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This paper concerns the kinship terms “father,” “mother,” “grandfather,” and “grandmother” in the Atayalic languages, Atayal and Seediq, which belong to the Austronesian language family. This paper reconstructs the Proto-Atayalic forms for “parent” and “grandparent.” First, neither “father” nor “mother” in Proto-Atayalic are reconstructed through comparison with Atayal aba or Seediq tama for “father” and Atayal aya or Seediq bubu for “mother.” However, a form *aya can be reconstructed as “parent” in Proto-Austronesian, and Atayal aya is a retention of this form with a semantic change to a female parent. The other forms, aba, tama, and bubu, are shown to be innovations. Likewise, neither “grandfather” nor “grandmother” in Proto-Atayalic can be reconstructed through comparison with Atayal utas or Seediq baki for “grandfather” and Atayal aki or Seediq pai for “grandmother.” However, a form *aki can be reconstructed as “grandparent” in Proto-Austronesian, and Atayal aki is a retention of this form with a semantic change to a female grandparent. The other forms, utas, baki, and pai, are shown to be innovations. Thus, the Proto-Austronesian as well as the Proto-Atayalic forms for “parent” and “grandparent” are *aya and *aki. These forms are genderless. In addition, in the course of reconstructing these terms, previously reconstructed Proto-Austronesian forms *ama “father” and *ina “mother” are modified to meanings “son-in-law” and “daughter-in-law.”, オーストロネシア語族のアタヤル語群（アタヤル語とセデック語）において、「父」「母」「祖父」「祖母」を表す語を分析し、アタヤル語群祖語における形式を再建する。アタヤル語とセデック語の「父」の形式abaとtamaを比較しても、「母」の形式ayaとbubuを比較しても、アタヤル語群祖語が再建できないが、オーストロネシア祖語に*ayaという形式があり「親」と再建されうる。そのためアタヤル語のaya「母」が古形を保有しており、「親」から「母」へ意味が変わった。その他は改新によるものである。また、アタヤル語とセデック語の「祖父」の形式utasとbakiを比較しても、「祖母」の形式akiとpaiを比較しても、アタヤル語群祖語が再建できないが、オーストロネシア祖語に*akiという形式があり「親の親」と再建されうる。そのためアタヤル語のaki 「祖母」が古形を保有しており、「親の親」から「祖母」へ意味が変わった。その他は改新によるものである。アタヤル語群祖語並びにオーストロネシア祖語に再建されたのは*aya「親」と*aki「親の親」であり、性別を区別しない。また、これらの再建の過程で、オーストロネシア祖語の「父」と「母」とされてきた*amaと*inaを「婿」と「嫁」に修正した。

Objective This cross-sectional study examined environmental correlates of sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) in preschool children in the urban area of Tianjin, China. Methods Data were collected from the Physical Activity and Health in Tianjin Chinese Children study, involving healthy children 3–6 years old and their families. In all children (n = 980), leisure-time SB (LTSB) and leisure-time PA (LTPA) were reported in min/day by parents. In a subgroup (n = 134), overall sedentary time, light PA, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were objectively measured using ActiGraph accelerometry (≥3 days, ≥10 h/day). Environmental correlates were collected using a questionnaire that included home and neighborhood characteristics (e.g., traffic safety, presence of physical activity facilities) and children's behaviors. Potential correlates were identified using linear regression analysis. Results Multiple linear regression analysis showed that “having grandparents as primary caregivers” (βs and 95% confidence interval (CI) for overall sedentary time: 29.7 (2.1 to 57.2); LTSB (ln): 0.19 (0.11 to 0.28)) and “having a television (for LTSB (ln): 0.13 (0.00 to 0.25)) or computer (for LTSB (ln): 0.13 (0.03 to 0.23)) in the child's bedroom” were both associated with higher SB. Furthermore, “having grandparents as primary caregivers” was associated with less MVPA (β (95%CI): −7.6 (−14.1 to −1.2)), and “active commuting to school by walking” correlated with more MVPA (β (95%CI): 9.8 (2.2 to 17.4)). The path model showed that “more neighborhood PA facilities close to home” was indirectly related to higher LTPA (ln), which was partly mediated by “outdoor play” (path coefficients (95%CI): 0.005 (0.002 to 0.008)) and “going to these facilities more often” (path coefficients (95%CI): 0.013 (0.008 to 0.018)). Traffic safety was not a correlate. Conclusion Family structure and media exposure in the home maybe important factors in shaping preschoolers’ PA patterns. Built environmental correlates could indirectly influence preschoolers’ LTPA through parental help with engaging in active behaviors.

