged 77448 to 430745 eggs. It observed linear significant correlation in fecundity- weight (r=0.98) and fecundity-length (r=0.88) relationships. Average growth in length was described with the Von Bertalanffy growth model: L (t) = 60.5(1-exp (0.19(t-0.65). The percent of empty stomach and prey dominant evaluated during different seasons by specific formula result showed that in Cyprinus carpio prey Molluscs was dominated and specific food items. Empty stomachs in winter and spring were higher and lower, respectively. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Fish is a valuable nutritional source witch use of it in daily meal has a beneficial role on nutritional needs supply and also causes mental and physical health especially in people who have protein and food deficiencies. Unfortunately, per capita consumption of sea foods in Iran is 5.5Kg which is very lower than world standards (18 kg). So, study on fish ice cream formulation, by use of fish protein concentrate (FPC) instead of milk protein, had done to make variation in sea foods products and also increase per capita consumption of these kinds of foods. FPC has very high protein concentration and a lot of necessary amino acids like lysine and methionine. Also its protein is very digestible with highly biological value and it's PER in compare with casein PER is high. At first fish protein concentrate type A produced from silver carp in three steps by the extraction with isopropyl alcohol solvent and heat. Microbiological and physicochemical specifications of produced FPC by rules of FDA and FAO were accepted. Finally according to panel test results, substitution of 30 percent of milk with FPC in comparison with 50%, 70% FPC substitution prepared (P

The project of Age, growth, feeding regime and fecundity of Kutum (Rutilus frisii Kutum) survey started in south of the Caspian Sea from 2006 to 2007. The aim of project was related to determination of length maturity (Lm50%), identification of feeding animals, and investigation some of biological aspects uncluded in sex ratio, growth and age structure in southern of the Caspian Sea. Total 2706 specimens of Kutum were surveyed. The age structure of Kutum has nine age groups that included in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 years. The result showed that maximum frequency was about 39.3 % and were belong to 4 years and minimum frequency which was about o.1 % were belong to 9 years. The maximum and minimum fork length and weight were 58 and 21cm with mean (±SD) 38.4 (± 6.4) cm; 2450 and 104g with mean (±SD) 784.2 (± 383.30) g , respectively. There are significant different between fork length and weight in male and female of Kutum at difference months (ANOVA, P

Fish is a valuable nutritional source witch use of it in daily meal has a beneficial role on nutritional needs supply and also causes mental and physical health especially in people who have protein and food deficiencies. Unfortunately, per capita consumption of sea foods in Iran is 5.5Kg which is very lower than world standards (18 kg). So, study on fish ice cream formulation, by use of fish protein concentrate (FPC) instead of milk protein, had done to make variation in sea foods products and also increase per capita consumption of these kinds of foods. FPC has very high protein concentration and a lot of necessary amino acids like lysine and methionine. Also its protein is very digestible with highly biological value and it's PER in compare with casein PER is high. At first fish protein concentrate type A produced from silver carp in three steps by the extraction with isopropyl alcohol solvent and heat. Microbiological and physicochemical specifications of produced FPC by rules of FDA and FAO were accepted. Finally according to panel test results, substitution of 30 percent of milk with FPC in comparison with 50%, 70% FPC substitution prepared (P

The present study was carried out in the fishing landing center in khozestan using the commercial catch data. The data of total cutch of fishes and effort were prepared from the deputy of statistic office. Based on the pre data, the effort of gill-net fishery was being decreased from 1996 to 2000 and then had a trend to increase from 2001. The maximum and minimum of trap fishery of dhows ware observed 2005 and 1996 respectively. The maximum and minimum of total catch were observed in 2005 in Hilsha shad and Spanish mackerel with 4174.95 tones and 73.33 tones respectively. In this year the total catch of silvery pomfret and tiger tooth croaher species were recorded 323.6 tones and 1700.44 tons respectively. The growth parameters of Hilsha shad were estimated from 10071 specimens in Abadan and 4032 specimens of length frequencies from Hendijan, statistic program of t-test was used for the mean total length and the results showed the significantly different (p < 0.05) in the two areas during 12 months. The Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated from the FISAT II and ELEFAN.The asymptotic length (L) was estimated using the Powell – Vetheral method in Abadan and Hendijan, 42.74 cm and 37.02 cm