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1. U.S. Trends in Adolescent Substance Use and Conduct Problems and Their Relation to Trends in Unstructured In-Person Socializing With Peers

Author

Borodovsky, J.T., Krueger, R.F., Agrawal, A., Elbanna, B., de Looze, Margreet, Grucza, R.A., Leerstoel Finkenauer, and Youth in Changing Cultural Contexts

Subjects
Substance abuse, Multivariate modeling, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Substance-Related Disorders, Epidemiology, Factor structure, Article, Peer Group, 03 medical and health sciences, Risk-Taking, 0302 clinical medicine, Adolescent substance, 030225 pediatrics, Juvenile delinquency, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, National trends, Social Behavior, Delinquency, Risk behavior, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, Psychiatry and Mental health, Adolescent Behavior, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Unstructured socializing, Monitoring the Future, Psychology, Demography
Abstract

Purpose This study examined whether national trends in unstructured in-person socializing with peers (i.e., socializing without goals or supervision) among adolescents could help explain recent declines in adolescent risk behaviors (e.g., substance use, fighting, theft). Methods The sample contained of 44,842 U.S. 12th-grade students (aged 17–18 years) from the Monitoring the Future survey (years 1999–2017). Analyses examined (1) prevalence trends, (2) latent factor structure of risk behaviors and unstructured in-person socializing, and (3) whether trends in the unstructured in-person socializing factor accounted for the relationship between time (i.e., survey year) and the risk behavior factor. Results Adolescent risk behaviors and unstructured in-person socializing declined by approximately 30% in the U.S., and both formed coherent latent factors. After adjusting for sociodemographics, declines in unstructured in-person socializing accounted for approximately 86% of declines in risk behaviors. Conclusions The prevalence of risk behaviors and unstructured in-person socializing behaviors declined among U.S. 12th graders from 1999 to 2017. It is unknown whether such effects are directly causal and/or influenced by unmeasured variables. However, the results provide evidence that national declines in unstructured in-person socializing are a likely component of the explanation for national declines in adolescent risk behaviors.

Published
2021

2. Shared genetic risk between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes: Evidence from genome-wide association studies

