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This data contains the code and data used for the publication "Brain energy metabolism is optimized to minimize the cost of enzyme synthesis and transport".

Additional file 1. Figure S1. Schematic illustration of the u-shaped convolutional neural network employed in this study (example 64 → 64 projections). Figure S2. Comparison of measured and simulated projections of a NEMA phantom with synthetic generated projections by u-nets U1 and U4. The right graphs each show the cross section through the projections along the colored lines, where the solid curves represent the simulations and the dashed curves represent the measurements. The noise-free projection (simulation) is also shown for both the measured and simulated projections (gray curve). Figure S3. Training and validation loss curves for the training of u-nets U1 and U3. Since a different number of training epochs and data were selected for the training of both networks, the relative training step is given on the x-axis. Therefore, a training step of 100% corresponds to 60 epochs for u-net U1, while it corresponds to 200 epochs for u-net U2.

This report describes the Birds of a Feather (BOF) session at the eResearch Australasia Conference 2021, titled Data is Only Half the Battle, hosted on October 14, 2021. The first objective of the BOF was to collect and communicate relevant guidance, policy and other materials around digital objects different from data, particularly for research software. The second aim was to identify champions to form a Task Force to socialise existing resources and guidance via Australian Research institutions. First, the report records the pre-work coordinated by the organisers leading to the event. Then, it summarises the discussions and shared resources to support research software authors. To get involved or for any questions about the BOF or this report email contact@ardc.edu.au with the subject: “Research Software Authors Support”.

This poster was presented at the Genetics Society for Australasia 2021virtual conference, 6-8 October 2021. It described the resources available to support genome assembly and genome annotation identified through the Australian BioCommons community engagement process. The resources include Galaxy Australia (usegalaxy.org.au) which includes over 30 genome assembly tools and 60 tools for automated genome annotation,fully subsidised access for Australian researchers to the proprietary pipeline Fgenesh++ (for eukaryotic genome annotation) and the Australian Apollo Service (apollo-portal.genome.edu.au/) which provides a fully hosted option for research groups and consortia to host their genomes and annotations whilst improving annotations through collaborative curation efforts. For more information and access to the services, visit biocommons.org.au.

Is an outcome where many people are saved and one person dies better than an outcome where the one is saved and the many die? According to the standard utilitarian justification, the former is better because it has a greater sum total of well-being. This justification involves a controversial form of moral aggregation, because it is based on a comparison between aggregates of different people’s well-being. Still, an alternative justification-the Argument for Best Outcomes-does not involve moral aggregation. I extend the Argument for Best Outcomes to show that any utilitarian evaluation can be justified without moral aggregation.

/ INTRODUCTION Background The Australian BioCommons develops digital capacity, training, and bioinformatics infrastructure to support Australia’s life scientists. So how can we identify the greatest needs of many thousands of geographically dispersed researchers, and also deliver useful infrastructure? Strong user engagement is paramount to understand community needs and direct the deployment and resourcing of appropriate infrastructure to ensure maximum impact. Methods We have developed a five-step process of engagement that maximises community interaction, from initiation to deployment. Results 1/ Identify meaningful communities of manageable scope around focus areas with infrastructure challenges, such as genome assembly and annotation of non-model organisms, and microbiome analysis; 2/ Research the community topic area to understand broad needs and challenges to engage members; 3/ Communicate with the broad community, inclusive of everyone from any expertise level or any institution, to identify issues, roadblocks, and solutions/suggestions through electronic surveys, shared discussion boards, and virtual meetings; 4/ Document the challenges and, in discussion with infrastructure specialists, detail conceptual solutions with an endorsement from a subset of practitioners from the community, formalised in an Infrastructure Roadmap, which forms a blueprint for solutions that can be deployed to address the community challenges; and, 5/ Deploy and implement solutions with our infrastructure partners, with testing and feedback from the community. Conclusion Through this engagement process, the Australian BioCommons has identified and then coordinated work to deploy essential infrastructure that was previously lacking to support critical communities (e.g. those undertaking genome annotation). Successful outcomes are measured by positive responses from the community (e.g. turning up in large numbers, actively joining the discussion), and active use by early adopters, and uptake of deployed services that have been identified by various communities The consultation method is now being applied to engage a diverse range of communities.