Objective: This paper analyses intergenerational relationships in Sweden during the corona pandemic, with a special focus on practices of care. The research question is: How is care between generations - between grandparents, adult children and grandchildren - done during pandemic conditions? Background: In Sweden, where an extensive welfare state provides affordable child- and eldercare, the corona strategy of generational separation has still affected family practices of care between generations. In this article we analyse narratives of intergenerational care, taking our point of departure in theories of personal life (Smart 2007), relationality (Mason 2004), and care as sentient activity (Mason 1996). Method: The paper draws on a qualitative interview study with grandparents (n=30), adult children (n=12) and grandchildren (n=12), with data collection taking place shortly before and during the coronavirus pandemic. Results: The study detects the reciprocal and complex ways in which care between generations takes place. When people relate their experiences, strategies for new ways of doing care are at the centre, involving creative ways of negotiating distance and risk, all marked by both worry and relief. Conclusion: The pandemic condition becomes a "filter" affecting and leading to a reformulation of practices of care, from taken-for-granted co-presence narratives, into narratives of relational participation resulting in an overall heightened awareness of the importance and difficulties of intergenerational care practices. The study concludes that a strong welfare state does not translate into complete autonomy or independence; rather, people continue to live "linked lives". Fragestellung: Dieser Beitrag analysiert intergenerationale Beziehungen in Schweden während der Coronavirus Pandemie und legt einen besonderen Fokus auf Care Praktiken. Die Forschungsfrage lautet: Wie wird Care zwischen den Generationen - d.h. zwischen Großeltern, erwachsenen Kindern und Enkelkindern - unter pandemischen Bedingungen hergestellt? Hintergrund: In Schweden, wo ein extensiver Wohlfahrtsstaat leistbare Betreuung und Pflege von Kindern und älteren Menschen bereitstellt, hat die Corona-Strategie der Generationentrennung Auswirkungen auf familiale Praktiken der Sorge. In diesem Beitrag analysieren wir Narrative der intergenerationalen Sorge, basierend auf den theoretischen Konzepten von personal life (Smart 2007), relationality (Mason 2004) und Fürsorge als sentient activity (Mason 1996). Methode: Datenbasis des Artikels ist eine qualitative Studie mit Großeltern (n=30), erwachsenen Kindern (n=12) und Enkelkindern (n=12). Die Datenerhebung fand kurz vor sowie während der Corona Pandemie statt. Ergebnisse: Die Studie verweist auf die Wechselseitigkeit und Komplexität von Care Tätigkeiten zwischen den Generationen. Werden die Erfahrungen aufeinander bezogen, so stehen Strategien für neue Arten des Doing Care im Mittelpunkt, und es zeigen sich kreative Methoden, Distanz und Risiko zu verhandeln. Diese sind jeweils sowohl mit Besorgnis als auch mit Entlastung verbunden. Schlussfolgerung: Die Bedingungen der Pandemie erweisen sich als "Filter" und führen damit zu einer Neuformulierung von Care Praktiken und als selbstverständlich betrachteten Narrativen der Co-Präsenz hin zu Narrativen relationaler Partizipation. Dies führt zu einer erhöhten Aufmerksamkeit für die Bedeutung und die Schwierigkeiten intergenerationaler Care Praktiken. Die Studie kommt zum Schluss, dass ein starker Wohlfahrtsstaat nicht unbedingt völlige Autonomie oder Unabhängigkeit bedeutet; vielmehr führen die Menschen weiterhin stark verbundene 'linked lives'.

It is now clear that the COVID-19 pandemic is not only a global health emergency, but is also leading to a severe downturn in the global economy. In this study, we analyze how this economic downturn will affect women and men differently, and what the main long-term consequences for gender equality may be. This study begins by providing evidence that the effects of the current crisis on women and men are likely to be very different from those of other economic downturns. In recent recessions, such as the economic crisis of 2008, job losses for men have been much higher than for women. One reason was that relatively more men work in industries that are strongly affected by the “standard” downturn (such as manufacturing and construction), while women's employment is concentrated in less cyclical sectors such as health and education. In contrast, the current crisis is having a major impact on high-employment services, such as restaurants and hospitality. During the pandemic, most countries around the world decided to close schools and kindergartens. This has dramatically increased the need for child care. In addition, childcare provided by grandparents is currently not recommended due to higher mortality rates among the elderly, and due to social distancing measures, sharing childcare with neighbors and friends is also very limited. Thus, most families have no choice but to take care of their children on their own. Due to the existing division of responsibilities for child care in most families, mothers suffer more than parents. Single mothers, many of whom are both in Ukraine and abroad, and who often find themselves in a difficult economic situation, are hit hardest.

