389 results on '"Glomerular Hypertrophy"'
Search Results
2. Novel approaches and therapeutic targets for diabetic nephropathy: Advances and promising strategies.
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Ubhenin, Abraham Ehinomhen, Ikebuiro, Joshua Onyeka, Anura, Fatima, Idris, Ramatu Iya, and Erharuyi, Osayemwenre
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DIABETIC nephropathies , *RECEPTOR for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) , *ADVANCED glycation end-products , *DRUG target , *GLYCEMIC control , *GLOMERULAR filtration rate , *CHRONIC kidney failure - Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive condition characterized by kidney damage and functional decline, primarily attributed to hyperglycemia. Special keywords and probes related to diabetic nephropathy were utilized by Google search engine to obtain relevant information from Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Alert, and Google Scholar databases. This review explores the interconnected mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis. Hyperglycemia initiates glomerular hypertrophy and increased glomerular filtration rate as compensatory responses, but persistent hyperglycemia leads to renal inflammation, oxidative stress, abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, and increased albuminuria. These processes contribute to structural changes, declining glomerular filtration rate, and potential end-stage renal disease (ESRD) progression. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) play key roles in hyperglycemic-induced glomerular hypertrophy. Glomerular hyperfiltration, mediated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), impaired tubuloglomerular feedback, and increased capillary filtration coefficient, further contributes to increased glomerular filtration rate. Inflammation and oxidative stress, triggered by hyperglycemia and AGEs, promote kidney damage. Abnormal ECM accumulation, driven by hyperglycemia and the transforming growth factor-beta pathway, leads to structural changes. Hyperglycemia-induced microalbuminuria and proteinuria reflect early signs of kidney damage. Managing diabetic nephropathy poses challenges, but ongoing research offers potential solutions. Novel therapeutic targets, combination therapies, personalized medicine approaches, regenerative medicine, and gene therapy are being explored. Advancements in diagnostics, including targeted therapies and non-invasive tools, show promise in preventing or mitigating the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for early detection, glycemic control, blood pressure management, and targeted therapies to slow disease progression. Collaboration among healthcare stakeholders is essential in finding effective solutions for this complex condition. This review therefore highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to managing diabetic nephropathy and improving patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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- View/download PDF
3. Glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy: an evaluation of maximum values in pathological indicators to discriminate 'diseased' from 'normal'
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Hiroshi Kataoka, Kosaku Nitta, and Junichi Hoshino
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chronic kidney disease ,glomerular hyperfiltration ,glomerular hypertrophy ,obesity ,sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors ,visceral fat ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
The success of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and bariatric surgery in patients with chronic kidney disease has highlighted the importance of glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy in the progression of kidney disease. Sustained glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy can lead to glomerular injury and progressive kidney damage. This article explores the relationship between obesity and chronic kidney disease, focusing on the roles of glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy as hallmarks of obesity-related kidney disease. The pathological mechanisms underlying this association include adipose tissue inflammation, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, chronic systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system, as well as the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system. This article explains how glomerular hyperfiltration results from increased renal blood flow and intraglomerular hypertension, inducing mechanical stress on the filtration barrier and post-filtration structures. Injured glomeruli increase in size before sclerosing and collapsing. Therefore, using extreme values, such as the maximal glomerular diameter, could improve the understanding of the data distribution and allow for better kidney failure predictions. This review provides important insights into the mechanisms underlying glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy and highlights the need for further research using glomerular size, including maximum glomerular profile, calculated using needle biopsy specimens.
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- 2023
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4. PLVAP as an Early Marker of Glomerular Endothelial Damage in Mice with Diabetic Kidney Disease.
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Wolf, Elena E., Steglich, Anne, Kessel, Friederike, Kröger, Hannah, Sradnick, Jan, Reichelt-Wurm, Simone, Eidenschink, Kathrin, Banas, Miriam C., Wolf, Eckhard, Wanke, Rüdiger, Gembardt, Florian, and Todorov, Vladimir T.
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DIABETIC nephropathies , *KIDNEY glomerulus , *TYPE 2 diabetes , *PANCREATIC beta cells , *KIDNEYS , *TRANSGENIC mice , *MICE , *KIDNEY physiology - Abstract
Plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP) is the main component of endothelial diaphragms in fenestrae, caveolae, and transendothelial channels. PLVAP is expressed in the adult kidney glomerulus upon injury. Glomerular endothelial injury is associated with progressive loss of kidney function in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This study aimed to investigate whether PLVAP could serve as a marker for glomerular endothelial damage in DKD. Glomerular PLVAP expression was analyzed in different mouse models of DKD and their respective healthy control animals using automatic digital quantification of histological whole kidney sections. Transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative GIP receptor (GIPRdn) in pancreatic beta-cells as a model for diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 and black and tan brachyuric (BTBR) ob/ob mice, as a model for DM type 2, were used. Distinct PLVAP induction was observed in all diabetic models studied. Traces of glomerular PLVAP expression could be identified in the healthy control kidneys using automated quantification. Stainings for other endothelial injury markers such as CD31 or the erythroblast transformation-specific related gene (ERG) displayed no differences between diabetic and healthy groups at the time points when PLVAP was induced. The same was also true for the mesangial cells marker α8Integrin, while the podocyte marker nephrin appeared to be diminished only in BTBR ob/ob mice. Glomerular hypertrophy, which is one of the initial morphological signs of diabetic kidney damage, was observed in both diabetic models. These findings suggest that PLVAP is an early marker of glomerular endothelial injury in diabetes-induced kidney damage in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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5. The Association between Glomerular Diameter and Secondary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Author
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Ryo Zamami, Kentaro Kohagura, Kojiro Kinjyo, Takuto Nakamura, Takanori Kinjo, Masanobu Yamazato, Akio Ishida, and Yusuke Ohya
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glomerular hypertrophy ,secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ,chronic kidney disease ,Dermatology ,RL1-803 ,Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ,RC666-701 ,Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology ,RC870-923 - Abstract
Introduction: When nephron loss occurs, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is suggested to be maintained by glomerular hypertrophy, but excessive hypertrophy can rather lead to the formation of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), thereby causing progressive kidney damage. However, it is not clear how much glomerular hypertrophy leads to the formation of FSGS. We examined the association between glomerular diameter and FSGS lesions in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Methods: We recruited 77 patients who underwent renal biopsy during 2016–2017; however, those identified with primary FSGS and glomerulonephritis with active glomerular lesion were excluded. We evaluated the maximal glomerular diameter (Max GD), an indicator of glomerular size, in each renal biopsy specimen and examined its association with FSGS lesion. Results: The median age, blood pressure, and estimated GFR of the patients were 53 years, 122/70 mm Hg, and 65 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The optimal cutoff threshold of Max GD for predicting the presence of FSGS lesions, assessed by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, was determined to be at 224 μm (area under the curve, 0.81; sensitivity, 81%; specificity, 72%). Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that Max GD ≥224 μm was significantly associated with the presence of FSGS lesions, independent of other confounding factors (odds ratio, 11.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.93–70.84). Discussion/Conclusion: Glomerular hypertrophy (Max GD ≥224 μm) has been associated with FSGS lesions in CKD patients and may reflect the limits of the compensatory process.
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- 2021
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- View/download PDF
6. PLVAP as an Early Marker of Glomerular Endothelial Damage in Mice with Diabetic Kidney Disease
- Author
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Elena E. Wolf, Anne Steglich, Friederike Kessel, Hannah Kröger, Jan Sradnick, Simone Reichelt-Wurm, Kathrin Eidenschink, Miriam C. Banas, Eckhard Wolf, Rüdiger Wanke, Florian Gembardt, and Vladimir T. Todorov
- Subjects
diabetic kidney disease ,endothelial damage ,PLVAP ,diabetic models ,glomerular hypertrophy ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP) is the main component of endothelial diaphragms in fenestrae, caveolae, and transendothelial channels. PLVAP is expressed in the adult kidney glomerulus upon injury. Glomerular endothelial injury is associated with progressive loss of kidney function in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This study aimed to investigate whether PLVAP could serve as a marker for glomerular endothelial damage in DKD. Glomerular PLVAP expression was analyzed in different mouse models of DKD and their respective healthy control animals using automatic digital quantification of histological whole kidney sections. Transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative GIP receptor (GIPRdn) in pancreatic beta-cells as a model for diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 and black and tan brachyuric (BTBR) ob/ob mice, as a model for DM type 2, were used. Distinct PLVAP induction was observed in all diabetic models studied. Traces of glomerular PLVAP expression could be identified in the healthy control kidneys using automated quantification. Stainings for other endothelial injury markers such as CD31 or the erythroblast transformation-specific related gene (ERG) displayed no differences between diabetic and healthy groups at the time points when PLVAP was induced. The same was also true for the mesangial cells marker α8Integrin, while the podocyte marker nephrin appeared to be diminished only in BTBR ob/ob mice. Glomerular hypertrophy, which is one of the initial morphological signs of diabetic kidney damage, was observed in both diabetic models. These findings suggest that PLVAP is an early marker of glomerular endothelial injury in diabetes-induced kidney damage in mice.
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. A zebrafish model of diabetic nephropathy shows hyperglycemia, proteinuria and activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Zang L, Saitoh S, Katayama K, Zhou W, Nishimura N, and Shimada Y
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- Animals, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases metabolism, Humans, Phosphorylation drug effects, Animals, Genetically Modified, Metformin pharmacology, Metformin therapeutic use, Zebrafish Proteins metabolism, Zebrafish Proteins genetics, Kidney pathology, Kidney drug effects, Kidney metabolism, Kidney Glomerulus pathology, Kidney Glomerulus drug effects, Kidney Glomerulus metabolism, Enzyme Activation drug effects, Zebrafish, Hyperglycemia complications, Hyperglycemia pathology, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt metabolism, Diabetic Nephropathies pathology, Diabetic Nephropathies metabolism, Proteinuria, Disease Models, Animal, Signal Transduction drug effects
- Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), as a complication of diabetes, is a substantial healthcare challenge owing to the high risk of morbidity and mortality involved. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of DN, more efficient models are required to develop new therapeutics. Here, we created a DN model in zebrafish by crossing diabetic Tg(acta1:dnIGF1R-EGFP) and proteinuria-tracing Tg(l-fabp::VDBP-GFP) lines, named zMIR/VDBP. Overfed adult zMIR/VDBP fish developed severe hyperglycemia and proteinuria, which were not observed in wild-type zebrafish. Renal histopathology revealed human DN-like characteristics, such as glomerular basement membrane thickening, foot process effacement and glomerular sclerosis. Glomerular dysfunction was restored upon calorie restriction. RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that DN zebrafish kidneys exhibited transcriptional patterns similar to those seen in human DN pathogenesis. Notably, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway was activated, a phenomenon observed in the early phase of human DN. In addition, metformin improved hyperglycemia and proteinuria in DN zebrafish by modulating Akt phosphorylation. Our results indicate that zMIR/VDBP fish are suitable for elucidating the mechanisms underlying human DN and could be a powerful tool for therapeutic discovery., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2024. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)
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- 2024
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8. Glomerular Hypertrophy and Initial Dip in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Following Dapagliflozin Administration.
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Shimizu A, Tsuboi N, Sasaki T, Haruhara K, Matsumoto K, Ueda H, Yokote S, Okabe M, Hatanaka S, Ikeda M, and Yokoo T
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- 2024
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9. Early triggers of moderately high‐fat diet‐induced kidney damage.
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Sánchez‐Navarro, Andrea, Martínez‐Rojas, Miguel Ángel, Caldiño‐Bohn, Rebecca I., Pérez‐Villalva, Rosalba, Zambrano, Elena, Castro‐Rodríguez, Diana C., and Bobadilla, Norma A.
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KIDNEY physiology , *HIGH-fat diet , *OBESITY , *LABORATORY mice , *METABOLIC syndrome , *DIABETIC nephropathies , *KIDNEY diseases - Abstract
Most of the obesity murine models inducing renal injury use calorie‐enriched foods, where fat represents 60% of the total caloric supply, however, this strategy doubles the standard proportion of fat ingestion in obese patients. Therefore, it is crucial to study the impact of a high‐fat intake on kidney physiology that resembles common obesity in humans to understand the trigger mechanisms of the long‐term consequences of overweight and obesity. In this study, we analyzed whether chronic feeding with a moderately high fat diet (MHFD) representing 45% of total calories, may induce kidney function and structural injury compared to C57BL/6 mice fed a control diet. After 14 weeks, MHFD induced significant mice obesity. At the functional level, obese mice showed signs of kidney injury characterized by increased albuminuria/creatinine ratio and higher excretion of urinary biomarkers of kidney damage. While, at the structural level, glomerular hypertrophy was observed. Although, we did not detect renal fibrosis, the obese mice exhibited a significant elevation of Tgfb1 mRNA levels. Kidney damage caused by the exposure to MHFD was associated with greater oxidative stress, renal inflammation, higher endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐stress, and disruption of mitochondrial dynamics. In summary, our data demonstrate that obesity induced by a milder fat content diet is enough to establish renal injury, where oxidative stress, inflammation, ER‐stress, and mitochondrial damage take relevance, pointing out the importance of opportune interventions to avoid the long‐term consequences associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The Association between Glomerular Diameter and Secondary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease.