Author

Munn-Chernoff, M.A. Johnson, E.C. Chou, Y.-L. Coleman, J.R.I. Thornton, L.M. Walters, R.K. Yilmaz, Z. Baker, J.H. Hübel, C. Gordon, S. Medland, S.E. Watson, H.J. Gaspar, H.A. Bryois, J. Hinney, A. Leppä, V.M. Mattheisen, M. Ripke, S. Yao, S. Giusti-Rodríguez, P. Hanscombe, K.B. Adan, R.A.H. Alfredsson, L. Ando, T. Andreassen, O.A. Berrettini, W.H. Boehm, I. Boni, C. Boraska Perica, V. Buehren, K. Burghardt, R. Cassina, M. Cichon, S. Clementi, M. Cone, R.D. Courtet, P. Crow, S. Crowley, J.J. Danner, U.N. Davis, O.S.P. de Zwaan, M. Dedoussis, G. Degortes, D. DeSocio, J.E. Dick, D.M. Dikeos, D. Dina, C. Dmitrzak-Weglarz, M. Docampo, E. Duncan, L.E. Egberts, K. Ehrlich, S. Escaramís, G. Esko, T. Estivill, X. Farmer, A. Favaro, A. Fernández-Aranda, F. Fichter, M.M. Fischer, K. Föcker, M. Foretova, L. Forstner, A.J. Forzan, M. Franklin, C.S. Gallinger, S. Giegling, I. Giuranna, J. Gonidakis, F. Gorwood, P. Gratacos Mayora, M. Guillaume, S. Guo, Y. Hakonarson, H. Hatzikotoulas, K. Hauser, J. Hebebrand, J. Helder, S.G. Herms, S. Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. Herzog, W. Huckins, L.M. Hudson, J.I. Imgart, H. Inoko, H. Janout, V. Jiménez-Murcia, S. Julià, A. Kalsi, G. Kaminská, D. Karhunen, L. Karwautz, A. Kas, M.J.H. Kennedy, J.L. Keski-Rahkonen, A. Kiezebrink, K. Kim, Y.-R. Klump, K.L. Knudsen, G.P.S. La Via, M.C. Le Hellard, S. Levitan, R.D. Li, D. Lilenfeld, L. Lin, B.D. Lissowska, J. Luykx, J. Magistretti, P.J. Maj, M. Mannik, K. Marsal, S. Marshall, C.R. Mattingsdal, M. McDevitt, S. McGuffin, P. Metspalu, A. Meulenbelt, I. Micali, N. Mitchell, K. Monteleone, A.M. Monteleone, P. Nacmias, B. Navratilova, M. Ntalla, I. O'Toole, J.K. Ophoff, R.A. Padyukov, L. Palotie, A. Pantel, J. Papezova, H. Pinto, D. Rabionet, R. Raevuori, A. Ramoz, N. Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. Ricca, V. Ripatti, S. Ritschel, F. Roberts, M. Rotondo, A. Rujescu, D. Rybakowski, F. Santonastaso, P. Scherag, A. Scherer, S.W. Schmidt, U. Schork, N.J. Schosser, A. Seitz, J. Slachtova, L. Slagboom, P.E. Slof-Op't Landt, M.C.T. Slopien, A. Sorbi, S. Świątkowska, B. Szatkiewicz, J.P. Tachmazidou, I. Tenconi, E. Tortorella, A. Tozzi, F. Treasure, J. Tsitsika, A. Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor, M. Tziouvas, K. van Elburg, A.A. van Furth, E.F. Wagner, G. Walton, E. Widen, E. Zeggini, E. Zerwas, S. Zipfel, S. Bergen, A.W. Boden, J.M. Brandt, H. Crawford, S. Halmi, K.A. Horwood, L.J. Johnson, C. Kaplan, A.S. Kaye, W.H. Mitchell, J. Olsen, C.M. Pearson, J.F. Pedersen, N.L. Strober, M. Werge, T. Whiteman, D.C. Woodside, D.B. Grove, J. Henders, A.K. Larsen, J.T. Parker, R. Petersen, L.V. Jordan, J. Kennedy, M.A. Birgegård, A. Lichtenstein, P. Norring, C. Landén, M. Mortensen, P.B. Polimanti, R. McClintick, J.N. Adkins, A.E. Aliev, F. Bacanu, S.-A. Batzler, A. Bertelsen, S. Biernacka, J.M. Bigdeli, T.B. Chen, L.-S. Clarke, T.-K. Degenhardt, F. Docherty, A.R. Edwards, A.C. Foo, J.C. Fox, L. Frank, J. Hack, L.M. Hartmann, A.M. Hartz, S.M. Heilmann-Heimbach, S. Hodgkinson, C. Hoffmann, P. Hottenga, J.-J. Konte, B. Lahti, J. Lahti-Pulkkinen, M. Lai, D. Ligthart, L. Loukola, A. Maher, B.S. Mbarek, H. McIntosh, A.M. McQueen, M.B. Meyers, J.L. Milaneschi, Y. Palviainen, T. Peterson, R.E. Ryu, E. Saccone, N.L. Salvatore, J.E. Sanchez-Roige, S. Schwandt, M. Sherva, R. Streit, F. Strohmaier, J. Thomas, N. Wang, J.-C. Webb, B.T. Wedow, R. Wetherill, L. Wills, A.G. Zhou, H. Boardman, J.D. Chen, D. Choi, D.-S. Copeland, W.E. Culverhouse, R.C. Dahmen, N. Degenhardt, L. Domingue, B.W. Frye, M.A. Gäebel, W. Hayward, C. Ising, M. Keyes, M. Kiefer, F. Koller, G. Kramer, J. Kuperman, S. Lucae, S. Lynskey, M.T. Maier, W. Mann, K. Männistö, S. Müller-Myhsok, B. Murray, A.D. Nurnberger, J.I. Preuss, U. Räikkönen, K. Reynolds, M.D. Ridinger, M. Scherbaum, N. Schuckit, M.A. Soyka, M. Treutlein, J. Witt, S.H. Wodarz, N. Zill, P. Adkins, D.E. Boomsma, D.I. Bierut, L.J. Brown, S.A. Bucholz, K.K. Costello, E.J. de Wit, H. Diazgranados, N. Eriksson, J.G. Farrer, L.A. Foroud, T.M. Gillespie, N.A. Goate, A.M. Goldman, D. Grucza, R.A. Hancock, D.B. Harris, K.M. Hesselbrock, V. Hewitt, J.K. Hopfer, C.J. Iacono, W.G. Johnson, E.O. Karpyak, V.M. Kendler, K.S. Kranzler, H.R. Krauter, K. Lind, P.A. McGue, M. MacKillop, J. Madden, P.A.F. Maes, H.H. Magnusson, P.K.E. Nelson, E.C. Nöthen, M.M. Palmer, A.A. Penninx, B.W.J.H. Porjesz, B. Rice, J.P. Rietschel, M. Riley, B.P. Rose, R.J. Shen, P.-H. Silberg, J. Stallings, M.C. Tarter, R.E. Vanyukov, M.M. Vrieze, S. Wall, T.L. Whitfield, J.B. Zhao, H. Neale, B.M. Wade, T.D. Heath, A.C. Montgomery, G.W. Martin, N.G. Sullivan, P.F. Kaprio, J. Breen, G. Gelernter, J. Edenberg, H.J. Bulik, C.M. Agrawal, A.

Subjects
mental disorders
Abstract

Eating disorders and substance use disorders frequently co-occur. Twin studies reveal shared genetic variance between liabilities to eating disorders and substance use, with the strongest associations between symptoms of bulimia nervosa and problem alcohol use (genetic correlation [rg], twin-based = 0.23-0.53). We estimated the genetic correlation between eating disorder and substance use and disorder phenotypes using data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Four eating disorder phenotypes (anorexia nervosa [AN], AN with binge eating, AN without binge eating, and a bulimia nervosa factor score), and eight substance-use-related phenotypes (drinks per week, alcohol use disorder [AUD], smoking initiation, current smoking, cigarettes per day, nicotine dependence, cannabis initiation, and cannabis use disorder) from eight studies were included. Significant genetic correlations were adjusted for variants associated with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Total study sample sizes per phenotype ranged from ~2400 to ~537 000 individuals. We used linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate single nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic correlations between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes. Significant positive genetic associations emerged between AUD and AN (rg = 0.18; false discovery rate q = 0.0006), cannabis initiation and AN (rg = 0.23; q < 0.0001), and cannabis initiation and AN with binge eating (rg = 0.27; q = 0.0016). Conversely, significant negative genetic correlations were observed between three nondiagnostic smoking phenotypes (smoking initiation, current smoking, and cigarettes per day) and AN without binge eating (rgs = −0.19 to −0.23; qs < 0.04). The genetic correlation between AUD and AN was no longer significant after co-varying for major depressive disorder loci. The patterns of association between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes highlights the potentially complex and substance-specific relationships among these behaviors. © 2020 Society for the Study of Addiction