respectively. Growth coefficient or K for both areas were 0.77 and 0.71 per year respectively. The instantaneous rotes of total mortalities (Z) were estimated from length-converted catch curves and the values were at 2.55 year -1 for Abadan and 2.81 year -1 for Hendijan. The instantaneous rate of natural mortalities (M) and fishing mortalities (F) for both areas, Abadan and Hendijan were 0.75 year -1, 0.732 year -1 and 1.8 year -1, 2.078 year -1 respectively. The exploitation rates (E) for both populations were 0.7 year -1 in Abadan and 0.73 year -1 in Hendijan. However the optimum level of E should be 0.5 and the estimated valves of E is more than 0.5 and shows the pressure of fishing effort and overexploited on the population of this stock. The instantaneous rate of total mortalities of Tiger tooth croacker was 1.95 year -1 the instantaneous rate of natural mortality using Pauly empirical formula was estimated 0.7 year -1 and fishing mortality were 1.52 year -1. The exploitation rate for this species was calculated 0.62 year -1. The values of M and F for silvery pumfret were obtained 0.91 year -1 and 1.47 year -1 respectively. The exploitation rate was estimated 0.61 year -1. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

From December 1998 to March 2001, (28 month) a survey in Iran waters were completed. Each month, 50 stations in four depth stratums that is, below 10 m, 10-20 m, 20-30 m and above 30 meters from Bahrekan to dayyer were trawled. Some Biological parameters such as sex stages, sex ratio, total length, species composition and some environmental factors such as water temperature, air temperature, salinity, soluble oxygen, acidity of seawater were measured. In this survey, the effects of environmental factors on shrimp behavior and landings were assessed. According to analysis, spawning season extends from January to May. Maximum percentages of mature stage (4th stage of maturity) were observed to be 53.4% in April 1999 and 47.6% in May 2000. Water temperature and salinity were 23.1 centigrade and 37.2 PPT and 21~'C and 38.7 PPT in spawning seasons of 1999 and 2000 respectively. The catch composition of shrimp in fishing season (July to September) for the years 1999 and 2000 has been observed to be 60.2% and 66.4% for Penaeus semisulcatus, 37.1% and 30.4% for Metapenaeus affinis, and 2.5% and 2.8% for parapenaeopsis stylifera respectively. Maximum catch per unit effort (CPUE) in fishing season of 1999 and 2000 were observed to be in depth ranges of lower than 10 meters and 10-20 meters respectively. Analysis of length frequency data shows that the first schools of juvenile tiger shrimps appear in middle region of Persian Gulf from May to June (in low density). In later months (July to August), the schools of juvenile shrimps gradually appear in northern areas. After closure of shrimp fishery (late September) the density of adult shrimps in northern area increase. These shrimps have an average length of more than 15 Cm and are sexually matured. Analysis of sex ratio shows that in fishing season, the number of Male and females are almost equal (sex ratio=1). In Nov. and Sep., the number of females increases (decrease of sex ratio). In spawning season the number of females decrease (increase in sex ratio) but approaching to the coming fishing season the sex ratio tends to become 1 due to recruitment. Observations show that during fishing season the sperm sacs of Male gradually evolve so that at the end of fishing season, the sperm sacs are seen as two white tissue under the last pairs of Pereopods. In other observations, some of sperm had come out from steam of pereopods and cleave to legs of shrimp (both males and females). These observations show that shrimp schools come to fishing grounds for copulation. The stock-recruitment relation has not been proved to be correct and environmental factors has had more effect on size of shrimp stock. A linear relationship with a high correlation coefficient of r2=0.9 between prefishing season CPUE and the landings of the same year was established. (Landing =56 CPUE+286). Finally, it is shown that, lower water temperature in spawning season results in better spawning and thus higher yield Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Collection of breeder shrimps in important fishing grounds of Hormozgan province was started in 1994. In this research which was carried out in March, April, June and July 2001 and 2002, we aimed at identifying shrimp species, determining frequency distribution of the species in the catch and evaluating caught maturity stages. We collected data on the catch of artisanal shrimp trawlers on a biweekly basis. Result showed that Penaeus indicus was dominant in the catch while P. semisulcatus and P. merguiensis comprised 20.5-20% and 13.5-19.5% of the catch in Jask and Sirik areas respectively. A Tukey test showed that average carapace length in P. merguiensis and P. semisulcatus caught in Jask were significantly larger than those from Sirik area (p