- Author
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Zamami, Ryo, Kohagura, Kentaro, Kinjyo, Kojiro, Nakamura, Takuto, Kinjo, Takanori, Yamazato, Masanobu, Ishida, Akio, and Ohya, Yusuke
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FOCAL segmental glomerulosclerosis , *CHRONIC kidney failure , *RECEIVER operating characteristic curves , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *GLOMERULAR filtration rate - Abstract
Introduction: When nephron loss occurs, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is suggested to be maintained by glomerular hypertrophy, but excessive hypertrophy can rather lead to the formation of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), thereby causing progressive kidney damage. However, it is not clear how much glomerular hypertrophy leads to the formation of FSGS. We examined the association between glomerular diameter and FSGS lesions in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Methods: We recruited 77 patients who underwent renal biopsy during 2016–2017; however, those identified with primary FSGS and glomerulonephritis with active glomerular lesion were excluded. We evaluated the maximal glomerular diameter (Max GD), an indicator of glomerular size, in each renal biopsy specimen and examined its association with FSGS lesion. Results: The median age, blood pressure, and estimated GFR of the patients were 53 years, 122/70 mm Hg, and 65 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The optimal cutoff threshold of Max GD for predicting the presence of FSGS lesions, assessed by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, was determined to be at 224 μm (area under the curve, 0.81; sensitivity, 81%; specificity, 72%). Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that Max GD ≥224 μm was significantly associated with the presence of FSGS lesions, independent of other confounding factors (odds ratio, 11.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.93–70.84). Discussion/Conclusion: Glomerular hypertrophy (Max GD ≥224 μm) has been associated with FSGS lesions in CKD patients and may reflect the limits of the compensatory process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Early triggers of moderately high‐fat diet‐induced kidney damage
- Author
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Andrea Sánchez‐Navarro, Miguel Ángel Martínez‐Rojas, Rebecca I. Caldiño‐Bohn, Rosalba Pérez‐Villalva, Elena Zambrano, Diana C. Castro‐Rodríguez, and Norma A. Bobadilla
- Subjects
ER‐stress ,glomerular hypertrophy ,mitochondrial dynamics disruption ,renal inflammation ,Physiology ,QP1-981 - Abstract
Abstract Most of the obesity murine models inducing renal injury use calorie‐enriched foods, where fat represents 60% of the total caloric supply, however, this strategy doubles the standard proportion of fat ingestion in obese patients. Therefore, it is crucial to study the impact of a high‐fat intake on kidney physiology that resembles common obesity in humans to understand the trigger mechanisms of the long‐term consequences of overweight and obesity. In this study, we analyzed whether chronic feeding with a moderately high fat diet (MHFD) representing 45% of total calories, may induce kidney function and structural injury compared to C57BL/6 mice fed a control diet. After 14 weeks, MHFD induced significant mice obesity. At the functional level, obese mice showed signs of kidney injury characterized by increased albuminuria/creatinine ratio and higher excretion of urinary biomarkers of kidney damage. While, at the structural level, glomerular hypertrophy was observed. Although, we did not detect renal fibrosis, the obese mice exhibited a significant elevation of Tgfb1 mRNA levels. Kidney damage caused by the exposure to MHFD was associated with greater oxidative stress, renal inflammation, higher endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐stress, and disruption of mitochondrial dynamics. In summary, our data demonstrate that obesity induced by a milder fat content diet is enough to establish renal injury, where oxidative stress, inflammation, ER‐stress, and mitochondrial damage take relevance, pointing out the importance of opportune interventions to avoid the long‐term consequences associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Increased dishevelled associated activator of morphogenesis 2, a new podocyte-associated protein, in diabetic nephropathy.
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Qi, Chenyang, Alsomali, Faten, Zhong, Jinyong, Harris, Raymond C, Kon, Valentina, Yang, Haichun, and Fogo, Agnes B
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DIABETIC nephropathies , *CD26 antigen , *SMALL interfering RNA , *ACE inhibitors , *MORPHOGENESIS - Abstract
Background Previously, by using proteomic analysis and RNA sequencing in isolated glomeruli, we identified several novel differentially expressed proteins in human and mouse diabetic nephropathy (DN) versus controls, including dishevelled associated activator of morphogenesis 2 (DAAM2). DAAM2 binds the Wnt effector Dvl. We aimed to study possible contributions of DAAM2 to DN. Methods We assessed DAAM2 by immunostaining in non-cancer regions of human nephrectomy (Nx), DN and normal donor kidney tissues. We also examined DAAM2 in DN mice (db / db eNOS−/−) and Nx mice. DN mice treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP4I) or vehicle were compared. DAAM2 was knocked down in primary cultured podocytes by small interfering RNA to study its effects on cell function. Results In normal human glomeruli, DAAM2 was expressed only on podocytes. DAAM2 expression was increased in both Nx and DN versus normal donors. Podocyte DAAM2 expression was increased in DN and Nx mouse models. Glomerular DAAM2 expression correlated with glomerular size and was decreased significantly by ACEI while DPP4I only numerically reduced DAAM2. In primary cultured podocytes, knockdown of DAAM2 enhanced adhesion, slowed migration, activated Wnt–β-catenin signaling and downregulated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and Rho activity. Conclusions Podocyte DAAM2 is upregulated in both Nx and DN, which could be contributed to by glomerular hypertrophy. We hypothesize that DAAM2 regulates podocyte function through the mTORC1, Wnt/β-catenin and Rho signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Evaluation of glomerular hyper filtration in obesity: Which formula to use?
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H. OUAKRIM, M. BEN LAFQIH, S. RAFI G. El MGHARI, and N. El ANSARI
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General Medicine ,Obesity ,Renal hyperfiltration ,Cockcroft formula ,CKD ,Adipokines ,Glomerular hypertrophy - Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is a progressive chronic disease that is a renal risk factor. Renal hyperfiltration is an early stage in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The objective of our study is to determine the prevalence of glomerular hyperfiltration in obese patients. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective and descriptive study conducted over a period of 4 months. All patients with BMI over 30 kg/m2 who do not have diabetes, hypertension or another apparent cause of CKD. Results: A total of 85 patients were included, the mean age was 41.96 years, with a female majority. The mean BMI was 38.24kg/m2 and the mean abdominal waist circumference was 114.57cm. Obesity was common in 55.88% and secondary in 44.11%. The prevalence of glomerular hyperfiltration was 85.18% by Cockcroft formula and 48.33% by MDRD formula. Discussion: Obesity is a risk factor for CKD, which promotes increased renal blood flow by vasodilation of the afferent glomerular arteriole, resulting in glomerular hyperfiltration that leads to a change in the glomerular barrier, increasing the risk of developing CKD. According to several studies, the Cockcroft formula is a better predictor of renal function in obese patients. A 51% increase in GFR in obese patients has been observed. In our study, the prevalence of glomerular hyperfiltration is 85.18% according to the Cockcroft formula. Conclusion: Obesity is a risk factor for CKD that needs to be carefully considered. 
- Published
- 2023
14. Investigation of the effects of fetal rat kidney-derived mesenchymal stem cells implementation on doxorubicin-induced nephropathy in male Sprague–Dawley rats
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Doğukan Özen, Salih Sinan Gültekin, Ali Evren Haydardedeoğlu, Orhan Yavuz, Gaye Bulut, Ferda Alpaslan Pinarli, and Basak Boztok Ozgermen
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Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Kidney ,General Veterinary ,urogenital system ,business.industry ,Mesenchymal stem cell ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,doxorubicin,mesenchymal stem cell,Nephrotoxicity,rat ,medicine.disease ,Fetal Kidney ,Nephrotoxicity ,Nephropathy ,Transplantation ,Doksorubisin,mezenkimal kök hücre,nefrotoksisite,rat ,Veterinary ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,medicine ,Veteriner Hekimlik ,Animal Science and Zoology ,business ,Immunostaining - Abstract
The potential protective effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on some kidney diseases have been reported. However, the effect of the fetal kidney–derived (FKD)MSCs on doxorubicin-induced nephropathy has not been studied yet. This study aimed to treat rats with doxorubicin-induced kidney injuries by transplantation of –FKD-MSCs. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups as control, doxorubicin nephropathy (Sham), and doxorubicin + MSC treated group. Serum biochemistry analysis was performed at the beginning and the end of the study. Functional changes in kidneys were evaluated by scintigraphy. In the doxorubicin nephropathy group, histopathological findings such as mesangial cell proliferation, tubular cast, and glomerular hypertrophy were observed, whereas in the MSC group these findings were significantly reduced. CD133 and CD24 positive immunoreactions were the most severe and frequently observed in the MSC group. While positive staining was detected in the tubular epithelium, there was no immunostaining observed in the glomerulus. The results showed that both functional and histological improvements were achieved in the MSC group compared to the Sham group. In conclusion, transplantation of fetal kidney - derived MSCs into patients with renal damage is thought to contribute to the healing of the renal tissue., Mezenkimal kök hücrelerin (MKH) bazı böbrek hastalıklarındaki potansiyel koruyucu etkileri bildirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, fetal böbrek kaynaklı MKH'ların doksorubisin ile indüklenmiş nefropati üzerindeki etkisi henüz araştırılmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, doksorubisin kaynaklı böbrek hasarı olan ratlara fetal böbrek kaynaklı MKH'ların transplantasyonu yapılarak tedavi edilmesidir. Çalışmada yirmi dört adet Sprague – Dawley ırkı rat üç gruba ayrılmıştır. Bunlar: kontrol grubu, doksorubisin nefropatisi (Sham) grubu ve doksorubisin + MKH ile tedavi edilen gruptur. Çalışmanın başında ve sonunda ratlardan kan alınarak serum biyokimya çalışılmıştır. Böbreklerdeki fonksiyonel değişiklikler sintigrafi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Doksorubisin nefropatisi grubunda mezanjiyal hücre proliferasyonu, tübüler alçı ve glomerüler hipertrofi gibi histopatolojik bulgular gözlenirken, MKH grubunda bu bulgular anlamlı olarak azalmıştır. CD133 ve CD24 pozitif immünreaksiyonlar, en şiddetli ve en sık olarak MKH grubunda gözlenmiştir. Tübüler epitelde pozitif boyanma tespit edilirken glomerulusta immün boyanma gözlenmemiştir. Sonuçlar, Sham grubuna kıyasla MKH grubunda hem fonksiyonel hem de histolojik iyileşmelerin sağlandığını göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, böbrek hasarı olan hastalara fetal böbrek kaynaklı MKH transplantasyonunun böbrek dokusunun iyileşmesine katkıda bulunduğu düşünülmektedir.
- Published
- 2022
15. Inhibition of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K Signaling Activity With Huangkui Capsule Alleviates the Early Glomerular Pathological Changes in Diabetic Nephropathy
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Wei Wu, Wei Hu, Wen-Bei Han, Ying-Lu Liu, Yue Tu, Hai-Ming Yang, Qi-Jun Fang, Mo-Yi Zhou, Zi-Yue Wan, Ren-Mao Tang, Hai-Tao Tang, and Yi-Gang Wan
- Subjects
Huangkui capsule ,hyperoside ,diabetic nephropathy ,glomerular hypertrophy ,glomerular basement membrane thickening ,mesangial expansion ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
Huangkui capsule (HKC), a Chinese modern patent medicine extracted from Abelmoschus manihot (L.) medic, has been widely applied to clinical therapy in the early diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients. However, it remains elusive whether HKC can ameliorate the inchoate glomerular injuries in hyperglycemia. Recently the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine kinase (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and its downstream regulator, 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K), play important roles in the early glomerular pathological changes of DN including glomerular hypertrophy, glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening and mild mesangial expansion. This study thereby aimed to clarify therapeutic effects of HKC during the initial phase of DN and its underlying mechanisms. Fifteen rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the normal group, the model group and the HKC group. The early DN model rats were induced by unilateral nephrectomy combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, and administered with either HKC suspension or vehicle after modeling and for a period of 4 weeks. Changes in the incipient glomerular lesions-related parameters in urine and blood were analyzed. Kidneys were isolated for histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blotting (WB) at sacrifice. In vitro, murine mesangial cells (MCs) were used to investigate inhibitory actions of hyperoside (HYP), a bioactive component of HKC, on cellular hypertrophy-associated signaling pathway by WB, compared with rapamycin (RAP). For the early DN model rats, HKC ameliorated micro-urinary albumin, body weight and serum albumin, but had no significant effects on renal function and liver enzymes; HKC improved renal shape, kidney weight and kidney hypertrophy index; HKC attenuated glomerular hypertrophy, GBM thickening and mild mesangial expansion; HKC inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR and p70S6K, and the protein over-expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in kidneys. In vitro, the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, mTOR and p70S6K in MCs induced by high-glucose was abrogated by treatment of HYP or RAP. On the whole, this study further demonstrated HKC safely and efficiently alleviates the early glomerular pathological changes of DN, likely by inhibiting Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling activity in vivo and in vitro, and provided the first evidence that HKC directly contributes to the prevention of the early DN.