Published
2021

4. Expanding the genetic architecture of nicotine dependence and its shared genetics with multiple traits

Author

Quach, B.C., Bray, M.J., Gaddis, N.C., Liu, M., Palviainen, T., Minica, C.C., Zellers, S., Sherva, R., Aliev, F., Nothnagel, M., Young, K.A., Marks, J., Young, H., Guo, Y., Waldrop, A., Sey, N., Landi, M.T., McNeil, D.W., Farrer, L.A., Markunas, C.A., Vink, J.M., Hottenga, J.J., Iacono, W.G., Kranzler, H.R., Saccone, N.L., Neale, M.C., Madden, P.A.F., Rietschel, M., Marazita, M.L., McGue, M.K., Won, H., Winterer, G., Grucza, R.A., Dick, D.M., Gelernter, J., Caporaso, N.E., Baker, T.B., Boomsma, D.I., Kaprio, J., Hokanson, J.E., Vrieze, S., Bierut, L.J., Johnson, E.O., Hancock, D.B., Quach, B.C., Bray, M.J., Gaddis, N.C., Liu, M., Palviainen, T., Minica, C.C., Zellers, S., Sherva, R., Aliev, F., Nothnagel, M., Young, K.A., Marks, J., Young, H., Guo, Y., Waldrop, A., Sey, N., Landi, M.T., McNeil, D.W., Farrer, L.A., Markunas, C.A., Vink, J.M., Hottenga, J.J., Iacono, W.G., Kranzler, H.R., Saccone, N.L., Neale, M.C., Madden, P.A.F., Rietschel, M., Marazita, M.L., McGue, M.K., Won, H., Winterer, G., Grucza, R.A., Dick, D.M., Gelernter, J., Caporaso, N.E., Baker, T.B., Boomsma, D.I., Kaprio, J., Hokanson, J.E., Vrieze, S., Bierut, L.J., Johnson, E.O., and Hancock, D.B.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 276901.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Genetic variation contributes to initiation, regular smoking, nicotine dependence, and cessation. We present a Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)-based genome-wide association study in 58,000 European or African ancestry smokers. We observe five genome-wide significant loci, including previously unreported loci MAGI2/GNAI1 (rs2714700) and TENM2 (rs1862416), and extend loci reported for other smoking traits to nicotine dependence. Using the heaviness of smoking index from UK Biobank (N = 33,791), rs2714700 is consistently associated; rs1862416 is not associated, likely reflecting nicotine dependence features not captured by the heaviness of smoking index. Both variants influence nearby gene expression (rs2714700/MAGI2-AS3 in hippocampus; rs1862416/TENM2 in lung), and expression of genes spanning nicotine dependence-associated variants is enriched in cerebellum. Nicotine dependence (SNP-based heritability = 8.6%) is genetically correlated with 18 other smoking traits (rg = 0.40–1.09) and co-morbidities. Our results highlight nicotine dependence-specific loci, emphasizing the FTND as a composite phenotype that expands genetic knowledge of smoking

Published
2020

5. Meta-analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Extraversion: Findings from the Genetics of Personality Consortium

Author

Berg, S.M. van den, Moor, M.H. de, Verweij, K.J., Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M., Arias Vasquez, A., Matteson, L.K., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Amin, N., Gordon, S.D., Hansell, N.K., Hart, A.B., Seppala, I., Huffman, J.E., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Lee (Helen Dowling Instituut), M. van der, Miller, M., Nutile, T., Tanaka, T., Teumer, A., Viktorin, A., Wedenoja, J., Abdellaoui, A., Abecasis, G.R., Adkins, D.E., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Appel, K., Bigdeli, T.B., Busonero, F., Campbell, H., Costa, P.T., Smith, G.D., Davies, G., Wit, H. de, Ding, J., Engelhardt, B.E., Eriksson, J.G., Fedko, I.O., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Giegling, I., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heinonen, K., Henders, A.K., Homuth, G., Hottenga, J.J., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J.G., Jokela, M., Karlsson, R., Kemp, J.P., Kirkpatrick, M.G., Latvala, A., Lehtimaki, T., Liewald, D.C., Madden, P.A., Magri, C., Magnusson, P.K., Marten, J., Maschio, A., Mbarek, H., Medland, S.E., Mihailov, E., Milaneschi, Y., Montgomery, G.W., Nauck, M., Nivard, M.G., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pettersson, E., Polasek, O., Qian, Y., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O., Slutske, W.S., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Pourcain, B. St, Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J., Trochet, H., Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Wouda, J., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Porteous, D., Minelli, A., Palmer, A.A., Rujescu, D., et al., Berg, S.M. van den, Moor, M.H. de, Verweij, K.J., Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M., Arias Vasquez, A., Matteson, L.K., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Amin, N., Gordon, S.D., Hansell, N.K., Hart, A.B., Seppala, I., Huffman, J.E., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Lee (Helen Dowling Instituut), M. van der, Miller, M., Nutile, T., Tanaka, T., Teumer, A., Viktorin, A., Wedenoja, J., Abdellaoui, A., Abecasis, G.R., Adkins, D.E., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Appel, K., Bigdeli, T.B., Busonero, F., Campbell, H., Costa, P.T., Smith, G.D., Davies, G., Wit, H. de, Ding, J., Engelhardt, B.E., Eriksson, J.G., Fedko, I.O., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Giegling, I., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heinonen, K., Henders, A.K., Homuth, G., Hottenga, J.J., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J.G., Jokela, M., Karlsson, R., Kemp, J.P., Kirkpatrick, M.G., Latvala, A., Lehtimaki, T., Liewald, D.C., Madden, P.A., Magri, C., Magnusson, P.K., Marten, J., Maschio, A., Mbarek, H., Medland, S.E., Mihailov, E., Milaneschi, Y., Montgomery, G.W., Nauck, M., Nivard, M.G., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pettersson, E., Polasek, O., Qian, Y., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O., Slutske, W.S., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Pourcain, B. St, Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J., Trochet, H., Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Wouda, J., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Porteous, D., Minelli, A., Palmer, A.A., Rujescu, D., and et al.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 166013.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Extraversion is a relatively stable and heritable personality trait associated with numerous psychosocial, lifestyle and health outcomes. Despite its substantial heritability, no genetic variants have been detected in previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies, which may be due to relatively small sample sizes of those studies. Here, we report on a large meta-analysis of GWA studies for extraversion in 63,030 subjects in 29 cohorts. Extraversion item data from multiple personality inventories were harmonized across inventories and cohorts. No genome-wide significant associations were found at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level but there was one significant hit at the gene level for a long non-coding RNA site (LOC101928162). Genome-wide complex trait analysis in two large cohorts showed that the additive variance explained by common SNPs was not significantly different from zero, but polygenic risk scores, weighted using linkage information, significantly predicted extraversion scores in an independent cohort. These results show that extraversion is a highly polygenic personality trait, with an architecture possibly different from other complex human traits, including other personality traits. Future studies are required to further determine which genetic variants, by what modes of gene action, constitute the heritable nature of extraversion.