BACKGROUND: It is generally acknowledged that parent social support is an important target for intervention. To explore the specific needs of parents of young children with a significant cognitive and motor developmental delay (SDD), we aim to chart the sources and perceived sufficiency of the social support they receive. METHOD: Within the context of a broader project, 42 parents of a young child with SDD filled out a questionnaire on contextual factors, including information on social support. RESULTS: The majority of parents reported to receive (more than) sufficient support. Insufficiency is primarily reported with regard to practical support. Apart from the partner, grandparents of the child were the most common source of support. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the importance of professional support and work-life balance within this specific target group. Specific attention for practical support needs seems warranted considering the high basic care needs of these children. ispartof: Journal Of Applied Research In Intellectual Disabilities vol:35 issue:2 pages:1-6 ispartof: location:England status: Published online

OBJECTIVES: The present study aims to identify distinct types of relationships between grandparents and their adult children, measure the associations between these relationship types and depressive symptoms among grandparents, and determine whether these associations vary by grandparent status. METHOD: This study uses data from a sample of 1,196 grandparents age 51 and older from the 2014 Health and Retirement Study. Latent class analysis (LCA) is applied and identifies types of grandparent–adult children relationships. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression models are used to estimate the association between relationship types and depressive symptoms by grandparent status. RESULTS: LCA identified four grandparent-adult children relationship types: amicable, ambivalent, detached, and disharmonious. Custodial and co-parenting grandparents were most likely to report having an ambivalent relationship with their adult children. Among co-parenting and custodial grandparents, disharmonious relationships were associated with more depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Interventions are suggested to improve emotional relationships with adult children and dyadic family relationships among grandparent families.

India has a rich culture of Kutumb system, recognized as joint families. This helps the family members to sustain a life with kinship grouping living together under one roof. This type of tradition provides a healthy and sound family environment to nourish the children mentally, physically and economically in a strong manner and also get to know about values and traditions of the society from their grandparents and elders of the family (Mangal, 2010). But scenario is changing day by day due to need of the day. India is in process of becoming developed country in place of developing (lumen, 2020). Urbanization and inclusion of westernization for coping with other countries had its influence on the basic structure of the Indian family structure. The breaking down of the joint family into smaller unites, has became essential due to so many circumstances and conditions (Shaikh, 6 july 2017). Now a day’s one of the most family structure also rapidly growing up in Indian society i.e. single parent families. If we go into the deep these kinds of families also has so many genuine reasons to increase the number. Single parenthood is a phenomenon that has always been in existence and is as old as mankind. (Udisi, 2016). This study focused on the adolescent’s personality of nourished with different kind of families (single mothers, single fathers and nuclear families) in India. A total of 450 adolescents were selected purposive sampling method. For data collection three static group designs were followed by researcher i.e. single Mother (150), Single father (150) and intact families (150). Research tool for Data collection is R.B. Cattell and revised by Mahesh Bhargva’s 16 PF scale. As statistical technique ANOVA were used for analysis.

Nowadays, grandparents are still involved in the care of grandchildren.This study aims to gain a deep understanding of the experience of older adults while caring their grandchildren with special needs. Researchers use a phenomenological approach to explore the experience based on awareness that occurs in some individuals. The paticipants involved in this study were six older adults. Data collected by indepth intreview and analyzed by Collazi method. All participants have grandchildren who attended school for special need children. in Surabaya city. This study showed all participants responded positively and received related to involvement in taking care grandchildren.In addition, there were feelings experienced such as happiness, sadness and annoyance when they caring grandchildren with special needs. The decision to being a part in caring the grancdhildren came from themselves and the discussions with both parents. Most of the activities with grandchildren were spending time together. The other activities were participate in social activities, take care of the household, read the Koran and help grandchildren to perform daily activities. However, all participants complained of being tired and this condition can be solved by seeing grandchildren’s happiness. They believed that grandchildren care is better with grandmothers / grandfathers than with servants. It can be concluded that the experiences of the older adult taking care grandchildren are very varied and positive for the older adults. Further researchers are advised to continue and explore more detail about the psychological influence of grandparents who taking care their grandchildren with special needs.