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- 2018
- Full Text
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16. Prematurity, perinatal inflammatory stress, and the predisposition to develop chronic kidney disease beyond oligonephropathy
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Matthias C. Hütten, Michiel F. Schreuder, Tim G. A. M. Wolfs, Lieke A. Hoogenboom, and Carine J. Peutz-Kootstra
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PRETERM BIRTH ,RENAL GROWTH ,Intrauterine growth restriction ,Physiology ,BLOOD-PRESSURE ,Review ,Infant, Premature, Diseases ,Chorioamnionitis ,urologic and male genital diseases ,Infant, Newborn, Diseases ,Podocyte ,Oligonephropathy ,Podocytopathy ,Pregnancy ,medicine ,Humans ,LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT ,Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ,PRENATAL EXPOSURE ,Glomerular capillary formation ,Fetal Growth Retardation ,INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION ,business.industry ,Podocytes ,urogenital system ,GLOMERULAR NUMBER ,Infant, Newborn ,Glomerulosclerosis ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,MESANGIOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS ,medicine.disease ,female genital diseases and pregnancy complications ,NEPHRON NUMBER ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Renal disorders Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 11] ,Nephrology ,CAPILLARY RAREFACTION ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Hypertension ,Premature Birth ,Female ,Disease Susceptibility ,business ,Prematurity ,Nephrotic syndrome ,Kidney disease - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 234060.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Prematurity and perinatal stress, such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and chorioamnionitis, are pathological processes creating an impaired intrauterine environment. These intrauterine factors are associated with the development of proteinuria, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) later in life. Initially, this was thought to be secondary to oligonephropathy, subsequent glomerular hypertrophy, and hyperfiltration, leading to glomerulosclerosis, a further decrease in nephron number, and finally CKD. Nowadays, there is increasing evidence that prematurity and perinatal stress affect not only nephron endowment but also the maturation of podocytes and vasculogenesis. IUGR is associated with podocyte damage and an aggravated course of nephrotic syndrome. Moreover, preterm birth and IUGR are known to cause upregulation of the postnatal renin-angiotensin system, resulting in hypertension. Chorioamnionitis causes damage to the glomeruli, thereby predisposing to the development of glomerulosclerosis. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the influence of prematurity, IUGR, and chorioamnionitis on the development of different glomerular structures. After summarizing human and experimental data on low nephron number in general, a specific focus on the current understanding of podocyte and glomerular capillary formation in relation to prematurity and different causes of perinatal stress is presented.
- Published
- 2021
17. Glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy: an evaluation of maximum values in pathological indicators to discriminate "diseased" from "normal".
- Author
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Kataoka H, Nitta K, and Hoshino J
- Abstract
The success of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and bariatric surgery in patients with chronic kidney disease has highlighted the importance of glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy in the progression of kidney disease. Sustained glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy can lead to glomerular injury and progressive kidney damage. This article explores the relationship between obesity and chronic kidney disease, focusing on the roles of glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy as hallmarks of obesity-related kidney disease. The pathological mechanisms underlying this association include adipose tissue inflammation, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, chronic systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system, as well as the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system. This article explains how glomerular hyperfiltration results from increased renal blood flow and intraglomerular hypertension, inducing mechanical stress on the filtration barrier and post-filtration structures. Injured glomeruli increase in size before sclerosing and collapsing. Therefore, using extreme values, such as the maximal glomerular diameter, could improve the understanding of the data distribution and allow for better kidney failure predictions. This review provides important insights into the mechanisms underlying glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy and highlights the need for further research using glomerular size, including maximum glomerular profile, calculated using needle biopsy specimens., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Kataoka, Nitta and Hoshino.)
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- 2023
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18. Inverse correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor back-filtration and capillary filtration pressures.
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Kuppe, Christoph, Rohlfs, Wilko, Grepl, Martin, Schulte, Kevin, Veron, Delma, Elger, Marlies, Sanden, Silja Kerstin, Saritas, Turgay, Andrae, Johanna, and Betsholtz, Christer
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- *
VASCULAR endothelial growth factors , *GLOMERULAR filtration rate , *ENDOTHELIUM , *HYPERTROPHY , *STREAMING currents - Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) is an essential growth factor during glomerular development and postnatal homeostasis. VEGF is secreted in high amounts by podocytes into the primary urine, back-filtered across the glomerular capillary wall to act on endothelial cells. So far it has been assumed that VEGF back-filtration is driven at a constant rate exclusively by diffusion. Methods In the present work, glomerular VEGF back-filtration was investigated in vivo using a novel extended model based on endothelial fenestrations as surrogate marker for local VEGF concentrations. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) and/or local filtration flux were manipulated by partial renal mass ablation, tubular ablation, and in transgenic mouse models of systemic or podocytic VEGF overexpression or reduction. Results Our study shows positive correlations between VEGF back-filtration and SNGFR as well as effective filtration rate under physiological conditions along individual glomerular capillaries in rodents and humans. Conclusion Our results suggest that an additional force drives VEGF back-filtration, potentially regulated by SNGFR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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19. The Pathological Mechanisms of Obesity-Related Glomerulopathy: A review article
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Ahmed H. Ataimish and Ali A. Kasim
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Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Proteinuria ,business.industry ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,urologic and male genital diseases ,medicine.disease ,Analytical Chemistry ,Review article ,RS1-441 ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ,obesity-related glomerulopathy, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, insulin resistance ,Glomerulopathy ,Medicine ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Microalbuminuria ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Pathological ,Kidney disease - Abstract
The rising prevalence of obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) occurs in accordance with the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide. Clinically ORG is manifested by slowly progressing microalbuminuria that may develop to clinically evident proteinuria. Pathological characteristics of ORG include glomerular hypertrophy in the presence or absence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). ORG can develop into clinically overt chronic renal insufficiency or even end-stage kidney disease. This article reviews the most important mechanisms for the development of ORG; that are abnormal renal hemodynamics, stimulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), impairment of insulin sensetivity, ectopic lipid deposition, adipose tissue cytokine disorder and local renal micro-inflammation.
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- 2021
20. OVERVIEW OF GLOMERULAR HYPERTROPHY AND HYDROPIC DEGENERATION OF DIABETIC RAT KIDNEY MODELS IN GIVING TOMAN FISH
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Amy Nindia Carabelly, Nurdiana Dewi, and Udur Sinaga
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Kidney ,business.industry ,Diabetic rat ,Physiology ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,Acute toxicity ,Hydropic degeneration ,Diabetic nephropathy ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Diabetes mellitus ,medicine ,Wound healing ,business - Abstract
Background: Traditional medicine is increasingly favored by the community as an effort to maintain and treat health because it has low side effects and is easy to obtain. Low side effects in administering traditional medicines if the dosage is right, so it is necessary to do an acute toxicity test. One of the consumers of traditional medicine is diabetes mellitus (DM) sufferer. DM can cause delay wound healing. Toman fish is proven to accelerate wound healing. DM sufferers need special attention to their kidneys because in addition to the toxic effects caused by improper doses of traditional medicine, the kidneys can also experience diabetic nephropathy. Objectives: To analyze changes in glomerular hypertrophy and hydropic degeneration in the administration of 16 mL / KgBW Toman fish extract orally for 14 days in diabetic wistar rat kidneys. Methods: This study was a true experimental design with a post test only with control group design. The study was divided into a treatment group of toman fish extract at a dose of 16 mL / Kg BW orally for 14 days in diabetic rat kidney models and a control group in the form of feeding only. Results: The administration of toman fish extract in DM rat showed changes in the glomerular hypertrophy picture of 25-50% and decreased glomerular hypertrophy score which was significantly different from the control group. There was no feature of hydropic degeneration in either group. Conclusions: Giving toman fish extract to DM rat can reduce glomerular hypertrophy and does not cause hydropic degeneration
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- 2021
21. AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF BERBERIS VULGARIS FRUIT EXTRACT AGAINST GENTAMICIN INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN ALBINO RATS
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Fatima Rehman, Syed Shariq ullah, Saima Athar, Sadia Iqbal, Lubna Faisal, and Zia ul Islam
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kidney ,Medicine (General) ,Kidney ,biology ,business.industry ,nephrotoxicity ,Berberis vulgaris fruit extract ,gentamicin ,Pharmacology ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,biology.organism_classification ,Group A ,Group B ,berberis vulgaris ,Nephrotoxicity ,R5-920 ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,medicine ,Berberis ,Medicine ,Gentamicin ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objective: To observe the nephroprotective role of berberis vulgar is on renal parenchyma against microscopic and morphometric changes induced by Gentamicin in albino rats. Study Design: Lab based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: It was conducted in Baqai Medical University in collaboration with department of Anatomy Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, from Jan to Jul 2017. Methodology: A total of 40 male adult albino rats were used in the study. Four groups were made. Each group contained 10 rats. Group A was a control group, group B received only berberis vulgaris fruit extract orally per day for 21 days, group C received Gentamicin 100 mg/kg/day intraperitonially daily for 21 days. Group D received Gentamicin 100 mg/kg/day intraperitonially along with berberis vulgaris fruit extract 100 mg/kg/day orally. Both kidneys were removed. H&E and PAS stains were used for observing histological alterations and protective role of berberis vulgaris fruit extract. Results: Glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubules were observed histologically in all 4 groups. Microscopy of group B showed parameters nearly similar to control group. Microscopy of group C showed significant derangement in all parameters when compared with control group. Group C showed decrease glomerular, proximal convoluted tubular count was noted. Glomerular diameter increases and there was glomerular hypertrophy and tubular necrosis. Microscopy of group D showed significant improvement due to berberis vulgaris which restored normal renal architecture. Conclusion: Berberis vulgaris has a nephroprotective effect and it can be used as a new medicine against nephrotoxic drugs like Gentamicin.
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- 2021
22. Histopathological changes of kidney tissue during aging
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Mohamed H. Kotob, Mahmoud Abd-Elkareem, and Ahmed M. Hussein
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,Kidney ,kidney ,Tubular atrophy ,business.industry ,urogenital system ,Veterinary medicine ,aging ,Glomerulosclerosis ,Agriculture ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,Hyperplasia ,medicine.disease ,rats ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Fibrosis ,SF600-1100 ,medicine ,Tubulointerstitial fibrosis ,Histopathology ,tubulointerstitial fibrosis ,business ,glomerulosclerosis - Abstract
Kidney aging is a normal physiological process associates with various molecular, morphologic and functional changes in the kidney tissues. This work was designed to study microscopically the structural changes in the kidney tissue of aged rats compared to young rats. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were used 10 young rats (4 months) and 10 aged rats (24 months). Rats were transcardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde. The kidneys were post fixed for 24 hours in 4 % PFA then proceeded for normal histopathology and light microscopic examination. Kidney tissue of aged rats showed serious morphological changes such as; segmental glomerulosclerosis, pericapsular fibrosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, perivascular fibrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, tubular dilatation, intra-tubular cast formation and tubular atrophy. These changes were compared to the normal histological appearance of glomeruli, tubules, interstitium, blood vessels of young rat kidneys. In addition, the kidney tissue of the aged rats showed compensatory glomerular hypertrophy, tubular hyperplasia and endothelial proliferation. Renal aging involves several degenerative changes in kidney structure and these alterations interfere with the physiologic functions and end with chronic renal failure.
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- 2021
23. Increased dishevelled associated activator of morphogenesis 2, a new podocyte-associated protein, in diabetic nephropathy
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Haichun Yang, Faten Alsomali, Raymond C. Harris, Jinyong Zhong, Chenyang Qi, Agnes B. Fogo, and Valentina Kon
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Proteomics ,rho GTP-Binding Proteins ,0301 basic medicine ,Kidney Glomerulus ,mTORC1 ,Podocyte ,Diabetic nephropathy ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Morphogenesis ,medicine ,Animals ,Diabetic Nephropathies ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Transplantation ,Podocytes ,Activator (genetics) ,business.industry ,Microfilament Proteins ,Wnt signaling pathway ,Original Articles ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,Dishevelled ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Nephrology ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Immunostaining - Abstract
Background Previously, by using proteomic analysis and RNA sequencing in isolated glomeruli, we identified several novel differentially expressed proteins in human and mouse diabetic nephropathy (DN) versus controls, including dishevelled associated activator of morphogenesis 2 (DAAM2). DAAM2 binds the Wnt effector Dvl. We aimed to study possible contributions of DAAM2 to DN. Methods We assessed DAAM2 by immunostaining in non-cancer regions of human nephrectomy (Nx), DN and normal donor kidney tissues. We also examined DAAM2 in DN mice (db/db eNOS−/−) and Nx mice. DN mice treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP4I) or vehicle were compared. DAAM2 was knocked down in primary cultured podocytes by small interfering RNA to study its effects on cell function. Results In normal human glomeruli, DAAM2 was expressed only on podocytes. DAAM2 expression was increased in both Nx and DN versus normal donors. Podocyte DAAM2 expression was increased in DN and Nx mouse models. Glomerular DAAM2 expression correlated with glomerular size and was decreased significantly by ACEI while DPP4I only numerically reduced DAAM2. In primary cultured podocytes, knockdown of DAAM2 enhanced adhesion, slowed migration, activated Wnt–β-catenin signaling and downregulated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and Rho activity. Conclusions Podocyte DAAM2 is upregulated in both Nx and DN, which could be contributed to by glomerular hypertrophy. We hypothesize that DAAM2 regulates podocyte function through the mTORC1, Wnt/β-catenin and Rho signaling pathways.