Published
2016

6. Cannabis involvement and nonsuicidal self-injury: A discordant twin approach

Author

Few, L.R., Grant, J.D., Nelson, E.C., Trull, T.J., Grucza, R.A., Bucholz, K.K., Verweij, K.J.H., Martin, N.G., Statham, D.J., Madden, P.A.F., Heath, A.C., Lynskey, M.T., Agrawal, A., Few, L.R., Grant, J.D., Nelson, E.C., Trull, T.J., Grucza, R.A., Bucholz, K.K., Verweij, K.J.H., Martin, N.G., Statham, D.J., Madden, P.A.F., Heath, A.C., Lynskey, M.T., and Agrawal, A.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext, OBJECTIVE: Cannabis use, particularly at an early age, has been linked to suicidal thoughts and behavior, but minimal work has examined the association between cannabis use and lifetime nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The current study aims to characterize the overlap between lifetime and early cannabis use and NSSI and to examine genetic and environmental mechanisms of this association. METHOD: Adult male and female twins from the Australian Twin Registry (N = 9,583) were used to examine the odds of NSSI associated with lifetime cannabis use and early cannabis use (i.e., <17 years of age). These associations were also examined within monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for cannabis use and MZ twins discordant for early cannabis use. Analyses were replicated in an independent sample of female twins (n = 3,787) accounting for the age at onset of cannabis use and NSSI. RESULTS: Lifetime cannabis use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.84, 95% CI [2.23, 3.61]) and early cannabis use were associated with increased odds of NSSI (OR = 2.15, 95% CI [1.75, 2.65]), and this association remained when accounting for covariates. The association was only significant, however, in MZ twin pairs discordant for early cannabis use (OR = 3.20, 95% CI [1.17, 8.73]). Replication analyses accounting for the temporal ordering of cannabis use and NSSI yielded similar findings of nominal significance. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that NSSI is associated with cannabis involvement via differing mechanisms. For lifetime cannabis use, the lack of association in discordant pairs suggests the role of shared genes and family environment. However, in addition to such shared familial influences, person-specific and putatively causal factors contribute to the relationship between early cannabis use and NSSI. Therefore, delaying the onset of cannabis use may reduce exposure to influences that exacerbate vulnerabilities to NSSI.

Published
2016

7. Harmonization of Neuroticism and Extraversion phenotypes across inventories and cohorts in the Genetics of Personality Consortium: an application of Item Response Theory

Author

van den Berg, S.M., de Moor, M.H.M., McGue, M., Pettersson, E., Terracciano, A., Verweij, C.J.H., Amin, N., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Grootheest, G., Hansell, N.K., Huffman, J., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Luciano, M., Matteson, L.K., Viktorin, A., Wouda, J., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Bierut, L.J., Broms, U., Campbell, H., Smith, G.D., Eriksson, J.G., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Fox, J.P., de Geus, E.J.C., Giegling, I., Gow, A. J., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heikkilä, K., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J., Jokela, M, Kiemeney, L., Lehtimäki, T., Madden, P.A.F., Magnusson, P.K.E., Northstone, K., Nutile, T., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pattie, A., Pesonen, A.K., Pulkki-Råback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Seppälä, I., Slutske, W.S., Smyth, D.C., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Sutin, A.R., Tanaka, T., Verhagen, J, Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Willemsen, G., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Rujescu, D., Metspalu, A., Wilson, J.F., Ciullo, M., Hayward, C., Rudan, I., Deary, I.J., Räikkönen, K., Arias-Vasquez, A., Costa, P.T., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L., van Duijn, C.M., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Krueger, R.F., Evans, D.M., Kaprio, J., Pedersen, N.L., Martin, N.G., Boomsma, D.I., Biological Psychology, Clinical Child and Family Studies, EMGO+ - Mental Health, Psychiatry, and EMGO - Mental health