The benefits of routines for children have been consistently demonstrated in previous literature. However, factors that may confer risks for child routines have seldom been examined, particularly in families where parents and grandparents co-care the children. This study aimed to investigate the associations of parents' and grandparents' depressive symptoms with preschoolers' daily routines in Chinese three-generation families and to determine whether household chaos mediated or moderated the associations. The participants were from 171 urban three-generation families where mothers, fathers, and grandmothers (97 paternal and 74 maternal) were primary caregivers. Mothers, fathers, and grandmothers reported their depressive symptoms at Wave 1; at Wave 2 (during the COVID-19 pandemic), caregivers reported household chaos and child routines. The results revealed that child routines were negatively predicted by parents' joint depressive symptoms rather than grandmothers' depressive symptoms. In the associations, household chaos acted as a mediator rather than a moderator. Specifically, household chaos marginally mediated the associations between parents' and grandmothers' depressive symptoms and child routines only in maternal three-generation families. These findings suggest that in three-generation families, caregivers with more depressive symptoms may elicit more chaotic family environments, which may in turn compromise their children's daily routines.

In 2011, significant reforms to Canada’s Family Class for immigration began with the freezing of applications for parent and grandparent sponsorship. In May 2013, a package of reforms to the Family Class was proposed, which would impose more stringent conditions for the sponsorship of parents, grandparents, and dependent children under the Family Class. In response, a coalition of civic stakeholders in Ontario mobilized through the “My Canada Includes All Families” campaign to lobby Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) to stop the implementation of these changes. This paper analyzes the package of reforms and explores the impacts that past and proposed reforms might have upon the value of the family unit in Canada. This paper aims to support the “My Canada Includes All Families” campaign by presenting practical research to illustrate the benefits that parents, grandparents, and family reunification have for the Canadian social fabric in terms of social capital. Key words: policy reform, family reunification, social capital, economic rationale, racialization

Ten years ago, I set out to study the ways in which Finnish children encounter the past. Back then, I found that parents and grandparents play an important role as sources of historical knowledge. In early 2020, I duplicated the same interview study with 78 children between 10 and 12years of age. Despite the changes in media culture, looking at photographs and visiting historical sites together with family have retained their relevance as historical activities. Storytelling through family mementos is also commonplace. Although the historical discourse of families revolves around everyday topics, the Finnish wars of 1939–1945 are still strongly present in historical storytelling. Against the backdrop of their parents’ and grandparents’ lives, children perceive history as a progress narrative, which inspires them to believe in their nation’s and their own future success. In this article, I explore the significance of family reminiscing for children’s historical consciousness. Ten years ago, I set out to study the ways in which Finnish children encounter the past. Back then, I found that parents and grandparents play an important role as sources of historical knowledge. In early 2020, I duplicated the same interview study with 78 children between 10 and 12years of age. Despite the changes in media culture, looking at photographs and visiting historical sites together with family have retained their relevance as historical activities. Storytelling through family mementos is also commonplace. Although the historical discourse of families revolves around everyday topics, the Finnish wars of 1939–1945 are still strongly present in historical storytelling. Against the backdrop of their parents’ and grandparents’ lives, children perceive history as a progress narrative, which inspires them to believe in their nation’s and their own future success. In this article, I explore the significance of family reminiscing for children’s historical consciousness.

The migration of parents or children may bring risks to children’s academic performance, but intergenerational effects on the academic performance of migrant workers’ children have been underexplored. This study aims to investigate how grandparents’ socioeconomic status (G1) and parents’ proximal and distal socioeconomic status (G2) influence the academic performance of migrant workers’ children (G3) and the corresponding impacts on the academic performance of migrant and left-behind children. The data used in this study were collected from a survey of 2017 migrant workers conducted in 13 districts and cities of 7 provinces of China in 2014. The results of ordered logistic regression models indicate that G1 grandparent socioeconomic status is positively associated with G2 academic performance and education level. Similarly, G2 parental academic performance and education level are positively linked to G3 academic performance. Parental distal academic performance and education level play an important role in G3 academic performance, but grandparents’ socioeconomic status is not significantly associated with G3 academic performance while controlling for both G1 and G2 variables. In addition, the influence of grandparents’ and parents’ socioeconomic status differs between migrant and left-behind children. Grandparent and parental occupation status only have a significant impact on left-behind children. The educational reproduction of migrant workers’ children has different logics among migrant and left-behind children. Further policies and social services are required to improve the development of migrant workers’ children.