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- 2021
24. Development of nephropathy in an adult patient after Fontan palliation for cyanotic congenital heart disease
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Masako Ikemiyagi, Shu Wakino, Akinori Hashiguchi, Kaori Hayashi, Hirobumi Tokuyama, and Hiroshi Itoh
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Nephrology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Proteinuria ,urogenital system ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,030232 urology & nephrology ,Renal function ,Case Report ,General Medicine ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,urologic and male genital diseases ,medicine.disease ,Nephropathy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ,Glomerulopathy ,Internal medicine ,Cardiology ,Medicine ,Renal replacement therapy ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Cyanotic congenital heart disease is occasionally associated with kidney dysfunction, which is known as cyanotic nephropathy or cyanotic glomerulopathy. The clinical presentation of cyanotic nephropathy includes proteinuria, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate, hyperuricemia, thrombocytopenia, or polycythemia. Although advances in surgical procedures have improved the prognosis of cyanotic congenital heart diseases, adult cases of cyanotic nephropathy are still rare, and there are few reports of kidney biopsy in adults with cyanotic nephropathy. Here, we present the case of a 41-year-old patient with Fontan palliation who developed nephrotic range proteinuria and had a kidney biopsy, which showed glomerular hypertrophy with segmental glomerulosclerosis around vascular poles, suggesting adaptive focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. This case provides further understanding of kidney dysfunction due to cyanotic congenital heart disease and shows the need for attention in the management for prevention of progression to end-stage renal disease and in the selection of renal replacement therapy.
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- 2021
25. Magnetic resonance imaging accurately tracks kidney pathology and heterogeneity in the transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease
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Jillian L. Hughes, Edwin J. Baldelomar, Gavin T. Oxley, Yanzhe Xu, Nathan P. Charlton, Neda Parvin, Kim DeRonde, Aleksandra Cwiek, Mark R. Conaway, Jennifer R. Charlton, Kevin M. Bennett, Shourik Dutta, Helen P. Cathro, and Teresa Wu
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Kidney Glomerulus ,030232 urology & nephrology ,Urology ,Nephron ,Kidney ,urologic and male genital diseases ,Article ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Animals ,Medicine ,Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,biology ,urogenital system ,business.industry ,Acute kidney injury ,Magnetic resonance imaging ,Acute Kidney Injury ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,female genital diseases and pregnancy complications ,Ferritin ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Nephrology ,Toxicity ,biology.protein ,business ,Kidney disease - Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) increases the risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there are few tools to detect microstructural changes after AKI. Here, cationic ferritin-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CFE-MRI) was applied to examine the heterogeneity of kidney pathology in the transition from AKI to CKD. Adult male mice received folic acid followed by cationic ferritin and were euthanized at four days (AKI), four weeks (CKD-4) or 12 weeks (CKD-12). Kidneys were examined by histologic methods and CFE-MRI. In the CKD-4 and CKD-12 groups, glomerular number was reduced and atubular cortical lesions were observed. Apparent glomerular volume was larger in the AKI, CKD-4 and CKD-12 groups compared to controls. Glomerular hypertrophy occurred with ageing. Interglomerular distance and glomerular density were combined with other MRI metrics to distinguish the AKI and CKD groups from controls. Despite significant heterogeneity, the noninvasive (MRI-based) metrics were as accurate as invasive (histological) metrics at distinguishing AKI and CKD from controls. To assess the toxicity of cationic ferritin in a CKD model, CKD-4 mice received cationic ferritin and were examined one week later. The CKD-4 groups with and without cationic ferritin were similar, except the iron content of the kidney, liver, and spleen was greater in the CKD-4 plus cationic ferritin group. Thus, our study demonstrates the accuracy and safety of CFE-MRI to detect whole kidney pathology allowing for the development of novel biomarkers of kidney disease and providing a foundation for future in vivo longitudinal studies in mouse models of AKI and CKD to track nephron fate.
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- 2021
26. GdCl3 attenuates the glomerular sclerosis of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats via inhibiting TGF-β/Smads signal pathway
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Haibo Hu, Jialin Li, Suzhen Wu, Xiansong Fang, Zhi-Ping Liu, and Bing Wu
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0301 basic medicine ,EXPRESSION ,medicine.medical_specialty ,GdCl3 ,PROTEINS ,Diabetic nephropathy ,Extracellular matrix ,03 medical and health sciences ,CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Renal fibrosis ,INJURY ,RENAL FIBROSIS ,Pharmacology & Pharmacy ,Receptor ,SUPPRESSION ,Pharmacology ,Kidney ,Science & Technology ,Chemistry ,GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA ,Glomerular basement membrane ,lcsh:RM1-950 ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,Streptozotocin ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,TGF-beta/Smads signal pathway ,lcsh:Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,KIDNEYS ,Molecular Medicine ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most serious end-stage renal disease which characterized by renal glomerular sclerosis including glomerular hypertrophy, glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening, mesangial expansion and renal fibrosis. TGF-β/Smads signal pathway plays a crucial role in the development of renal fibrosis. In this study, we found that GdCl3 which was an agonist of Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) could repress the activation of TGF-β/Smads signal pathway induced by TGF-β1 or high glucose and then alleviated the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in mesangial cells and the kidney of type1 diabetic rats. Further study indicated that GdCl3 could induce the binding of CaSR and TβR II and then both of these two receptors translocated from cell membrane to cytoplasm, in this case, TβR II on the cell membrane was decreased and then desensitized to the stimulation of its ligand TGF-β1, so that the activation of its downstream factors such as Smad2 and Smad3 were blocked, finally, ECM expression in mesangial cells were inhibited. We concluded that GdCl3 could alleviate the accumulation of ECM in mesangial cells via antagonizing TGF-β/Smads signal pathway in diabetes mellitus. ispartof: Journal of Pharmacological Sciences vol:142 issue:2 pages:41-49 ispartof: location:Japan status: published
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- 2020
27. Immune Reactive Ezrin Surface Area Increases in Glomerular Podocytes of STZ Diabetic Rats Precede Their Detachment, Is Prevented by Phlorizin But Not by Insulin
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Gavin I. Welsh, Musleeha Chesor, Mario Barac-Nieto, Issam M. Francis, Slava Malatiali, and Moin A. Saleem
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Basement membrane ,medicine.medical_specialty ,urogenital system ,Phlorizin ,Insulin ,medicine.medical_treatment ,General Medicine ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,Glomerulus (kidney) ,urologic and male genital diseases ,female genital diseases and pregnancy complications ,Podocyte ,Muscle hypertrophy ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,Ezrin ,chemistry ,Internal medicine ,medicine - Abstract
Glomerular tuft immune reactive Ezrin surface area (EzA) and fraction of EzA to total glomerular tuft area significantly increased, indicating podocyte growth, rounding and altered cytoskeletal interactions at 1 week of STZ diabetes. Podocyte number per glomerulus (WT1+ nuclei) did not change indicating no detachment, but density decreased due to tuft hypertrophy. Treatment with PLZ or Insulin for one week, prevented increase in proteinuria and hyperglycemia but not the decrease in podocyte density. PLZ but not Insulin prevented increase in ezrin positive area in glomeruli and per podocyte. In podocytes in culture neither 25 mM glucose with or without PLZ (2.5 or 25 uM) altered Ezrin expression measured in western blots. In summary, the Ezrin positive glomerular surface area increase seen after 1 week of STZ diabetes, reflects altered podocyte morphology and cytoskeletal interactions, prevented by PLZ but not by insulin. Ezrin area increase preceded podocyte detachment and in podocytes in culture is not associated with increases in podocyte Ezrin protein expression. It is a likely precursor of shape changes in podocytes and of alterd interactions with basement membrane that contribute to detachment and thickening. Glomerular capillary tuft hypertrophy and reduced podocyte density persisted despite PLZ or insulin treatments, independently of levels of glycemia and of proteinuria.
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- 2020
28. Recent Advances in Diabetic Kidney Diseases: From Kidney Injury to Kidney Fibrosis
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Chun-Liang Lin, Tsung-Hsien Chen, Peir-Haur Hung, and Yung-Chien Hsu
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medicine.medical_specialty ,QH301-705.5 ,Urology ,Renal function ,Review ,urologic and male genital diseases ,Catalysis ,albuminuria ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Fibrosis ,Humans ,Medicine ,Diabetic Nephropathies ,Gene Regulatory Networks ,Biology (General) ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,QD1-999 ,Molecular Biology ,Spectroscopy ,Kidney ,business.industry ,urogenital system ,Organic Chemistry ,fibrosis ,Glomerulosclerosis ,General Medicine ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,diabetic kidney disease ,Computer Science Applications ,Chemistry ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,inflammation ,Albuminuria ,Kidney Failure, Chronic ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Glomerular hyperfiltration ,glomerulosclerosis ,Glomerular Filtration Rate ,Kidney disease - Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. The natural history of DKD includes glomerular hyperfiltration, progressive albuminuria, declining estimated glomerular filtration rate, and, ultimately, kidney failure. It is known that DKD is associated with metabolic changes caused by hyperglycemia, resulting in glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Hyperglycemia is also known to cause programmed epigenetic modification. However, the detailed mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of DKD remain elusive. In this review, we discuss recent advances regarding the pathogenic mechanisms involved in DKD.
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- 2021
29. Podocyte Foot Process Effacement Precedes Albuminuria and Glomerular Hypertrophy in CD2-Associated Protein Deficient Mice
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Jenny Wong, John M. Basgen, Kirk N. Campbell, Justina Ray, and Susanne B. Nicholas
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Medicine (General) ,glomerular volume ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Kidney Disease ,Renal and urogenital ,Urine ,albuminuria ,Podocyte ,Delesse Principle ,R5-920 ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Cavalieri Principle ,Original Research ,podocyte foot process effacement ,Kidney ,Proteinuria ,urogenital system ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,CD2AP deficient mice ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Mesangium ,Albuminuria ,Medicine ,medicine.symptom ,business ,kidney morphometry ,Kidney disease - Abstract
Background: Podocyte foot process effacement is a key histologic finding in proteinuric kidney disease. We previously showed that 3-week old CD2AP-deficient mice have significant proteinuria, glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial expansion. The goal of this study is to use morphometry to establish the temporal sequence of podocyte foot process effacement, glomerular volume expansion and albuminuria in Cd2ap−/− mice by measuring these parameters at the 2-week time point.Methods: Wild-type mice age 14 ± 1 days with the Cd2ap gene (WT, N = 5) and mice deficient for Cd2ap (Cd2ap KO, N = 5) were generated. Kidneys were harvested and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and processed for examination by light and electron microscopy. An average of 415.2 (range 268–716) grid points were counted for all the glomeruli, and quantification of glomerular volume from each kidney. Urine was collected the day prior to sacrifice for urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) measurements.Results: There was no difference in albuminuria [median (range) mg/g] between WT [212.2 (177.6–388.4) mg/g] vs. Cd2ap KO mice [203.3 (164.7–910.2) mg/g], P = 0.89; or glomerular volume 68,307[10,931] vs. 66,844[13,022] μm3, p = 0.92. The volume densities of glomerular components of the podocyte, capillary lumen and mesangium were not different for the two groups, P = 0.14, 0.14 and 0.17 respectively. However, foot process width was increased in Cd2ap KO 1128[286] vs. WT [374 ± 42] nm, P = 0.02.Conclusion: Here we show that while 2-week old WT and Cd2ap KO mice have similar levels of albuminuria, glomerular and mesangial volume, Cd2ap KO mice have more extensive podocyte foot process effacement. The data suggests that podocyte injury is the initiating event leading to mesangial expansion and albuminuria in this model.