The presentation of ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and explosive development in all Caspian sea especially in southern parts greatly affected in the ecosystem and fish stocks same as Black sea. Following the sharp decreses of kilka fish catch. Some project were developed in order to study the controlling methods of Caspian sea ctenophora. The first section of this study, the gut content of 653 specimens from 7 different species of the native Caspian sea fishes were studied during 2002 to 2004. The factors; index of vacuity gut, relative length gut, condition factor, index of fullness, frquencey and abundance of food were estimated. In second section of study, ctenophore Beroe ovata was candidate as a control agent against the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. The acclimation, survival and some physiological characteristics including feeding, reproduction and growth of B. ovata were studied in Caspian Sea water (12.6 ppt salinity) conditions. The animals transported from the Black and Marmara Seas to laboratories on the Iranian Caspian coast during 2001 and 2002. The finding of the diet study on native fishes showed that Alosa caspia caspia and Clupeonella spp. feed from plankton organisms with unfavorite degree as well as they had a low diversity of preys. The dominated prey were the Acartia from copepoda and Balanus cypris from cirripedia. The Vimba vimba persa had a variety of the diet where the carnivorous were most with a medium fullness index. The Neogobius bathybius was identified benthophage with a medium variety of diet. The fishes of Alosa brashnikovi and Sander lucioperca had a favorite diet and were carnivorous on medium ecosystem levels. In totally the ctenophora Mnemiopsis leidyi were not seen in diet of fishes but it is necessary to study more about the filter feeding fishes in the field of Caspian sea and the laboratory. The findings of the study showed that when salinity was gradually decreased from 22 to 12.6 ppt, B. ovata were able to adapt well to Caspian Sea water. All sizes of the B. ovata intensively consumed all sizes of M. leidyi, however the largest M. leidyi specimens were preferred by all the different size groups of the predator cetenophore. The average daily rations of B. ovata ranged from 26 to 43 % wet weight for specimens that initial wet weight could vary between 0 to 95 % in long-term experiments. The relationship between the specific daily ration and B. ovata wet wt described with power function that is mostly depend on prey biomass and the food concentration is important on the B. ovata feeding. The average interval digestion time between 2 consumption for B. ovata was 415 ± 298 min. The digestion time averaged 99 ± 57 min for prey : predator ratio. Totally B. ovata specimens were spawned and their eggs were hatched in Caspian Sea water, but the survival was very low and the larvae survived for only a few hours. During the experiments of 2001, 138 eggs were obtained and 7 larvae were hatched but no larvae survived after 24 hours. The results of reproduction study in 2002 was same as 2001 where the results was better in black sea water for two year. This study could be known as the first step to consider the predator of B. ovata as on important bio-control agent against the M. leidyi which caused immense ecological and economical problems in the Caspian sea. There are still necessary studies (e.g. on parasites, feeding with other native organisms, modeling etc) relating to possible impact of the introducing B .ovata into Caspian sea to be done. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

In order to sample, identify and determine Seaweed biomass in the Oman Sea coast (Sistan & Baluchestan Province) with 300 Km length from Gwatr area (with 25 10 N & 61 30 E) to Mydani (25 24 N & 59 5 E) during two years (from Octobr 2001 to September 2003), eleven regions of Gwatr, Passabandar, Beris, kachoo, Ramin, Chabahar, Pozm, Gurdim, Tang, Jood and Mydani were selected as sampeling stations from east to west. Seaweed growth area in intertidial zones determind by measuring and recording of geographic positions by metertape and GPS, then with the help GIS system and satellite maps, area, situation and maps of survey areas, were obtained 15 transects were determind with equal distance in coast area and monthly sampling were done randomly by quadrate 50*50 Cm the samples were transfered to the lab and the weight of each species was obtained after being cleaned, and separating. The biomass of each species per area unit and in the total area was obtained after determing the average weight of species. Also the prefered zones of each species were determined through the maximum number of presence in the transects. Along with this research, the Seaweed species were reconized according to the present references. The photographs were taken and the herbarium sheet was obtained. The samples were sent to experts for final approval. To compare the biomass changes during two years (2002 & 2003), this research was with the same methods of first year from October 2002 to September 2003 in Gwatr, Beris, Ramin, Tang and Jood. During this research 180 species were collected. Among these