In adolescence precisely puberty. Teens suffer hard times, so need for an effort to teenagers to be able to control yourself from negative acts. The aim of this study was to determine the role of parents and teachers to build on students' pengendalian diri. The theory used is the role of theory. The basic perspective of this theory is that behavior is shaped by the roles assigned by society for individuals to carry it out. and the theory of social interaction. According to Goffman that one of the basic rules of social intearksi is a commitment of mutual reciprocity between the individuals involved regarding the role (role) to be played. This research is qualitative with case study approach in SMPN 4 Pandeglang. As the sample of the research are the students of class VIII which are taken 3 categories based on the students' achievement, discipline, and behavior in each class, that is Baik, Midle, Kurang, The next sample is parents of the studied student, and PAI teacher at SMP N 4 Pandeglang. In collecting the data the researchers used the method of observation, interview, and documentation. The results of this study indicate the existence of truth theory with facts that occur in the field, namely students who belong to the category Kurang. Not get the role of her parents, some are due to divorce factors, living with grandparents, living in boarding schools, and others. In this study the contributing parties include: PAI Teachers SMPN 4 PAndeglang, Students / Students Class VIII SMPN 4 Pandeglang, and Parents of students of Class VIII SMPN 4 Pandeglang.Keywords: Parents, PAI Teachers and Self Control

The conciliation between professional activities and family life is a challenge for everybody. In face of the formation of a family and, especially, with the arrival of children, role adjustments are necessary. Therefore, the goal of this study was to understand how the interaction of work and family has been described in the scientific literature, in the context of the support network in economically active couples with the arrival of their children. This is a systematic review of the literature, including articles published between 2011 and 2016. The results reveal that the woman continues as a “multitask” member, who shares her chores better with the man compared to a few years ago, especially in caring for her children. The support network is extremely important to the family in its constitution, which is represented mainly by the spouse, grandparents, and others. Coping strategies in the family/work and work/family conflict are discussed, along with the relevance of future studies with methodological rigor.

Generational overlap affects the care time demands on parents and grandparents worldwide. Here, we present the first global estimates of the experience of simultaneously having frail older parents and young children (“sandwichness”) or young grandchildren (“grandsandwichness”) for the 1970-2040 cohorts using demographic methods and microsimulations. We find that sandwichness is more prevalent in the Global South – e.g. people born in 1970 in Sub-Saharan Africa are twice as likely to be sandwiched as Europeans – but is expected to decline globally by one-third between 1970 and 2040. The Global North might have reached a peak in the simultaneous care time demands from multiple generations but the duration of the grandsandwich state will increase by up to one year in Africa and Asia. This increasing generational overlap implies more care time demands over the entire adult life course but also opens up the opportunity for the full potential of grandparenthood to materialize.

According to raising teenage parents though their abusing and neglecting children at a rural community with the ethnographic qualitative research method was surveyed. All children have protected on violence, abuse, neglect and exploitation from their teenage parents. To investigate and emphasize the consequences of violence ranged from immediate to the impact of their development on physical injury, learning ability, and local child care performance to long-term harm that caregivers carry into adult life is affected for raising children. Administration to the 89-households’ families and household memberships, 10 house stakeholders, 8 community leaders, 36 children, 65 caregivers, teenage parents and grandparents, and 3 mentors. Using the ethnographic qualitative research participatory with observation, natural conversation and in-depth interviews were randomized in rural Northeastern Region, Thailand. There are 52% of children being sexually, physically, or psychologically abused, neglected per day. Most of the teenagers’ education is poor learning skills, low academic learning achievements, and independent freedom of their sexual behaviors. These sexual intercourses between their groups are normal. Adding gambling habits among friends and adult groups are amputated without parents to dissuade. Either lifestyles as freely with sexually and gambling and the basic education are stopped, experiences’ living skills are poorly. Teenage women are changed to pregnant and young mothers. The teenage men must be searched for the job without a lack of worker’s skills to look for children with whom they are conflicted family relationships to take care.

Introduction We examined the extent to which attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder, is linked with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and any dementia, neurodegenerative diseases, across generations. Methods A nationwide cohort born between 1980 and 2001 (index persons) were linked to their biological relatives (parents, grandparents, uncles/aunts) using Swedish national registers. We used Cox models to examine the cross-generation associations. Results Among relatives of 2,132,929 index persons, 3042 parents, 171,732 grandparents, and 1369 uncles/aunts had a diagnosis of AD. Parents of individuals with ADHD had an increased risk of AD (hazard ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.26-1.89). The associations attenuated but remained elevated in grandparents and uncles/aunts. The association for early-onset AD was stronger than late-onset AD. Similar results were observed for any dementia. Discussion ADHD is associated with AD and any dementia across generations. The associations attenuated with decreasing genetic relatedness, suggesting shared familial risk between ADHD and AD.