Subjects
Netherlands Twin Register (NTR)
Abstract

Mega- or meta-analytic studies (e.g. genome-wide association studies) are increasingly used in behavior genetics. An issue in such studies is that phenotypes are often measured by different instruments across study cohorts, requiring harmonization of measures so that more powerful fixed effect meta-analyses can be employed. Within the Genetics of Personality Consortium, we demonstrate for two clinically relevant personality traits, Neuroticism and Extraversion, how Item-Response Theory (IRT) can be applied to map item data from different inventories to the same underlying constructs. Personality item data were analyzed in >160,000 individuals from 23 cohorts across Europe, USA and Australia in which Neuroticism and Extraversion were assessed by nine different personality inventories. Results showed that harmonization was very successful for most personality inventories and moderately successful for some. Neuroticism and Extraversion inventories were largely measurement invariant across cohorts, in particular when comparing cohorts from countries where the same language is spoken. The IRT-based scores for Neuroticism and Extraversion were heritable (48 and 49 %, respectively, based on a meta-analysis of six twin cohorts, total N = 29,496 and 29,501 twin pairs, respectively) with a significant part of the heritability due to non-additive genetic factors. For Extraversion, these genetic factors qualitatively differ across sexes. We showed that our IRT method can lead to a large increase in sample size and therefore statistical power. The IRT approach may be applied to any mega- or meta-analytic study in which item-based behavioral measures need to be harmonized. © 2014 The Author(s).

Published
2014

8. Meta-analysis of Genome-wide Association Studies for Neuroticism, and the Polygenic Association With Major Depressive Disorder

Author

Moor, M.H. de, Berg, S.M. van den, Verweij, K.J., Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M., Arias Vasquez, A., Matteson, L.K., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Amin, N., Gordon, S.D., Hansell, N.K., Hart, A.B., Seppala, I., Huffman, J.E., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Lee (Helen Dowling Instituut), M. van der, Miller, M., Nutile, T., Tanaka, T., Teumer, A., Viktorin, A., Wedenoja, J., Abecasis, G.R., Adkins, D.E., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Appel, K., Bigdeli, T.B., Busonero, F., Campbell, H., Costa, P.T., Smith, G., Davies, G., Wit, H. de, Ding, J., Engelhardt, B.E., Eriksson, J.G., Fedko, I.O., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Giegling, I., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heinonen, K., Henders, A.K., Homuth, G., Hottenga, J.J., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J., Jokela, M., Karlsson, R., Kemp, J.P., Kirkpatrick, M.G., Latvala, A., Lehtimaki, T., Liewald, D.C., Madden, P.A., Magri, C., Magnusson, P.K., Marten, J., Maschio, A., Medland, S.E., Mihailov, E., Milaneschi, Y., Montgomery, G.W., Nauck, M., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pettersson, E., Polasek, O., Qian, Y., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O., Slutske, W.S., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Pourcain, B. St, Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J., Trochet, H., Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Wouda, J., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Porteous, D., Minelli, A., Palmer, A.A., Rujescu, D., Ciullo, M., Hayward, C., Rudan, I., et al., Moor, M.H. de, Berg, S.M. van den, Verweij, K.J., Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M., Arias Vasquez, A., Matteson, L.K., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Amin, N., Gordon, S.D., Hansell, N.K., Hart, A.B., Seppala, I., Huffman, J.E., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Lee (Helen Dowling Instituut), M. van der, Miller, M., Nutile, T., Tanaka, T., Teumer, A., Viktorin, A., Wedenoja, J., Abecasis, G.R., Adkins, D.E., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Appel, K., Bigdeli, T.B., Busonero, F., Campbell, H., Costa, P.T., Smith, G., Davies, G., Wit, H. de, Ding, J., Engelhardt, B.E., Eriksson, J.G., Fedko, I.O., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Giegling, I., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heinonen, K., Henders, A.K., Homuth, G., Hottenga, J.J., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J., Jokela, M., Karlsson, R., Kemp, J.P., Kirkpatrick, M.G., Latvala, A., Lehtimaki, T., Liewald, D.C., Madden, P.A., Magri, C., Magnusson, P.K., Marten, J., Maschio, A., Medland, S.E., Mihailov, E., Milaneschi, Y., Montgomery, G.W., Nauck, M., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pettersson, E., Polasek, O., Qian, Y., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O., Slutske, W.S., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Pourcain, B. St, Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J., Trochet, H., Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Wouda, J., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Porteous, D., Minelli, A., Palmer, A.A., Rujescu, D., Ciullo, M., Hayward, C., Rudan, I., and et al.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 153372.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), IMPORTANCE: Neuroticism is a pervasive risk factor for psychiatric conditions. It genetically overlaps with major depressive disorder (MDD) and is therefore an important phenotype for psychiatric genetics. The Genetics of Personality Consortium has created a resource for genome-wide association analyses of personality traits in more than 63,000 participants (including MDD cases). OBJECTIVES: To identify genetic variants associated with neuroticism by performing a meta-analysis of genome-wide association results based on 1000 Genomes imputation; to evaluate whether common genetic variants as assessed by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explain variation in neuroticism by estimating SNP-based heritability; and to examine whether SNPs that predict neuroticism also predict MDD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 30 cohorts with genome-wide genotype, personality, and MDD data from the Genetics of Personality Consortium. The study included 63,661 participants from 29 discovery cohorts and 9786 participants from a replication cohort. Participants came from Europe, the United States, or Australia. Analyses were conducted between 2012 and 2014. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Neuroticism scores harmonized across all 29 discovery cohorts by item response theory analysis, and clinical MDD case-control status in 2 of the cohorts. RESULTS: A genome-wide significant SNP was found on 3p14 in MAGI1 (rs35855737; P = 9.26 x 10-9 in the discovery meta-analysis). This association was not replicated (P = .32), but the SNP was still genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis of all 30 cohorts (P = 2.38 x 10-8). Common genetic variants explain 15% of the variance in neuroticism. Polygenic scores based on the meta-analysis of neuroticism in 27 cohorts significantly predicted neuroticism (1.09 x 10-12 < P < .05) and MDD (4.02 x 10-9 < P < .05) in the 2 other cohorts. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study identifies a novel locus for neuroticism.