seaweeds, 160 species (composed of 39 species green algea, 39 species brown algae and 82 species red algae) were identified. There were some important families including green algae (Ulvaceae & Caulerpaceae), brown algae (Sargassaceae & Dictyotaceae) and red algae (Gracilariaceae, Gelidiaceae and Hypneaceae ). Wet biomass of Seaweeds in the total area of Sistan & Baluchestan coasts were 10269399 kg in 2002. Among this biomas, 2645223 kg (%25.7) green algae, 2953279 kg (%28.8) brown algae and 4670897 kg (%45.5) red algae were estimated and the monthly average for then were obtained 264522.3 kg, 295327.9 kg and 467089.7 Kg respectively. The maximum biomass was obtained 922246 kg in Chabahar and minimum biomass was obtained 1418 kg in pozm. The amount of alginophyte (Sargassum Spp.), agarophyte (Gracilaria, Gelidium & Gelidiella) and karaginophyte (Hypnea musciformis) were 159777 kg, 806915 kg and 188783 kg respectively. In second year (2003), the biomass of wet weight was 4114655 kg in 5 zones. Among this biomass, 849227.5 kg (%20.6) green algae, 1669792 kg (%40.6) brown algae and 1595636 kg (%38/8) red algae were obtained. The monthly average were 70769 kg, 139149.3 kg and 132969.7 kg respectively. The biomass of alginophyte, agarophyte and karaginophyte were 163776.4 kg, 481642.6 kg and 64310.1 kg respectively this year. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Due to importance of the color for caviar quality and its export , in this project it has been attempted to identify elements which yield caviar color . In this respect. Some samples of caviar grade 1A and 1B were taken from A.guldenstadti and A. persicus species and a complementary sample of A. Stellatus Species grade 2 , the caviar pigment amounts were measured through HPLC method. To do this , the required materials were collected Simultaneously, Some Samples were taken from southern coast of the Caspian sea in Golestan Province were taken to food Industry institute Laboratory in Tehran Subjected to Axote gas and under darkness . Only a little amount of A. Guldenstadti Caviar grade 1A sample was gained from cold Storage of Shilat Trading Corp. The tests are done with standards of the of the pigments with high purity Such as B- Carotene Lutein , Astazantin,Etc. The chemical Substances and solvents used were obtained from merk and Fluka Companies. Therefore it was Stated that color variety among avarious caviear grads has a meaningful relationship with the quantities of these pigments in various types of caviar.The quantity of B- caroten , Astaxantin and Lutein Pigments were found to be more in A. Guldenstadti caviar than in A. persicus Caviar ,and similarly they are more in caviar 1 A than in 1B in A. persicus and A. Guldenstadti species. As a result , it could be said that there is a significant relation ship between the amount of the pigments and the light yellowish color of the distinct caviar samples analyzed. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Study of shrimp nursery ground in the Northern part of Bushehr province from Farakeh creek to Genaveh The fourth phase of "study of shrimp nursery ground in the Northern part of Bushehr province" was carried from October 2000 to August 2001. Sampling was carried for larval stages by using Bongo net with 500 micrometer mesh size, and for adults with Trawl net of I centimeter mesh size. In 12 stations, 25576 juvenile and adult shrimp and 651.13 larves were collected and identified. Most of these samples belonged to the families of Sergestidae, Penaeidae Caridea. Acetes cfsergestidae family, both in adults and larval stage (57% for adult and 84% for larval stage) were identified. Adults wrere caught only in Ramleh creek in Feb. 2001, and the most presence of Acetes' larvae were also in Ramleh creek in Dec. 2000. 33% of adults were belonged to Metapenaus stebbingii of Penaeidae family. The most presence of this species was in Feb. and Mar. 2001. Although no larvae of this species was found in the field, it seems there is no significance between pH, salinity and area temperature with the presence of these species of shrimp. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diets containing roasted soybean (R), extruded soybean (E) or their combination (RE) on dairy cow performance and milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Nine multiparous lactating Holstein cows (680 ± 25 kg BW; 90 ± 10 DIM; means ± SD) were randomly assigned to a triple 3 × 3 Latin square design. Dry matter intake (DMI), apparent nutrient digestibility, milk yield, composition and FA profile and efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilization for milk production were measured. Cows fed R and RE had higher 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield and DMI compared to those fed the E (P0.05). Experimental diets had no effect on milk fat and protein concentrations and nutrient digestibility (P>0.05). Milk fat concentrations of vaccenic acid (VA; C18:1 trans-11) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; C18:2 cis-9, trans-11) were higher for cows fed with RE compared to other groups (P