Introduction Latino children are the fastest growing population of obese children in the United States, the most obese group of children by race and a significant disparity in childhood obesity. Extended family, often grandparents, are traditionally involved in childcare in Latino family structure, yet their influence on family health behaviors is unclear. This study explored grandparent involvement in the care of Latino children in South Texas and their possible influence on child body mass index (BMI) and family health behaviors to determine if they present an opportunity to improve child obesity treatment plans. Methods Partnering with the local school district, we surveyed parents (N = 174) and grandparents (N = 108) of 188 Latino, primary school-age children regarding grandparent care and family health behaviors. We weighed, measured, and interviewed children regarding grandparent care and their own health behaviors. Results All groups exceeded state and national obesity rates, with almost half the children in overweight or obese categories. Grandparents were routinely present in 30%-67% of the children sampled, dependent on respondent group. We found no significant relationship between grandparent involvement and child BMI, however grandparent cohabitation with the family was associated with less fast-food consumption by children (p = .001) and parents (p = .006) and healthier diet scores for children (p = .008) and grandparents (p = .004). More frequent exercise by parents (r = .33, p = .001) and grandparents (r = .25, p = .012) was associated with more frequent exercise by children. Discussion This study enhances understanding of grandparent involvement in the care of Latino children and illuminates opportunities to involve grandparents in family-focused, community-supported interventions, incorporating cultural understanding in decreasing Latino childhood obesity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This article explores the impact of grandparents’ supervision time input relative to the effect of parents’ childcare provision on children's cognitive, social and behavioral development at an early age. We identify the effects of interest through panel data estimation methods. The findings provide evidence of complementarity between parental and grandparental involvement in the child-rearing process. Specifically, grandparental care has a stronger effect than parental intervention on the vocabulary skills of the child. However, parents’ time input in the child has a larger impact than does the supervision time investment of grandparents on the socio-behavioral development and the picture similarities measure of cognitive ability of children between 3 and 6 years old.

ObjectivesThe impact of grandparenting on depression is mediated by both macro- and micro-level factors, however, their combined examination between different country contexts is relatively rare. This study examined whether country level income and grandparents’ gender influenced the relationship between the transition to grandparenthood and individuals’ depression across England, Europe and China.MethodsMulti-level linear regression analyses with restricted maximum likelihood estimation were performed covering 15 countries from the ELSA, the SHARE and the CHARLS 2010-15 in order to understand cross-country differences in this area.ResultsThis study found significant cross-national variations in the effects of transitioning to grandparenthood on individuals’ depression. Transitioning to grandparenthood reduced the depression score among both men and women in lower income countries, but increased it in higher income countries. Moreover, the gender gap in the effects of becoming a grandparent on one’s depression was wider in lower income countries than higher income countries.ConclusionsPolicymakers should pay attention to the support grandparents need, and systematically integrate childcare provided by grandparents into family policies. Policies supporting older people should take into account the way in which macro-level and micro-level factors combine to affect grandparents’ well-being.

PurposeThis article aims to explore how Japanese women with younger children changed their commitment to the labour market between 2000 and 2019 by comparing mothers in three-generation and nuclear family households.Design/methodology/approachJapan currently has the highest ageing rate in the world at nearly 30%. Since the 1990s, employment flexibilization and women's labour market participation have proceeded in parallel, and the conservative family values of the patriarchy and gender division of labour that have provided intergenerational aid for care within households have been shrinking, by conducting a descriptive analysis of the Labour Force Survey (LFS).FindingsThis study identified that a conspicuous increase in part-time employment among mothers in both household types and a decrease by half in the working mother's population in three-generation households. These results suggest that the function of inter-generational assistance by multi-generation cohabitation, which was once thought to be effective in helping working mothers with younger children, is declining.Originality/valueA study examining the transformation of mothers' employment behaviour differences between three-generation households and nuclear family households is rare. This paper makes a new contribution to the research regarding the grandparents' caregiving, household types and mothers' employment.

Conflicts within the family between representatives of different generations are considered in order to identify the most common causes and topics of conflicts between members of the same family, intergenerational relations in families. Families with representatives of three generation were interviewed: children, parents and grandparents. Questionnaires, surveys, and interviews were used to collect statistical data. Recommendations on forecasting, prevention and management of conflict situations within the family are given.