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- 2021
30. Adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon ameliorates renal inflammation in diet-induced obese mice and endotoxin-treated human glomeruli ex vivo
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Hanne Salmenkari, Zydrune Polianskyte-Prause, Sonja Lindfors, Tuomas Mirtti, Per-Henrik Groop, Sanna Lehtonen, Rim Bouslama, Miia Mannerla, Richard A. Forsgård, Harry Nisen, Markku Lehto, Jukka Tienari, Eero Lehtonen, Doctoral Programme in Biomedicine, Sanna Lehtonen research group, CAMM - Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Medicum, Department of Pathology, Doctoral Programme in Clinical Research, Clinicum, HUS Abdominal Center, HUSLAB, Department of Pharmacology, Research Programs Unit, Research Program in Systems Oncology, Doctoral Programme in Integrative Life Science, Doctoral Programme in Population Health, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Department of Medicine, Per Henrik Groop / Principal Investigator, Doctoral Programme in Drug Research, and Biosciences
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Lipopolysaccharides ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,AdipoRon ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Kidney Glomerulus ,030232 urology & nephrology ,PROGRESSION ,Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ,Podocyte ,Diabetic nephropathy ,Mice ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Piperidines ,Aged, 80 and over ,Mice, Knockout ,Adiponectin receptor 1 ,Nephritis ,Obesity-related kidney disease ,Glomerular basement membrane ,Diabetes ,Middle Aged ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,Inflammatory cytokines ,Immunohistochemistry ,TNF-ALPHA ,3. Good health ,DEFICIENCY ,INSIGHTS ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Mice, Inbred DBA ,Cytokines ,Female ,Adiponectin ,Receptors, Adiponectin ,medicine.symptom ,EXPRESSION ,medicine.medical_specialty ,LPS ,ALBUMINURIA ,Immunoblotting ,Inflammation ,Diet, High-Fat ,Article ,Proinflammatory cytokine ,DIABETIC-NEPHROPATHY ,MECHANISMS ,03 medical and health sciences ,Internal medicine ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Obesity ,Diabetic kidney disease ,Aged ,business.industry ,Calcium-Binding Proteins ,Transcription Factor RelA ,KIDNEY-DISEASE ,medicine.disease ,GENE ,Endotoxins ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine ,business - Abstract
Aims/hypothesis Chronic low-grade inflammation with local upregulation of proinflammatory molecules plays a role in the progression of obesity-related renal injury. Reduced serum concentration of anti-inflammatory adiponectin may promote chronic inflammation. Here, we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory and renoprotective effects and mechanisms of action of AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor agonist. Methods Wild-type DBA/2J mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented or not with AdipoRon to model obesity-induced metabolic endotoxaemia and chronic low-grade inflammation and we assessed changes in the glomerular morphology and expression of proinflammatory markers. We also treated human glomeruli ex vivo and human podocytes in vitro with AdipoRon and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin upregulated in obesity and diabetes, and analysed the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, activation of inflammatory signal transduction pathways, apoptosis and migration. Results In HFD-fed mice, AdipoRon attenuated renal inflammation, as demonstrated by reduced expression of glomerular activated NF-κB p65 subunit (NF-κB-p65) (70%, p p p p p p p p p p p p p Conclusions/interpretation AdipoRon attenuated the renal expression of proinflammatory cytokines in HFD-fed mice and LPS-stimulated human glomeruli, which apparently contributed to the amelioration of glomerular inflammation and injury. Mechanistically, based on assays on cultured podocytes, AdipoRon reduced LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB-p65, JNK and p38-MAPK pathways, thereby impelling the decrease in apoptosis, migration and secretion of TNFα. We conclude that the activation of the adiponectin receptor by AdipoRon is a potent strategy to attenuate endotoxaemia-associated renal inflammation. Graphical abstract
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- 2021
31. Detrimental Effect of Cannabidiol on the Early Onset of Diabetic Nephropathy in Male Mice
- Author
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Isabel González-Mariscal, Eduardo Muñoz, Beatriz Carmona-Hidalgo, Adela García-Martín, [Carmona-Hidalgo,B, Carmona-Hidalgo,B] Emerald Health Biotechnology, Córdoba, Spain. [Muñoz,E] Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain. [González-Mariscal,I] Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain., and I.G.-M. was funded by the Consejeria de Salud y Familias of Junta de Andalucia [PI 0318-2018] co-financed with the European Union FEDER funds, and Nicolas Monardes Program [C1-0018-2019]. This work was also partially supported by grants SAF2017-87701-R to EM from the Ministry of the Economy and Competition (MINECO) co-financed with the European Union FEDER funds.
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Diseases::Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases::Metabolic Diseases::Glucose Metabolism Disorders::Hyperglycemia::Glucose Intolerance [Medical Subject Headings] ,Anatomy::Urogenital System::Urinary Tract::Kidney [Medical Subject Headings] ,endocrine system diseases ,type 1 diabetes ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Diabetic nephropathy ,Fibrosis ,Chronic kidney disease ,Drug Discovery ,phytocannabinoid ,Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals [Medical Subject Headings] ,Insuficiencia renal crónica ,endocannabinoid system ,Streptozotocin ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,cannabinoid ,Diseases::Endocrine System Diseases::Diabetes Mellitus::Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental [Medical Subject Headings] ,Endocannabinoides ,Type 1 diabetes ,Cannabinoides ,Molecular Medicine ,Medicine ,Beta cell ,medicine.drug ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Endocannabinoid system ,Diabetes Mellitus experimental ,Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 ,Anatomy::Digestive System::Pancreas::Islets of Langerhans::Insulin-Secreting Cells [Medical Subject Headings] ,Diseases::Endocrine System Diseases::Diabetes Mellitus::Diabetes Complications::Diabetic Nephropathies [Medical Subject Headings] ,streptozotocin ,Article ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,Diseases::Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases::Metabolic Diseases::Glucose Metabolism Disorders::Hyperglycemia [Medical Subject Headings] ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Diseases::Endocrine System Diseases::Diabetes Mellitus::Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 [Medical Subject Headings] ,Cannabinoid ,Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Rodentia::Muridae::Murinae::Mice [Medical Subject Headings] ,business.industry ,Chemicals and Drugs::Organic Chemicals::Nitroso Compounds::Nitrosourea Compounds::Streptozocin [Medical Subject Headings] ,medicine.disease ,RS1-441 ,Endocrinology ,Chemicals and Drugs::Organic Chemicals::Hydrocarbons::Terpenes::Cannabinoids::Cannabidiol [Medical Subject Headings] ,Phytocannabinoid ,business ,Cannabidiol ,chronic kidney disease ,Chemicals and Drugs::Carbohydrates::Monosaccharides::Hexoses::Glucose::Blood Glucose [Medical Subject Headings] - Abstract
Anti-inflammatory and antidiabetogenic properties have been ascribed to cannabidiol (CBD). CBD-based medicinal drugs have been approved for over a lustrum, and a boom in the commercialization of CBD products started in parallel. Herein, we explored the efficacy of CBD in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice to prevent diabetic nephropathy at onset. Eight-to-ten-week-old C57BL6J male mice were treated daily intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg of CBD or vehicle for 14 days. After 8 days of treatment, mice were challenged with STZ or vehicle (healthy-control). At the end of the study, non-fasting blood glucose (FBG) level was 276 ± 42 mg/dL in vehicle-STZ-treated compared to 147 ± 9 mg/dL (p ≤ 0.01) in healthy-control mice. FBG was 114 ± 8 mg/dL in vehicle-STZ-treated compared to 89 ± 4 mg/dL in healthy-control mice (p ≤ 0.05). CBD treatment did not prevent STZ-induced hyperglycemia, and non-FBG and FBG levels were 341 ± 40 and 133 ± 26 mg/dL, respectively. Additionally, treatment with CBD did not avert STZ-induced glucose intolerance or pancreatic beta cell mass loss compared to vehicle-STZ-treated mice. Anatomopathological examination showed that kidneys from vehicle-STZ-treated mice had a 35% increase of glomerular size compared to healthy-control mice (p ≤ 0.001) and presented lesions with a 43% increase in fibrosis and T cell infiltration (p ≤ 0.001). Although treatment with CBD prevented glomerular hypertrophy and reduced T cell infiltration, it significantly worsened overall renal damage (p ≤ 0.05 compared to vehicle-STZ mice), leading to a more severe renal dysfunction than STZ alone. In conclusion, we showed that CBD could be detrimental for patients with type 1 diabetes, particularly those undergoing complications such as diabetic nephropathy.
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- 2021
32. Critical timing of ACEi initiation prevents compensatory glomerular hypertrophy in the remaining single kidney
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Jawad Aqeel, Abhijit S. Naik, Su Q. Wang, Mahboob Chowdhury, Roger C. Wiggins, Christopher L. O’Connor, Jocelyn Wiggins, and Markus Bitzer
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Nephrology ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Science ,Kidney Glomerulus ,Urology ,Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ,Glomerular diseases ,Nephrectomy ,Article ,Podocyte ,Solitary Kidney ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,Animals ,Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ,Kidney transplantation ,Kidney ,Multidisciplinary ,Proteinuria ,biology ,business.industry ,Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental ,Podocytes ,Glomerulosclerosis ,Angiotensin-converting enzyme ,Hypertrophy ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,Rats, Inbred F344 ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,biology.protein ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that single in kidney states (e.g., kidney transplantation and living donation) progressive glomerulosclerosis limits kidney lifespan. Modeling shows that post-nephrectomy compensatory glomerular volume (GV) increase drives podocyte depletion and hypertrophic stress resulting in proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis, implying that GV increase could serve as a therapeutic target to prevent progression. In this report we examine how Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibition (ACEi), started before uninephrectomy can reduce compensatory GV increase in wild-type Fischer344 rats. An unbiased computer-assisted method was used for morphometric analysis. Urine Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), the major diver of body and kidney growth, was used as a readout. In long-term (40-week) studies of uni-nephrectomized versus sham-nephrectomized rats a 2.2-fold increase in GV was associated with reduced podocyte density, increased proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Compensatory GV increase was largely prevented by ACEi started a week before but not after uni-nephrectomy with no measurable impact on long-term eGFR. Similarly, in short-term (14-day) studies, ACEi started a week before uni-nephrectomy reduced both GV increase and urine IGF-1 excretion. Thus, timing of ACEi in relation to uni-nephrectomy had significant impact on post-nephrectomy “compensatory” glomerular growth and outcomes that could potentially be used to improve kidney transplantation and live kidney donation outcomes.
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- 2021
33. Early triggers of moderately high‐fat diet‐induced kidney damage
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Rosalba Pérez-Villalva, Elena Zambrano, Rebecca I. Caldiño‐Bohn, Andrea Sánchez-Navarro, Miguel Angel Martinez-Rojas, Norma A. Bobadilla, and Diana C. Castro-Rodríguez
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Male ,renal inflammation ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Physiology ,Renal function ,Overweight ,Diet, High-Fat ,Mice ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Physiology (medical) ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Renal fibrosis ,Animals ,QP1-981 ,Obesity ,Kidney ,Creatinine ,business.industry ,mitochondrial dynamics disruption ,ER‐stress ,Original Articles ,medicine.disease ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Oxidative Stress ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Renal physiology ,Albuminuria ,Original Article ,Kidney Diseases ,medicine.symptom ,Metabolic syndrome ,glomerular hypertrophy ,business - Abstract
Most of the obesity murine models inducing renal injury use calorie‐enriched foods, where fat represents 60% of the total caloric supply, however, this strategy doubles the standard proportion of fat ingestion in obese patients. Therefore, it is crucial to study the impact of a high‐fat intake on kidney physiology that resembles common obesity in humans to understand the trigger mechanisms of the long‐term consequences of overweight and obesity. In this study, we analyzed whether chronic feeding with a moderately high fat diet (MHFD) representing 45% of total calories, may induce kidney function and structural injury compared to C57BL/6 mice fed a control diet. After 14 weeks, MHFD induced significant mice obesity. At the functional level, obese mice showed signs of kidney injury characterized by increased albuminuria/creatinine ratio and higher excretion of urinary biomarkers of kidney damage. While, at the structural level, glomerular hypertrophy was observed. Although, we did not detect renal fibrosis, the obese mice exhibited a significant elevation of Tgfb1 mRNA levels. Kidney damage caused by the exposure to MHFD was associated with greater oxidative stress, renal inflammation, higher endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐stress, and disruption of mitochondrial dynamics. In summary, our data demonstrate that obesity induced by a milder fat content diet is enough to establish renal injury, where oxidative stress, inflammation, ER‐stress, and mitochondrial damage take relevance, pointing out the importance of opportune interventions to avoid the long‐term consequences associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome., Here, we demonstrated that obesity induced by a MHFD is enough to establish kidney damage, where oxidative stress, renal inflammation, ER‐stress, and mitochondrial damage take relevance, pointing out the importance of opportune interventions to avoid the long‐term consequences associated with obesity.
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- 2021
34. Characterization of Enlarged Kidneys and Their Potential for Inducing Diabetes in DEK Rats
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Ayaka Domon, Kentaro Katayama, Hiroetsu Suzuki, Yuki Tochigi, and Takashi Yamada
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medicine.medical_specialty ,kidney ,nephron number ,QH301-705.5 ,Renal function ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Type 2 diabetes ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Biology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Article ,Diabetic nephropathy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,medicine ,Biology (General) ,Kidney ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,diabetes ,urogenital system ,animal model ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,stomatognathic diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,Renal physiology ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Enlarged kidney - Abstract
Simple Summary The worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in 2020 has been estimated at 463 million patients. About 90% of patients with diabetes have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), caused primarily by insulin resistance and insufficiency. However, the specific etiology of T2D remains unknown. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a novel class of anti-diabetic drugs that act independently of insulin and reduce blood glucose concentrations by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose at renal proximal tubules. SGLT2 inhibitors have highlighted the role of the kidneys in glycemic control in diabetes. The kidneys have multiple roles in systemic glucose metabolism, such as glucose reabsorption, gluconeogenesis, and insulin degradation. Therefore, putative renal hyperfunction might contribute to the development of T2D. The present study characterized rats from a strain of novel type 2 diabetes model with enlarged kidneys (DEK). Their kidneys have increased parenchyma (nephrons and tubules), and uninephrectomy immediately after the onset inhibited the development of T2D for a significant period in DEK rats. These results highlight the contribution of kidney to the development of T2D, and indicate that the kidneys are therapeutic targets to prevent T2D. Abstract The kidneys participate in the regulation of systemic glucose metabolism via gluconeogenesis, insulin degradation, and the tubular reabsorption of glucose. The present study characterized rats from a strain of a novel type 2 diabetes model with enlarged kidneys (DEK). Histological and biochemical analyses of DEK rats were performed to assess the relationships between their kidneys and hyperglycemia. The kidney weight of diabetic DEK (DEK-DM) gradually increased over time from the onset of diabetes, with the glomerular number being higher in DEK-DM than in normal DEK (DEK-cont). A positive correlation between blood glucose level and kidney weight was observed in DEK-DM. The similar glomerular size and single glomerular creatinine clearance in DEK-cont and DEK-DM indicated that glomerular hypertrophy and hyperfiltration were not involved in the renal enlargement. Uninephrectomy (1/2Nx) in DEK-DM resulted in a reduction in blood glucose level at 7–28 post-operation days, with this concentration remaining lower than in Sham group until 84 days post-operation. 1/2Nx also improved systemic conditions, including reduced body weight gain, polyuria, polydipsia, and hyperphagia. Plasma concentrations of Na, total cholesterol, albumin, and total protein were higher, and urinary excretion of glucose, urea nitrogen, and proteins were lower, in the 1/2Nx than in the Sham group. Remnant kidney weight was two-fold higher in the 1/2Nx than in the Sham group 84 days later. In addition, 1/2Nx resulted in renal tubular dilatation but not in the progression of fibrosis or glomerular lesions. Taken together, these findings indicate that enlarged kidneys were associated with the onset of diabetes and with the resistance to diabetic nephropathy in DEK-DM.