Published
2015

9. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neuroticism, and the polygenic association with Major Depressive Disorder

Author

Moor, M.H.M. de, Berg, S.M. van den, Verweij, K.J.H., Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M., Arias Vasquez, A., Matteson, L.K., Derringer, J.L., Esko, T., Amin, N., Gordon, S.D., Hansell, N.K., Hart, A.B., Seppälä, I., Huffman, J.E., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Lee, M., Miller, M., Nutile, T., Tanaka, T., Teumer, A., Viktorin, A., Wedenoja, J., Abdellaoui, A., Abecasis, G.R., Adkins, D.E., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Appel, K., Bigdeli, T.B., Busonero, F., Campbell, H., Costa, P.T., Smith, G.D., Davies, G., Wit, H. de, Ding, J., Engelhardt, B.E., Eriksson, J.G., Fedko, I.O., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Giegling, I., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heinonen, K., Henders, A.K., Homuth, G., Hottenga, J.J., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J.G., Jokela, M., Karlsson, R., Kemp, J.P., Kirkpatrick, M.G., Latvala, A., Lehtimäki, T., Liewald, D.C., Madden, P.A.F., Magri, C., Magnusson, P.K.E., Marten, J., Maschio, A., Medland, S.E., Mihailov, E., Milaneschi, Y., Montgomery, G.W., Nauck, M., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pettersson, E., Polasek, O., Qian, Y., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O., Slutske, W.S., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., St Pourcain, B., Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J., Trochet, H., Vermeulen, H.H.M., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Wouda, J., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Porteous, D.J., Minelli, A., Palmer, A.A., Rujescu, D., Ciullo, M., Hayward, C., Rudan, I., Metspalu, A., Kaprio, J., Deary, I.J., Raikkonen, K., Wilson, J.F., Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L., Bierut, L.J., Hettema, J.M., Grabe, H.J., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Duijn, C.M. van, Evans, D.M., Schlessinger, D., Pedersen, N.L., Terracciano, A., McGue, M.K., Martin, N.G., Boomsma, D.I., Moor, M.H.M. de, Berg, S.M. van den, Verweij, K.J.H., Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M., Arias Vasquez, A., Matteson, L.K., Derringer, J.L., Esko, T., Amin, N., Gordon, S.D., Hansell, N.K., Hart, A.B., Seppälä, I., Huffman, J.E., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Lee, M., Miller, M., Nutile, T., Tanaka, T., Teumer, A., Viktorin, A., Wedenoja, J., Abdellaoui, A., Abecasis, G.R., Adkins, D.E., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Appel, K., Bigdeli, T.B., Busonero, F., Campbell, H., Costa, P.T., Smith, G.D., Davies, G., Wit, H. de, Ding, J., Engelhardt, B.E., Eriksson, J.G., Fedko, I.O., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Giegling, I., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heinonen, K., Henders, A.K., Homuth, G., Hottenga, J.J., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J.G., Jokela, M., Karlsson, R., Kemp, J.P., Kirkpatrick, M.G., Latvala, A., Lehtimäki, T., Liewald, D.C., Madden, P.A.F., Magri, C., Magnusson, P.K.E., Marten, J., Maschio, A., Medland, S.E., Mihailov, E., Milaneschi, Y., Montgomery, G.W., Nauck, M., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pettersson, E., Polasek, O., Qian, Y., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O., Slutske, W.S., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., St Pourcain, B., Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J., Trochet, H., Vermeulen, H.H.M., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Wouda, J., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Porteous, D.J., Minelli, A., Palmer, A.A., Rujescu, D., Ciullo, M., Hayward, C., Rudan, I., Metspalu, A., Kaprio, J., Deary, I.J., Raikkonen, K., Wilson, J.F., Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L., Bierut, L.J., Hettema, J.M., Grabe, H.J., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Duijn, C.M. van, Evans, D.M., Schlessinger, D., Pedersen, N.L., Terracciano, A., McGue, M.K., Martin, N.G., and Boomsma, D.I.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 156183.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), IMPORTANCE Neuroticism is a pervasive risk factor for psychiatric conditions. It genetically overlaps with major depressive disorder (MDD) and is therefore an important phenotype for psychiatric genetics. The Genetics of Personality Consortium has created a resource for genome-wide association analyses of personality traits in more than 63 000 participants (including MDD cases). OBJECTIVES To identify genetic variants associated with neuroticism by performing a meta-analysis of genome-wide association results based on 1000 Genomes imputation; to evaluate whether common genetic variants as assessed by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explain variation in neuroticism by estimating SNP-based heritability; and to examine whether SNPs that predict neuroticism also predict MDD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 30 cohorts with genome-wide genotype, personality, and MDD data from the Genetics of Personality Consortium. The study included 63 661 participants from 29 discovery cohorts and 9786 participants from a replication cohort. Participants came from Europe, the United States, or Australia. Analyses were conducted between 2012 and 2014. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Neuroticism scores harmonized across all 29 discovery cohorts by item response theory analysis, and clinical MDD case-control status in 2 of the cohorts. RESULTS A genome-wide significant SNP was found on 3p14 in MAGI1 (rs35855737; P = 9.26 x 10(-9) in the discovery meta-analysis). This association was not replicated (P = .32), but the SNP was still genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis of all 30 cohorts (P = 2.38 x 10(-8)). Common genetic variants explain 15% of the variance in neuroticism. Polygenic scores based on the meta-analysis of neuroticism in 27 cohorts significantly predicted neuroticism (1.09 x 10(-12) < P < .05) and MDD (4.02 x 10(-9) < P < .05) in the 2 other cohorts. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study identifies a novel locus for neuroticism