This article deals with the phenomenon of grandfamilies. It sets out to determine what the existing literature reports on the issue of grandparents in the position of surrogate parents, and to introduce the topic of grandparents as it has been examined in international sociological studies published in the past decade, thereby embedding the topic into the sociology of ageing and the sociology of the family. It also identifies key concepts and gaps in research. It employs the scoping review method, and the articles assessed in the scoping review were analysed according to their country of origin, research methods, and the concepts they employed. The articles’ research questions, goals, and recommendations for further research were divided into six categories: general characteristics, intergenerational relations, health, culture and ethnicity, wellbeing, and support. The article concludes with a summary of the research that has been done on grandfamilies in the past ten years and with recommendations for future research in this area.

Background: Research in non-genetic inheritance indicates that grandparents’ smoking habits and their childhood experiences of trauma can influence the physical and psychological attributes of their grandchildren. This was particularly apparent for outcomes such as autism and obesity where the population prevalence changed over time. Other factors which have changed temporally include religious and spiritual beliefs (RSBs) which have been declining in Western populations.Methods: We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to explore whether grandparental exposures were associated with the religious and/or spiritual beliefs of their grandchildren as measured with a positive response to the question “Do you believe in God or some divine power?” . In line with other inter/trans-generational human studies we hypothesised that: (H1) grandparents’ childhood exposures to cigarette smoking (whether in utero or by active smoking) and/or exposure to traumatic events during childhood will be associated with their grandchild’s RSB; (H2) associations will differ between maternal and paternal lines of inheritance; (H3) relationships will vary with age at grandparental exposure, and (H4) associations will differ between grandsons and granddaughters.Results: We found significant associations between the grandchild’s RSB and both the grandparents’ smoking and their childhood trauma histories (H1 supported). These associations were mainly found down the maternal line (H2 possibly supported) and results varied with age of exposure of the grandparents; being strongest for in utero exposure of cigarette smoke and for pre-puberty exposure of traumatic events (H3 supported), and that granddaughters were more affected than grandsons (H4 supported).Conclusions: We hope that these results will motivate collection of similar data to further evaluate these questions in other populations, including a possible role for biological mechanisms.

This article examines individuals’ attitudes toward the involvement of grandparents in family issues in Hong Kong. While existing studies have largely focused on the nature and types of grandparents’ involvement in childcare, it is worth conducting a quantitative investigation of the attitudes in the general population about grandparental involvement. Drawing on the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 waves of the Family Surveys, the study examined the trend in attitudes toward grandparental involvement with 8932 HK residents. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to assess individual and family relationship factors associated with the attitudes toward grandparental involvement. Results show that although most people held positive attitudes toward grandparental involvement, there was a significant drop in the agreement with grandparental involvement in 2017 across all age groups. The findings imply that intergenerational support tends to be weakened in HK in recent years. Involving grandparents in family issues in HK was more likely to be need-driven rather than value-driven, as parent respondents had relatively more positive attitudes toward grandparental involvement compared with non-parents. Positive family and intergenerational relationships were significantly associated with the positive attitudes toward grandparental involvement. Policymakers and service providers should recognize the changes in people’s attitudes toward family lives and provide appropriate support such as family counselling, (grand)parenting programs and childcare support to promote the wellbeing of families and older adults.

Child and adolescent violence towards grandparent kinship carers is a significant and yet under-researched phenomenon. This study draws on data from thirty-six in-depth interviews which include grandparent carers who are experiencing such violence, and professionals from a range of backgrounds whose work intersects with this problem. The study highlights how the kinship care context shapes the violence, its impacts and, in turn, carers’ help-seeking practices. The findings highlight that social workers must better understand the barriers that prevent grandparent kinship carers from asking for help, and improve their responses to such requests. Recommendations for social work practice include asking the right questions, engaging in effective risk assessment, taking a trauma-informed approach, avoiding the language of coercion and improving its response to grandparents’ own articulated support needs.

Perhaps we have heard that wealthy families will bring up rich children because they are used to being rich. Similarly, some consider that a person becomes a businessman because his fathers, grandparents, and most of his family are descendants of businessmen. This opinion is true and hard to deny because of the environment and lifestyle of the family. But, being an entrepreneur is certainly the right of all human beings. The first step we can take to grow our interest in entrepreneurship is to grow the entrepreneurial spirit in us. There are many ways that can be done, for example through formal education, through entrepreneurship seminars, through training, and self-taught. However, it is not so lucky for the people of Tanjung Gundap, because the people of Tanjung Gundap still have a little formal education. Therefore, to foster entrepreneurial interest in the community Tanjung Gundap RT 02 / RW 01 is to provide counseling, coaching to the community about entrepreneurship so that the community can be motivated to have a business so as to earn additional income. Considering the main source of income of tanjung gundap people is from seafood. If there is no catch of fish, then it is likely that no money is taken home to meet the needs of daily life.