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- 2021
35. ANG II-induced hypertension in the VCD mouse model of menopause is prevented by estrogen replacement during perimenopause.
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Pollow Jr., Dennis P., Romero-Aleshire, Melissa J., Sanchez, Jessica N., Konhilas, John P., and Brooks, Heddwen L.
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HORMONE therapy for menopause , *HYPERTENSION risk factors , *ANGIOTENSIN II , *PERIMENOPAUSE , *PROTEIN expression , *LABORATORY mice - Abstract
Premenopausal females are resistant to the development of hypertension, and this protection is lost after the onset of menopause, resulting in a sharp increase in disease onset and severity. However, it is unknown how a fluctuating ovarian hormone environment during the transition from perimenopause to menopause impacts the onset of hypertension, and whether interventions during perimenopause prevent disease onset after menopause. A gradual transition to menopause was induced by repeated daily injections of 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD). ANG II (800 ng·kg-1·min-1) was infused into perimenopausal and menopausal female mice for 14 days. A separate cohort of mice received 17β-estradiol replacement during perimenopause. ANG II infusion produced significantly higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) in menopausal vs. cycling females, and 17β-estradiol replacement prevented this increase. In contrast, MAP was not significantly different when ANG II was infused into perimenopausal and cycling females, suggesting that female resistance to ANG II-induced hypertension is intact during perimenopause. ANG II infusion caused a significant glomerular hypertrophy, and hypertrophy was not impacted by hormonal status. Expression levels of aquaporin-2 (AQP2), a collecting duct protein, have been suggested to reflect blood pressure. AQP2 protein expression was significantly downregulated in the renal cortex of the ANG II-infused menopause group, where blood pressure was increased. AQP2 expression levels were restored to control levels with 17β-estradiol replacement. This study indicates that the changing hormonal environment in the VCD model of menopause impacts the severity of ANG II-induced hypertension. These data highlight the utility of the ovary-intact VCD model of menopause as a clinically relevant model to investigate the physiological mechanisms of hypertension that occur in women during the transition into menopause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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36. 393-P: Combination Treatment with Lisinopril and Empagliflozin Improves Urine and Histological Markers of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Female Renin-AAV UNx db/db Mice
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Casper Gravesen Salinas, Urmas Roostalu, Michael Christensen, Frederikke E. Sembach, Lisbeth Nielsen Fink, Thomas Secher, Mette V. Østergaard, Jacob Lercke Skytte, and Niels Vrang
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Kidney ,business.industry ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Urology ,Lisinopril ,Glomerulosclerosis ,Urine ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,ACE inhibitor ,Renin–angiotensin system ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Empagliflozin ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Introduction: Emerging treatments of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) include SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists that are nephroprotective beyond their blood glucose lowering effects. To confirm the translatability of a mouse model for drug discovery in DKD, we tested the efficacy of an ACE inhibitor and a SGLT2 inhibitor in the reninAAV UNx db/db mouse model. Methods: Female db/db mice were injected with a renin-encoding adeno-associated virus construct (reninAAV) to induce hypertension and uninephrectomized (UNx). At 12 weeks of age, dosing with vehicle, lisinopril, empagliflozin, or the combination (combo) was initiated. Plasma and urine markers were measured after 12 weeks of dosing and terminal kidney samples were collected for 3D light sheet microscopy and 2D histology. Results: In reninAAV UNx db/db mice, treatment with empagliflozin and combo reduced fed BG and HbA1c compared to vehicle. Treatment with lisinopril and combo reduced urine ACR and KIM1-to-creatinine compared to vehicle, while treatment with empagliflozin alone worsened urine ACR. Glomerular hypertrophy as assessed by 3D imaging was reduced in combo treated reninAAV UNx db/db mice compared to vehicle, while treatment with empagliflozin alone worsened glomerular hypertrophy. The total number of glomeruli per kidney was unaffected by treatments. Compared to vehicle treatment, lisinopril and combo treatment reduced the fraction of score 3+4 glomeruli, and glomerulosclerosis index (GSI) was reduced by with lisinopril and combo treatment. Treatment with empagliflozin alone worsened GSI. Morphometric analyses showed that lisinopril and combo treatment reduced kidney CD11b and KIM1 load. Conclusion: Responses to the combination treatment with lisinopril and empagliflozin showed improvement of urine and histological markers of DKD. Together, these data confirm the translatability of the reninAAV UNx db/db mouse model of DKD. Disclosure M. V. Østergaard: None. M. Christensen: None. T. Secher: Employee; Self; Gubra, Employee; Spouse/Partner; Novo Nordisk, Stock/Shareholder; Self; Gubra, Stock/Shareholder; Spouse/Partner; Novo Nordisk. J. L. Skytte: None. U. Roostalu: Employee; Self; Gubra. C. G. Salinas: Employee; Self; Gubra, Employee; Spouse/Partner; Novo Nordisk, Stock/Shareholder; Spouse/Partner; Novo Nordisk. F. E. Sembach: None. L. N. Fink: Employee; Self; Gubra, Stock/Shareholder; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. N. Vrang: Board Member; Self; Gubra, Employee; Self; Gubra, Stock/Shareholder; Self; Gubra.
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- 2021
37. Tinospora cordifolia activates PPARγ pathway and mitigates glomerular and tubular cell injury in diabetic kidney disease
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Vikram Patial, Jyoti Chhimwal, Yogendra Padwad, Swati Katoch, Patil Shivprasad Suresh, and Prithvi Pal Singh
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Tinospora ,Kidney Glomerulus ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Inflammation ,Pharmacology ,Tinospora cordifolia ,Kidney ,Cell Line ,Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mice ,Glycation ,Diabetes mellitus ,Drug Discovery ,Medicine ,Animals ,Diabetic Nephropathies ,Creatinine ,biology ,business.industry ,Plant Extracts ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Rats ,PPAR gamma ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Kidney Tubules ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,chemistry ,Molecular Medicine ,Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Background: Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is a common complication of diabetes and a leading cause of end-stage renal disease progression. Therefore, therapeutic strategies are desirable to mitigate the progression of disease into more severe consequences. Hypothesis/Purpose: Tinospora cordifolia is a traditionally known antidiabetic plant; however, its effect against DKD remains unexplored. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the efficacy and mechanism of action of Tinospora cordifolia extract (TC) against DKD. Methods: The molecular interaction of the various phytoconstituents of TC with PPARγ were analyzed in silico. The effect of TC was studied on the viability, cell cycle, and gene expressions (PPARγ, TGFβ, and αSMA) in high glucose treated NRK-52E and SV40 MES13 cells. Further, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with TC for eight weeks, and the effects on different biochemical, histological and molecular parameters were studied. Results: In silico analysis revealed the integration of various phytoconstituents of TC with PPARγ. It further increased PPARγ and decreased TGFβ and αSMA expressions in NRK-52E and SV40 MES13 cells. In diabetic rats, TC improved the fasting blood glucose, serum urea, and creatinine levels. It also lowered the urine microalbumin and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) levels. Histopathological studies revealed the preventive effect of TC on degenerative changes, mesangial proliferation and glomerular hypertrophy. Further, it reduced the inflammation and fibrotic changes in the kidney tissue estimated by various markers. The kidney tissue and gene expression analysis revealed the augmented levels of PPARγ after TC treatment. Conclusion: In conclusion, TC exerted the protective effect against DKD by inhibiting inflammation and fibrogenesis through the activation of PPARγ dependent pathways.
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- 2021
38. Combined Melatonin and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Enhances Podocyte Protection and Ameliorates Kidney Function in a Diabetic Nephropathy Rat Model
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Yu-Hsuan Liu, You-Syuan Hou, Chang-Chun Hsiao, Chien-Te Lee, and Jih-Yang Ko
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0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Physiology ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Renal function ,melatonin ,RM1-950 ,Biochemistry ,Article ,Podocyte ,Diabetic nephropathy ,Excretion ,Nephrin ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,extracorporeal shock wave ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Molecular Biology ,Creatinine ,biology ,business.industry ,diabetic nephropathy ,Cell Biology ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,podocyte protection ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,biology.protein ,Synaptopodin ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,business - Abstract
(1) Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is common complication of diabetes. Current therapy for DN does not include promotion of podocyte protection. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic effect of melatonin (Mel) combined extracorporeal shock wave (SW) therapy on a DN rat model. (2) Methods: The DN rats were treated with Mel (5 mg/kg) twice a week for 6 weeks and SW treatment once a week (0.13 mJ/mm2) for 6 weeks. We assessed urine microalbumin, albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), glomerular hypertrophy, glomerular fibrosis, podocyte markers (Wilm’s tumor protein-1, synaptopodin and nephrin), cell proliferation, cell survival, cell apoptosis, renal inflammation and renal oxidative stress. (3) Results: The Mel combined SW therapy regimen significantly reduced urine microalbumin excretion (3.3 ± 0.5 mg/dL, p <, 0.001), ACR (65.2 ± 8.3 mg/g, p <, 0.001), glomerular hypertrophy (3.1 ± 0.1 × 106 μm3, p <, 0.01) and glomerular fibrosis (0.9 ± 0.4 relative mRNA fold, p <, 0.05). Moreover, the Mel combined SW therapy regimen significantly increased podocyte number (44.1 ± 5.0% area of synaptopodin, p <, 0.001) in the Mel combined SW group. This is likely primarily because Mel combined with SW therapy significantly reduced renal inflammation (753 ± 46 pg/mg, p <, 0.01), renal oxidative stress (0.6 ± 0.04 relative density, p <, 0.05), and apoptosis (0.3 ± 0.03 relative density, p <, 0.001), and also significantly increased cell proliferation (2.0 ± 0.2% area proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p <, 0.01), cell survival, and nephrin level (4.2 ± 0.4 ng/mL, p <, 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Mel combined SW therapy enhances podocyte protection and ameliorates kidney function in a DN rat model. Mel combined SW therapy may serve as a novel noninvasive and effective treatment of DN.
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- 2021
39. Aging Vs. Hypertension: An Autopsy Study of Sclerotic Renal Histopathological Lesions in Adults With Normal Renal Function
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Kentaro Koike, Nobuo Tsuboi, Takaya Sasaki, Masahiro Ikegami, Akira Shimizu, Yusuke Okabayashi, Kotaro Haruhara, Takashi Yokoo, Hiroyuki Takahashi, and Go Kanzaki
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Adult ,Male ,Aging ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Kidney Glomerulus ,Ischemia ,Autopsy ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Gastroenterology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Arterial Pressure ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Aged, 80 and over ,Pressure overload ,Kidney ,Sclerosis ,business.industry ,Age Factors ,Middle Aged ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Blood pressure ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Hypertension ,Female ,Kidney Diseases ,business ,Perfusion ,Nephrosclerosis - Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Arterial hypertension and glomerular ischemia coexist in elderly patients with hypertension. Thus, 2 conflicting therapeutic purposes, i.e., reduction of pressure overload and maintenance of renal arterial perfusion, must be considered in elderly patients with hypertension. This study examined this issue from the perspective of renal histopathology. METHODS Adult autopsied kidneys without apparent renal disease were analyzed for histopathological features that might be related to aging or hypertension. Mean glomerular volume (GV), global glomerulosclerosis (GGS), arteriosclerotic lesions (AL), arteriolar hyalinosis (AH), and interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA) were evaluated. RESULTS This study included 59 Japanese autopsy patients, of whom 28 (47%) were hypertensive. Overall, GGS, IF/TA, and AL, but not GV or AH, tended to increase with aging. Multivariate analysis revealed that age, but not hypertension, was an independent factor associated with GGS, IF/TA, and AL. In contrast, hypertension was independently associated with GV. AH was not associated with age or hypertension in this autopsy series. Of note, in the late elderly group (≥75 years), GGS was significantly lower in hypertensives than in normotensives. No such trend was found in the non-elderly ( CONCLUSIONS Normal aging has a major impact on the development of renal sclerotic lesions compared to hypertension in adults with no apparent renal disease. Hypertension may play a role in maintaining downstream glomerular perfusion in the aging kidney.