Published
2015

10. Harmonization of Neuroticism and Extraversion phenotypes across inventories and cohorts in the Genetics of Personality Consortium: an application of Item Response Theory

Author

Berg, S.M. van den, Moor, M.H. de, McGue, M., Pettersson, E., Terracciano, A., Verweij, K.J., Amin, N., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Grootheest, G. van, Hansell, N.K., Huffman, J., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Luciano, M., Matteson, L.K., Viktorin, A., Wouda, J., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Bierut, L.J., Broms, U., Campbell, H., Smith, G.D., Eriksson, J.G., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Fox, J.P., Geus, E.J. de, Giegling, I., Gow, A.J., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heikkila, K., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J.G., Jokela, M., Kiemeney, B., Lehtimaki, T., Madden, P.A.F., Magnusson, P.K., Northstone, K., Nutile, T., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pattie, A., Pesonen, A.K., Polasek, O., Pulkkinen, L., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Seppala, I., Slutske, W.S., Smyth, D.C., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Sutin, A.R., Tanaka, T., Verhagen, J., Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Willemsen, G., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Rujescu, D., Metspalu, A., Wilson, J.F., Ciullo, M., Hayward, C., Rudan, I., Deary, I.J., Raikkonen, K., Arias Vasquez, A., Costa, P.T., Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L., Duijn, C.M. van, Penninx, B.W.J.H., Krueger, R.F., Evans, D.M., Kaprio, J., Pedersen, N.L., Martin, N.G., Boomsma, D.I., Berg, S.M. van den, Moor, M.H. de, McGue, M., Pettersson, E., Terracciano, A., Verweij, K.J., Amin, N., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Grootheest, G. van, Hansell, N.K., Huffman, J., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Luciano, M., Matteson, L.K., Viktorin, A., Wouda, J., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Bierut, L.J., Broms, U., Campbell, H., Smith, G.D., Eriksson, J.G., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Fox, J.P., Geus, E.J. de, Giegling, I., Gow, A.J., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heikkila, K., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J.G., Jokela, M., Kiemeney, B., Lehtimaki, T., Madden, P.A.F., Magnusson, P.K., Northstone, K., Nutile, T., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pattie, A., Pesonen, A.K., Polasek, O., Pulkkinen, L., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Seppala, I., Slutske, W.S., Smyth, D.C., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Sutin, A.R., Tanaka, T., Verhagen, J., Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Willemsen, G., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Rujescu, D., Metspalu, A., Wilson, J.F., Ciullo, M., Hayward, C., Rudan, I., Deary, I.J., Raikkonen, K., Arias Vasquez, A., Costa, P.T., Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L., Duijn, C.M. van, Penninx, B.W.J.H., Krueger, R.F., Evans, D.M., Kaprio, J., Pedersen, N.L., Martin, N.G., and Boomsma, D.I.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 135909.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Mega- or meta-analytic studies (e.g. genome-wide association studies) are increasingly used in behavior genetics. An issue in such studies is that phenotypes are often measured by different instruments across study cohorts, requiring harmonization of measures so that more powerful fixed effect meta-analyses can be employed. Within the Genetics of Personality Consortium, we demonstrate for two clinically relevant personality traits, Neuroticism and Extraversion, how Item-Response Theory (IRT) can be applied to map item data from different inventories to the same underlying constructs. Personality item data were analyzed in >160,000 individuals from 23 cohorts across Europe, USA and Australia in which Neuroticism and Extraversion were assessed by nine different personality inventories. Results showed that harmonization was very successful for most personality inventories and moderately successful for some. Neuroticism and Extraversion inventories were largely measurement invariant across cohorts, in particular when comparing cohorts from countries where the same language is spoken. The IRT-based scores for Neuroticism and Extraversion were heritable (48 and 49 %, respectively, based on a meta-analysis of six twin cohorts, total N = 29,496 and 29,501 twin pairs, respectively) with a significant part of the heritability due to non-additive genetic factors. For Extraversion, these genetic factors qualitatively differ across sexes. We showed that our IRT method can lead to a large increase in sample size and therefore statistical power. The IRT approach may be applied to any mega- or meta-analytic study in which item-based behavioral measures need to be harmonized.