Remembering my childhood days when I used to enjoy my summer and winter vacations with my maternal grandparents and those were one of the best memories of my life which are unforgettable. We all family members have a lot of fun, joy, and happiness with each other and my grandma used to narrate us beautiful stories; which cannot ever be replaced with today‟s era of technology. Family is the pillar in building up a child, where elements of love, care, feel, security, trust, are the building blocks. Family is the first place of socialization for a child where he/she learns culture, moral values, traditions, customs, etiquettes, and behaviour which gives a child a life direction. There are different types of family structure in our Indian society nuclear, joint and extended family in these every epoch has their own true stories in which they have enjoyed a lot and has their wonderful flashback memories and at the time when they don‟t have any social media or smartphone but they all are very excited, full of life, enjoyable, hard-working and living to the fullest. On contrary, when coming to network society children just loves social media from starting of the day till a good night virtual message is the most essential task of today‟s generation which they feel is their world where they have hundreds of virtual friends but no one to share their thoughts and feelings which makes them feel isolated from others, depressed and lost, frustrated and low when they are said to do anything and emotionless because they are lost in their own virtual world.Keywords: family, culture, social media, nuclear family, virtual life.

Grandparents play an important role in the upbringing of grandchildren and face increased levels of stress. Using family stress theory, the present study examined the effectiveness of service programs for grandparents raising grandchildren. Data were collected through focus group interviews and audiotaped from a sample of four custodial grandparents living in Ohio U.S.A. To better understand grandparents that are raising their grandchildren, we asked the following questions: 1) What support is needed for grandparents raising grandchildren? 2) At what stage is the support needed: beginning, middle or late stages of caregiving? 3) What are grandparent caregivers’ perceptions of service programs? The audiotape was transcribed verbatim and analyzed for themes relevant to the research questions. The findings from these questions are examined and implications discussed.

Recent decades were characterized by genetic selection of broiler and layer chickens for enhanced growth rate and meat yield or intensified egg production, respectively. It is to be expected that genetic selection for various traits would also influence embryo development. The effects of different strains of chickens on egg weight, stage of blastoderm, variation of the blastoderm development and Pearson correlation between egg weight and stage of blastoderm at oviposition were studied in the current study. Hatching eggs were randomly collected from three layer chicken lines (Layer-1, Layer-2, and Layer-3) raised in Poultry Research Institute, and two broiler grandparent flocks (Female and Male) from Aviagen Anadolu. The age of all chicken lines was 36 week. A total of 30 eggs in each line were used, and egg weight and the blastoderm development of the embryos were determined at oviposition time. At the end of the research, significant difference in egg weights (P 0.05). The mean stage of blastoderm development in male grandparent line eggs significantly lower than other four genetic lines (P 0.05). It can be concluded that genetic selection affects not only production traits but also developmental pattern of the embryos in the oviduct. Hence, it may be beneficial to adjust storage condition according to the line being used.

Objective: We examine whether parental death differentially affects educational and occupational attainment by the socioeconomic status of the parent who dies and the socioeconomic status of the surviving parent and extended kin. Background: An extensive literature has explored the main effect of parental death on offspring attainment, but few studies have examined socioeconomic differentials in the impact of parental death. Understanding the potential role of socioeconomic resources in compensating for disadvantage is important for understanding whether parental death, and disadvantageous events more generally, have an equalizing or exacerbating effect on socioeconomic differences in offspring socioeconomic attainment. Method: Using Swedish population register data on cohorts born 1973—1982 we examine grade point average at age 16, the transition from lower to upper-secondary education, the transition to tertiary education, overall educational attainment, and occupational status by age 30. We match families using antemortem parental socioeconomic trajectories. We also employ sibling fixed effects models. Results: We observe inconsistent results in our between-family regression analyses adjusting for observables. In sibling fixed effects models, we see zero results for moderation by parents’ occupations. Conclusion: We find little clear or convincing evidence that there are socioeconomic differentials in the impact of parental death in Sweden.​ Implications: The Swedish welfare state may reduce socioeconomic differentials in the impact of parental death. However, the lack of socioeconomic variation may also be influenced by factors such as compensatory agency.