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- 2019
40. Sporidiobolus pararoseuswall-broken powder ameliorates oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy in type-2 diabetic mice by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway
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He Qian, Yuliang Cheng, Yahui Guo, Tianqi Lv, Yan Cui, Jun Liang, and Chang Liu
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Antioxidant ,General Chemical Engineering ,medicine.medical_treatment ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Diabetic nephropathy ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,medicine ,Creatinine ,Chemistry ,Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ,General Chemistry ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,medicine.disease ,Streptozotocin ,0104 chemical sciences ,Endocrinology ,0210 nano-technology ,Oxidative stress ,medicine.drug - Abstract
In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hyperglycemia promotes oxidative stress and eventually leads to diabetic nephropathy (DN). Sporidiobolus pararoseus is reported to exhibit enhanced anti-oxidation properties. However, its role in DN remains obscure. This study aimed to determine the antioxidative effects of a Sporidiobolus pararoseus wall-broken powder (SPP) supplement on DN and investigate the possible underlying mechanisms. A model of T2DM was successfully established, and C57BL/6J male mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks and then injected with streptozotocin (100 mg per kg per day) for three consecutive days. After eight weeks of intervention, SPP strongly lowered fasting glucose levels, serum creatinine, serum urea nitrogen, urinary albumin and reduced glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial matrix expansion. In addition, SPP increased the activities of SOD, T-AOC, CAT, and GST and decreased the amount of MDA. Furthermore, it was revealed that SPP significantly abrogated oxidative stress not only by activating the Nrf2 gene but also by activating two Nrf2-targeted antioxidative genes (NQO-1 and HO-1) compared with metformin hydrochloride, which is widely accepted as a diabetes drug. Our study showed that SPP has antioxidant properties and delays the progression of DN; the underlying mechanism may be associated with activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway.
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- 2019
41. Consequences of Glomerular Hyperfiltration: The Role of Physical Forces in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Kidney Disease in Diabetes and Obesity
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Avry Chagnac, Boris Zingerman, Michal Herman-Edelstein, and Benaya Rozen-Zvi
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Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Kidney Glomerulus ,030232 urology & nephrology ,Podocyte foot ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,urologic and male genital diseases ,Podocyte ,Kidney Tubules, Proximal ,Pathogenesis ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Glomerular Filtration Barrier ,Fibrosis ,Tensile Strength ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Diabetic Nephropathies ,Obesity ,Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ,urogenital system ,business.industry ,Glomerular basement membrane ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,female genital diseases and pregnancy complications ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Stress, Mechanical ,business ,Glomerular hyperfiltration ,Kidney disease - Abstract
Background: Glomerular hyperfiltration (GH) is a hallmark of renal dysfunction in diabetes and obesity. Recent clinical trials demonstrated that SGLT2 inhibitors are renoprotective, possibly by abating hyperfiltration. The present review considers the current evidence for a cause-to-effect relationship between hyperfiltration-related physical forces and the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Summary: Glomerular hyperfiltration is associated with glomerular and tubular hypertrophy. Hyperfiltration is mainly due to an increase in glomerular capillary pressure, which increases tensile stress applied to the capillary wall structures. In addition, the increased ultrafiltrate flow into Bowman’s space heightens shear stress on the podocyte foot processes and body surface. These mechanical stresses lead to an increase in glomerular basement membrane (GBM) length and to podocyte hypertrophy. The ability of the podocyte to grow being limited, a mismatch develops between the GBM area and the GBM area covered by foot processes, leading to podocyte injury, detachment of viable podocytes, adherence of capillaries to parietal epithelium, synechia formation and segmental sclerosis. Mechanical stress is also applied to post-filtration structures, resulting in dilation of glomerular and tubular urinary spaces, increased proximal tubular sodium reabsorption by hypertrophied epithelial cells and activation of mediators leading to tubulointerstitial inflammation, hypoxia and fibrosis Key Messages: GH-related mechanical stress leads to both adaptive and maladaptive glomerular and tubular changes. These flow-related effects play a central role in the pathogenesis of glomerular disease. Attenuation of hyperfiltration is thus an important therapeutic target in diabetes and obesity-induced CKD.
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- 2019
42. Mathematical model of hemodynamic mechanisms and consequences of glomerular hypertension in diabetic mice
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Ulrika Johansson, Christine Ahlström, Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark, K. Melissa Hallow, Hari Shankar Mahato, and Gabriel Helmlinger
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Hydrostatic pressure ,Renal function ,Nephron ,urologic and male genital diseases ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Article ,Internal medicine ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Kidney ,business.industry ,Reabsorption ,urogenital system ,Applied Mathematics ,Glomerulosclerosis ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,female genital diseases and pregnancy complications ,Computer Science Applications ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Modeling and Simulation ,business ,Glomerular hyperfiltration - Abstract
Many preclinically promising therapies for diabetic kidney disease fail to provide efficacy in humans, reflecting limited quantitative translational understanding between rodent models and human disease. To quantitatively bridge interspecies differences, we adapted a mathematical model of renal function from human to mice, and incorporated adaptive and pathological mechanisms of diabetes and nephrectomy to describe experimentally observed changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and proteinuria in db/db and db/db UNX (uninephrectomy) mouse models. Changing a small number of parameters, the model reproduced interspecies differences in renal function. Accounting for glucose and Na+ reabsorption through sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), increasing blood glucose and Na+ intake from normal to db/db levels mathematically reproduced glomerular hyperfiltration observed experimentally in db/db mice. This resulted from increased proximal tubule sodium reabsorption, which elevated glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pgc) in order to restore sodium balance through increased GFR. Incorporating adaptive and injurious effects of elevated Pgc, we showed that preglomerular arteriole hypertrophy allowed more direct transmission of pressure to the glomerulus with a smaller mean arterial pressure rise; Glomerular hypertrophy allowed a higher GFR for a given Pgc; and Pgc-driven glomerulosclerosis and nephron loss reduced GFR over time, while further increasing Pgc and causing moderate proteinuria, in agreement with experimental data. UNX imposed on diabetes increased Pgc further, causing faster GFR decline and extensive proteinuria, also in agreement with experimental data. The model provides a mechanistic explanation for hyperfiltration and proteinuria progression that will facilitate translation of efficacy for novel therapies from mouse models to human., Mathematical model of mouse diabetic kidney injury Many drugs for diabetic kidney disease appear to work in rodents, but fail in humans, reflecting incomplete understanding of disease processes. A team led by Melissa Hallow at the University of Georgia has developed a mathematical model that explains how elevated blood glucose in diabetes causes kidney injury in mice. They first showed that normal human, rat, or mouse kidney physiology could be reproduced with the same model by changing a small number of parameters. They then showed that diabetes-induced increases in sodium reabsorption cause unintuitive changes in kidney function that increase pressure on glomerular capillaries, causing protein leakage and nephron loss. The model reproduced faster disease progression observed in diabetic mice who have had one kidney removed. This mathematical understanding of diabetic kidney injury may improve translation of novel therapies from mice to human.
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- 2018
43. Disodium cromoglycate treatment effects on morphofunctional changes associated with the onset of experimental diabetic nephropathy
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Mateus Jacinto da Luz, Balbi, Ana Paula Coelho, Silva, Luiz Borges Bispo da, Pulici, Erica Carolina Campus, and Celes, Mara Rúbia Nunes
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Myofibroblast ,Chemistry ,Renal function ,Citologia ,Miofibroblastos ,Rins - Doenças ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,Taxa de filtração glomerular ,CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS [CNPQ] ,Endocrinology ,α-actina de músculo liso ,Hipertrofia glomerular ,α smooth muscle actin ,Internal medicine ,Cytology ,Disodium cromoglycate ,medicine ,α-smooth muscle actin ,Glomerular hypertrophy ,Glomerular filtration rate ,Cromoglicato dissódico - Abstract
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Os mastócitos apresentam ações antifibróticas e pró-fibróticas e parecem contribuir para o desenvolvimento da nefropatia diabética (ND). Apesar de existirem dados na literatura sobre o papel de alguns mediadores mastocitários na patogênese da ND, pouco é conhecido sobre os mecanismos celulares envolvidos no processo, em especial daqueles relativos à deposição renal de fibras de colágeno do tipo I e III. Assim, avaliamos o efeito do tratamento com cromoglicato dissódico (CR), droga que inibe a desgranulação mastocitária, sobre parâmetros morfofuncionais de rins de animais portadores de diabetes mellitus experimental, induzido pela administração de aloxana (50 mg/kg, i.v.). Animais controles ou diabéticos (glicemia >200 mg/dl) foram tratados ou não com CR (50 mg/kg/dia, i.p., do 7° dias após a indução até o 95° dia). No 90° dia, a excreção urinária de albumina (EUA) e a taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) foram avaliadas. No 95° dia de experimento, após a aferição da pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), os animais foram anestesiados e eutanasiados para a coleta e processamento dos rins. Secções do tecido renal foram submetidas a análises morfológicas (lâminas coradas com azul de toluidina ou vermelho de picrossírius) ou de imuno-histoquímicas para detecção de α-actina de músculo liso (α-SMA) e antígeno nuclear de proliferação celular (PCNA). O DM aumentou a densidade e atividade mastocitária renal, a área do corpúsculo renal, a área do tufo glomerular, o peso relativo do rim, a deposição renal de fibras de colágeno do tipo III e a soma do colágeno do tipo I com o do tipo III, a EUA, e a expressão de PCNA túbulo-intersticial, mas diminuiu a TFG e não alterou a expressão renal de α-SMA, tão pouco a PAS. O tratamento com CR reverteu parcialmente às alterações observadas na densidade e atividade mastocitária, na área do corpúsculo renal, no peso relativo do rim, na deposição de fibras de colágeno no parênquima renal e na TFG. A área do tufo glomerular e a expressão de PCNA foram normalizadas pelo tratamento com CR, enquanto a EUA, a PAS e a expressão de α-SMA não forma modificadas. Esses dados sugerem que os aumentos na densidade e atividade mastocitárias renais contribuem para a deposição de colágeno túbulo-intersticial nos estágios iniciais da ND, mesmo na ausência de alterações na população renal de miofibroblastos. O tratamento com CR evidenciou efeitos renoprotetores que parecem estar relacionados à sua ação inibitória sobre a desgranulação mastocitária, bem como à sua capacidade de prevenir alterações morfofuncionais deletérias. Mast cells have antifibrotic and pro-fibrotic actions and appear to contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Despite the role of some possible mast cell mediators in the pathogenesis of DN has been proposed, little is known about the cellular mechanisms involved in the process, mainly those concerning type I and III collagen deposition in the renal parenchyma. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of disodium cromoglycate (CG) treatment, a drug that inhibits mast cell degranulation, on the morphofunctional parameters of kidneys from rats with experimental diabetes mellitus (DM) induced by the administration of alloxan (50 mg/kg, i.v.). Control or diabetic animals (blood glucose> 200 mg/dl) were treated or not with CR (50 mg/kg/day, i.p., from the 7th day after DM induction until 95th day). Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were assessed on the 90th day. After systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement, kidneys were collected from anesthetized animals on the 95th day. Kidney slides stained with toluidine blue or picrosirius red were subjected to morphological analysis or immunohistochemistry to detect α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) or proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Renal mast cell density and activity, renal corpuscle and tuft glomerular area, kidney weight/body weight ratio, renal interstitial collagen deposition (type III, and the sum of type I with type III collagen), UAE, and tubulointerstitial PCNA expression were increased in diabetic animals. Despite DM decreased GFR, neither renal α-SMA expression nor SBP were altered by the disease. The alteration in renal mast cell density and activity, renal corpuscle area, kidney weight/body weight ratio, renal interstitial collagen deposition and GFR were partially reversed by CG treatment. Glomerular tuft area and tubulointerstitial PCNA expression were normalized by CG treatment, while UAE, SBP and renal α-SMA expression did not change. These data suggest that the increases in the density and activity of mast cells within the kidney in the early stages of DN contribute to tubulointerstitial collagen deposition even in the absence of alterations in the renal myofibroblast population. CG treatment showed renoprotective effects in diabetic rats which appears to be related to its mast cell stabilizing property and to its ability to prevent some detrimental morphofunctional alterations. Dissertação (Mestrado) 2023-01-29
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- 2021
44. Continuous hypergammaglobulinemia and proteinuria after the recovery of the visceral Leishmaniasis: a case report
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Limeng Chen, Wei Ye, Linfeng Zou, Gang Chen, Yangzhong Zhou, Yubin Wen, and Xuemei Li
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Adult ,Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,030231 tropical medicine ,030232 urology & nephrology ,Case Report ,Kidney ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Hypergammaglobulinemia ,Biopsy ,medicine ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Visceral Leishmaniasis ,Proteinuria ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Leishmaniasis ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,Treatment Outcome ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Visceral leishmaniasis ,Leishmaniasis, Visceral ,Valsartan ,Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers - Abstract
BackgroundKidney involvement of visceral Leishmaniasis is previously reported, but knowledge is limited. Hypergammaglobulinemia is common in visceral leishmaniasis patients. Whether hypergammaglobulinemia after leishmaniasis depletion can cause kidney injury is not well reported yet.Case presentationWe reported a patient who recovered from visceral Leishmaniasis but showed persistent hypergammaglobulinemia and elevated urinary protein. Kidney biopsy showed glomerular hypertrophy with mild segmental mesangial proliferation without tubulointerstitial involvement in light microscopy. No immune complex deposit was found in the mesangial area by neither immunofluorescent staining nor electronic microscope. Increased lysosomes were observed in proximal tubules by electronic microscope. Valsartan was administered to decrease urinary protein, and no immune-suppressive therapy was added. The urinary protein and serum IgG level gradually dropped, and serum creatinine level remained stable during three- month follow up.ConclusionsHypergammaglobulinemia is unlikely to cause renal structural or functional damage in the short term. Angiotensin blockade significantly reduced urine protein, with a minor effect on IgG elimination.