Published
2014

11. The genetic association between personality and major depression or bipolar disorder. A polygenic score analysis using genome-wide association data

Author

Middeldorp, C.M., de Moor, M.H.M., McGrath, L.M., Gordon, S.D., Blackwood, D.H., Costa, P.T., Terracciano, A., Krueger, R.F., de Geus, E.J.C., Nyholt, DR, Tanaka, T., Esko, T., Madden, P.A.F., Derringer, J., Amin, N., Willemsen, G., Hottenga, J.J., Distel, M.A., Uda, M., Sanna, S., Spinhoven, P., Hartman, C.A., Ripke, S., Sullivan, P.F., Realo, A., Allik, J., Heath, A.C., Pergadia, M.L., Agrawal, A., Lin, P., Grucza, R.A., Widen, E., Cousminer, D.L., Eriksson, J.G., Palotie, A., Barnett, J.H., Lee, P.H., Luciano, M, Tenesa, A., Davies, G., Lopez, L.M., Hansell, N.K., Medland, S.E., Ferrucci, L., Schlessinger, D., Montgomery, GW, Wright, M.J., Aulchenko, Y.S., Janssens, A.C.J.W., Oostra, B.A., Metspalu, A., Abecasis, G.R., Deary, I.J., Räikkönen, K., Bierut, L.J., Martin, N.G., Wray, N.R., van Duijn, C.M., Smoller, J.W., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Boomsma, D.I., Middeldorp, C.M., de Moor, M.H.M., McGrath, L.M., Gordon, S.D., Blackwood, D.H., Costa, P.T., Terracciano, A., Krueger, R.F., de Geus, E.J.C., Nyholt, DR, Tanaka, T., Esko, T., Madden, P.A.F., Derringer, J., Amin, N., Willemsen, G., Hottenga, J.J., Distel, M.A., Uda, M., Sanna, S., Spinhoven, P., Hartman, C.A., Ripke, S., Sullivan, P.F., Realo, A., Allik, J., Heath, A.C., Pergadia, M.L., Agrawal, A., Lin, P., Grucza, R.A., Widen, E., Cousminer, D.L., Eriksson, J.G., Palotie, A., Barnett, J.H., Lee, P.H., Luciano, M, Tenesa, A., Davies, G., Lopez, L.M., Hansell, N.K., Medland, S.E., Ferrucci, L., Schlessinger, D., Montgomery, GW, Wright, M.J., Aulchenko, Y.S., Janssens, A.C.J.W., Oostra, B.A., Metspalu, A., Abecasis, G.R., Deary, I.J., Räikkönen, K., Bierut, L.J., Martin, N.G., Wray, N.R., van Duijn, C.M., Smoller, J.W., Penninx, B.W.J.H., and Boomsma, D.I.

Abstract

The relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) remains controversial. Previous research has reported differences and similarities in risk factors for MDD and BD, such as predisposing personality traits. For example, high neuroticism is related to both disorders, whereas openness to experience is specific for BD. This study examined the genetic association between personality and MDD and BD by applying polygenic scores for neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness to both disorders. Polygenic scores reflect the weighted sum of multiple single-nucleotide polymorphism alleles associated with the trait for an individual and were based on a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for personality traits including 13 835 subjects. Polygenic scores were tested for MDD in the combined Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN-MDD) and MDD2000 samples (N=8921) and for BD in the combined Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder and Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium samples (N=6329) using logistic regression analyses. At the phenotypic level, personality dimensions were associated with MDD and BD. Polygenic neuroticism scores were significantly positively associated with MDD, whereas polygenic extraversion scores were significantly positively associated with BD. The explained variance of MDD and BD, ∼0.1%, was highly comparable to the variance explained by the polygenic personality scores in the corresponding personality traits themselves (between 0.1 and 0.4%). This indicates that the proportions of variance explained in mood disorders are at the upper limit of what could have been expected. This study suggests shared genetic risk factors for neuroticism and MDD on the one hand and for extraversion and BD on the other. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.

Published
2011
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12. Multiple cholinergic nicotinic receptor genes affect nicotine dependence risk in African and European Americans.

Author

Saccone, N. L., Schwantes-An, T.-H., Wang, J. C., Grucza, R.A., Breslau, N ., Hatsukami, D., Johnson, E. O., Goate, A. M., Bierut, L. J., and Rice, J. P.

Subjects
GENETICS, SMOKING, CHROMOSOMES, CIGARETTE smokers, NUCLEOTIDES, GENES
Abstract

Several independent studies show that the chromosome 15q25.1 region, which contains the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster, harbors variants strongly associated with nicotine dependence, other smoking behaviors, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We investigated whether variants in other cholinergic nicotinic receptor subunit ( CHRN) genes affect the risk of nicotine dependence in a new sample of African Americans (AAs) ( N = 710). We also analyzed this AA sample together with a European American (EA) sample ( N = 2062, 1608 of which have been previously studied), allowing for differing effects in the two populations. Cases are current nicotine-dependent smokers and controls are non-dependent smokers. Variants in or near CHRND-CHRNG, CHRNA7 and CHRNA10 show modest association with nicotine dependence risk in the AA sample. In addition, CHRNA4, CHRNB3-CHRNA6 and CHRNB1 show association in at least one population. CHRNG and CHRNA4 harbor single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have opposite directions of effect in the two populations. In each of the population samples, these loci substantially increase the trait variation explained, although no loci meet Bonferroni-corrected significance in the AA sample alone. The trait variation explained by three key associated SNPs in CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 is 1.9% in EAs and also 1.9% in AAs; this increases to 4.5% in EAs and 7.3% in AAs when we add six variants representing associations at other CHRN genes. Multiple nicotinic receptor subunit genes outside chromosome 15q25 are likely to be important in the biological processes and development of nicotine dependence, and some of these risks may be shared across diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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