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- 2021
45. Glomerular hyperfiltration with hyperglycemia in the spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, an obese type 2 diabetic model
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M Sugimoto, Yukihito Ishii, F Kuroki, Yusuke Kemmochi, Dai Nakae, Masao Yamanaka, Katsuhiro Miyajima, Tomohiko Sasase, Ryuhei Sano, Sumiaki Fukuda, Yuzo Yasui, and Takeshi Ohta
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Physiology ,Urinary system ,Renal function ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,urologic and male genital diseases ,Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ,Diabetic nephropathy ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Glucosides ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Diabetic Nephropathies ,Obesity ,Dapagliflozin ,Benzhydryl Compounds ,Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors ,Kidney ,business.industry ,urogenital system ,General Medicine ,Articles ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,female genital diseases and pregnancy complications ,Rats ,Disease Models, Animal ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Hyperglycemia ,business ,Glomerular hyperfiltration ,Kidney disease ,Glomerular Filtration Rate - Abstract
Glomerular hyperfiltration is observed in an early stage of kidney diseases including diabetic nephropathy. A better understanding of pathophysiological changes in glomerular hyperfiltration is essential for development of new therapies to prevent kidney disease progression. In this study, we investigated glomerular changes including glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and glomerular size in the Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, an obese type 2 diabetic model, and we also evaluated pharmacological effects of the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on the renal lesions. Dapagliflozin was administered to SDT fatty rats from 5 to 17 weeks of age. Blood and urinary biochemical parameters were periodically measured. GFR was determined by transdermal GFR monitor at 16 weeks of age and histopathological analysis was performed at 17 weeks of age. SDT fatty rat developed severe hyperglycemia and exhibited pathophysiological abnormalities in the kidney, such as an increased GFR, glomerular hypertrophy and tissue lesions. Dapagliflozin achieved good glycemic control during the experimental period, inhibited the increase in GFR, and improved histopathological abnormalities in tubules. These results suggest that the SDT fatty rat is a useful model for analyzing the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy during its early stage and dapagliflozin improves not only hyperglycemia but also glomerular hyperfiltration and tubule lesions in SDT fatty rat.
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- 2021
46. Increased ketohexokinase-A governs fructose-induced podocyte hypertrophy by IL-6/STAT3 signaling activation
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Rui-Qing Jiao, Hong Ding, Li Chen, Zhi-Hong Liu, Dong-Mei Zhang, Jie Yang, Jie Zhou, Tu-Shuai Li, and Ling-Dong Kong
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biology ,Chemistry ,Fructose ,Transfection ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,Cell biology ,Podocyte ,Muscle hypertrophy ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Apoptosis ,medicine ,biology.protein ,STAT protein ,STAT3 - Abstract
Glomerular hypertrophy is crucial for podocyte damage and proteinuria. Our previous study showed that fructose induced podocyte injury. However, the molecular mechanism underlying podocyte hypertrophy under fructose is unclear. We observed that fructose significantly initiated the hypertrophy in rat glomeruli and cultured differentiated human podocytes (HPCs). Consistently, it induced inflammatory response with the down-regulation of zinc-finger protein tristetraprolin (TTP) and the activation of interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in these animal and cell models. Subsequently, high-expression of miR-92a-3p and its target protein cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57 (P57) down-regulation, representing the abnormal proliferation and apoptosis, were observedin vivoandin vitro. Moreover, fructose increased ketohexokinase-A (KHK-A) in rat glomeruli and HPCs. Animal-free recombinant human IL-6, maslinic acid andTTPsiRNA were used to manifest that fructose may decrease TTP to activate IL-6/STAT3 signaling in podocyte overproliferation and apoptosis, causing podocyte hypertrophy.KHK-AsiRNA transfection further demonstrated that the inactivation of IL-6/STAT3 to relieve podocyte hypertrophy mediated by inhibiting KHK-A to increase TTP may be a novel strategy for fructose-associated podocyte injury and proteinuria.Graphic Abstract
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- 2020
47. LncRNA NEAT1 Promotes High Glucose-Induced Mesangial Cell Hypertrophy by Targeting miR-222-3p/CDKN1B Axis
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Lin Liao, Jing Hu, Wenrui Liu, Jianrao Lu, Lianxiang Duan, Chuanfu Zhang, Ziyang Liu, Weiwei Liu, Yue Guo, and Jie Chen
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Regulation of gene expression ,Messenger RNA ,Mesangial cell ,Chemistry ,NEAT1 ,Hypertrophy ,ceRNA ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,miR-222-3p ,Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) ,Biochemistry ,stat3 ,Muscle hypertrophy ,Cell biology ,RNA silencing ,CDKN1B ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Transcription (biology) ,Molecular Biosciences ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Molecular Biology ,Chromatin immunoprecipitation ,Original Research - Abstract
Glomerular hypertrophy is an early morphological alteration in diabetic nephropathy. Cyclin-Dependent Kinases have been shown to be required for high glucose (HG)-induced hypertrophy; however, the upstream regulators of CDKN1B in glomerular hypertrophy remain unclear. Herein we describe a novel pathway in which Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) NEAT1 regulates the progression of mesangial cell hypertrophy via a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism. Real-time PCR was performed to detect the relative NEAT1 and miR-222-3p expressions and further confirmed the relationship between NEAT1 and miR-222-3p. Cell cycle was evaluated by flow cytometry. The related mechanisms were explored by Western blot, RNA immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. We show that NEAT1 forms double stranded RNA (dsRNA) with miR-222-3p, thus limiting miR-222-3p’s binding with CDKN1B. This release of CDKN1B mRNA leads to elevated CDKN1B protein expression, resulting in hypertrophy. In addition, we demonstrated that STAT3 which is activated by HG induces the transcription of NEAT1 by binding to its promoter. Our findings underscore an unexpected role of lncRNAs on gene regulation and introduce a new mode of proliferation regulation in mesangial cells.
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- 2020
48. Nephron Number and Time to Remission in Steroid-Sensitive Minimal Change Disease
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Takashi Yokoo, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Go Kanzaki, Kentaro Koike, Takaya Sasaki, Makoto Ogura, Hirokazu Marumoto, Yusuke Okabayashi, Nobuo Tsuboi, and Kotaro Haruhara
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Notice ,Urology ,Renal function ,Nephron ,urologic and male genital diseases ,remission ,minimal change nephrotic syndrome ,nephrosis ,Biopsy ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Minimal change disease ,Original Research ,relapse ,Proteinuria ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,nephrotic syndrome ,urogenital system ,business.industry ,Hazard ratio ,Nephron number ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,minimal change disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,lipoid nephrosis ,Nephrology ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Nephrotic syndrome - Abstract
Rationale & Objective The response to corticosteroid therapy may differ among patients with minimal change disease (MCD). Previous studies have suggested that glomerular hypertrophy or low areal glomerular density in biopsy specimens, which may be related to fewer nephrons, is associated with such a difference. We examined the associations between nephron number and the therapeutic response to corticosteroids in patients with MCD. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting & Participants 75 adult patients with a histologic diagnosis of MCD. Exposure Nephron number per kidney estimated based on the combination of unenhanced computed tomography and nonsclerotic volumetric glomerular density in kidney biopsy specimens. Outcomes Complete remission and relapse following corticosteroid therapy. Analytical Approach Multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses of associations between factors, including nephron number, and outcomes. Results Mean age of patients was 45.9 years and 60.0% were men. Patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 64.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 and proteinuria of 8.7 g/d. The estimated total number of nonsclerotic glomeruli ranged from 1.07 to 18.77 ×105 per kidney among all patients. There were no significant differences in total amounts or selectivity of urinary protein excretion at biopsy among the tertile groups categorized by nephron number. All patients responded to corticosteroid therapy, but those with fewer nephrons had a delayed achievement of complete remission. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses identified nephron number as a significant independent explanatory variable for the achievement of complete remission, with a hazard ratio of 1.10 (95% CI, 1.02-1.19)/100,000 nephrons per kidney. Nephron number in these patients was not associated with achievement of partial remission or relapse following complete remission. Limitation Retrospective design and sampling bias of needle biopsy. Conclusions A small nephron number in patients with MCD is associated with longer time to complete remission., Graphical abstract
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- 2020
49. Glomerular hypertrophy in subjects with low nephron number: contributions of sex, body size and race.
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Puelles, Victor G., Douglas-Denton, Rebecca N., Zimanyi, Monika A., Armitage, James A., Hughson, Michael D., Kerr, Peter G., and Bertram, John F.
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GLOMERULAR filtration rate , *HYPERTROPHY , *NEPHRONS , *BODY size , *NEPHROLOGY , *BODY surface area - Abstract
Background We have shown that low nephron number (Nglom) is a strong determinant of individual glomerular volume (IGV) in male Americans. However, whether the same pattern is present in female Americans remains unclear. The contributions of body surface area (BSA) and race to IGV in the context of Nglom also require further evaluation. Methods Kidneys without overt renal disease were collected at autopsy in Mississippi, USA. The extremes of female Nglom were used to define high and low Nglom for both sexes. Nglom and IGV were estimated by design-based stereology. A total of 24 African and Caucasian American females (n = 12 per race; 6 per Nglom extreme) were included. These subjects were subsequently matched to 24 comparable males by age and Nglom and to 18 additional males by age, Nglom and BSA. Results IGV average and variance were very similar in female African and Caucasian Americans with high and low Nglom. Males with low Nglom from both races showed greater IGV average and variance than comparable females matched by age and Nglom. These differences in IGV between sexes were not observed in Caucasian Americans with low Nglom that were matched by age, Nglom and BSA. In contrast, glomeruli from African Americans were larger than those from Caucasian Americans, especially in subjects with high Nglom. Conclusions While female Americans with low Nglom did not show glomerular hypertrophy, comparable males with low Nglom showed marked glomerular hypertrophy that was closely associated with high BSA. Glomerular size in African Americans may be confounded by multiple additional factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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50. Glomerular Neovascularization in Nondiabetic Renal Allograft Is Associated with Calcineurin Inhibitor Toxicity
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Kazunari Tanabe, Junki Koike, Motoshi Hattori, Hideki Ishida, Shohei Fuchinoue, Kosaku Nitta, Yoji Nagashima, Sekiko Taneda, Kohei Unagami, Akira Shimizu, Anri Sawada, Shigeru Horita, and Masayoshi Okumi
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Biopsy ,Calcineurin Inhibitors ,Kidney Glomerulus ,Urology ,Tacrolimus ,Diabetes mellitus ,Medicine ,Humans ,Transplantation, Homologous ,Diabetic Nephropathies ,Kidney transplantation ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Neovascularization, Pathologic ,business.industry ,Glomerular Hypertrophy ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Kidney Transplantation ,Calcineurin ,Transplantation ,Arterioles ,Blood pressure ,Female ,business - Abstract
Introduction: Extra efferent arterioles, also known as polar vasculosis (PV), are often observed in the glomerular vascular pole and are associated with glomerular hypertrophy, indicating early recurrent diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in renal allografts. However, its significance in patients without diabetes remains uncertain. Methods: A total of 9,004 renal allograft biopsy specimens obtained between January 2007 and December 2017 at Tokyo Women’s Medical University were retrospectively analyzed to examine the clinical and pathological significance of PV in renal allografts. PV was identified in 186 biopsy specimens obtained from 165 patients. The PV group comprised 46 patients; 35 patients without DKD and 11 patients with DKD as the initial cause of ESRD, whose clinical information was available and treated with the calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) tacrolimus. The non-PV group comprising patients with renal allografts matched for age and postoperative day included 93 patients without DKD and 16 patients with DKD as the initial cause of ESRD. Results: In patients with nondiabetic renal allografts, systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in the PV group than in the non-PV group. The trough tacrolimus levels during the overall study period and at 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 years after transplantation were significantly higher in the PV group compared with the non-PV group. Glomerulomegaly was significantly more common. Moreover, ah and aah scores in Banff score were significantly higher in the PV group than in the non-PV group. In those with diabetic renal allografts, although the clinical parameters and tacrolimus trough levels in all time periods were not significantly different between the PV and non-PV groups, the ah score was significantly higher in the PV group. Conclusion: PV was associated with CNI toxicity in nondiabetic but not in diabetic renal allografts. The pathogenesis of PV in renal allografts is considered to be multifactorial.
- Published
- 2020
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