Additional file 1. Supplementary information.

Tourism is an important factor for economic growth. Unfortunately, the on going COVID-19 pandemic has struck hard on the tourism sector due to the lockdowns and travel restrictions. The lockdowns have also led to an increasing isolation among people which in the long term can lead to a decline in people’s psychological wellbeing.Together with Cybercom Group AB, an idea to solve this problem was to developan application with the intention to nurture the tourism sector and get people out of their homes while keeping the human interactions at a satisfactory level. The main feature of the application developed was a scheduler that carefully planned out people’s daily activities depending how crowded a specific location was. An application such as the one developed could lead to an increase in foot traffic while simultaneously decreasing the amount of physical contact between people. The result of this thesis mainly focuses on the developed application but more specifically the developed algorithms to schedule your day using crowd data. The algorithmdeveloped, the Optimal Time Slot Algorithm, averaged a crowding value of18,8% while the average of the best possible crowding value was 17,8%. Turism är en viktig faktor för ekonomisk tillväxt. Tyvärr så har den pågående COVID-19 pandemin slagit hårt mot turismsektorn till följd av nedstängningar och restriktionerpå resande. Nedstängningarna har även lett till en ökad isolering hos personersom långsiktigt kan leda till en försämring av människors psykologiska välmående.Tillsammans med Cybercom Group AB växte en idé fram om att utveckla enapplikation som har till uppgift att främja turismsektorn och hjälpa folk att ta sig utur sina hem samtidigt som de undviker trängsel. Huvudfunktionen hos den utvecklade applikationen var en planerare som noggrantplanerar en persons dagliga aktiviteter beroende på hur mycket folk det var på denspecifika platsen vid ett visst tillfälle. En applikation likt den som utvecklats kan ledatill en ökad mängd personer i rörelse i kombination med att minska mängden fysiskkontakt mellan människor. Resultatet av detta examensarbete fokuserar huvudsakligen på den utvecklade applikationenoch specifikt de algoritmer som utvecklats för att planera din dag genomträngseldata. Den framtagna algoritmen, Optimal Time Slot Algorithm, resulteradei ett trängselsnitt på 17,8% där 18,8% var snittet av det bästa möjliga resultatet.

Alternative structures of public pension programs have distinct implications for the trade-offs that determine economic behavior over the life cycle. This paper studies these implications in terms of labor supply and economic inequality to characterize the equity–efficiency trade-off between a redistributive (Beveridgean) and an earnings-based (Bismarckian) benefit formula. The economy is modeled as a continuous-time overlapping generations model with endogenous labor supply, savings, and human capital formation. Individuals differ in ability, and they are free to choose how much to work at each period in time and when to enter and exit the labor market. Numerical simulations provide the qualitative insights that a redistributive pension system introduces opposite effects on the incentives to retire for high- and low-skilled individuals, which leads to an increased earnings inequality. This effect can, in turn, dominate the reduced pension inequality such that lifetime and population-wide income inequality increases. Ultimately, it appears that the equity–efficiency trade-off is difficult to characterize when accounting for endogenous labor supply on both the intensive and extensive margins.

Paper [I] analyzes the dynamic properties of life-cycle earnings in Sweden using microdata. We study the evolution of permanent and transitory earnings inequality over the period 2002--2015. Our data comes from administrative records gathered in the ASTRID database. We find that some features of the data do not match the predictions of the heterogeneous or restricted income profile models commonly applied in the earning dynamics literature. Instead, we estimate an alternative permanent-transitory (PT) error components model. Analyzing the covariance structure of both male and female earnings, controlling for educational background, we find that the upward trend in permanent earnings inequality observed in Sweden during the 1990s does not continue in the 2000s, and the financial crisis of 2008 did not have any major impact on the variability of earnings. We further simulate the accumulation of income pension entitlements and find that variations in pension entitlements are smaller among college-educated workers. Paper [II] studies the life-cycle effects of favorable marginal tax treatment on older workers' optimal life-cycle labor supply, retirement timing, and savings. I develop a structural model in continuous time where the life cycle of a representative agent is divided into three distinct phases: pre-treatment, post-treatment, and retirement. Solutions for consumption and savings, labor supply and leisure, and retirement timing are then obtained by solving the model as a salvage value problem. I then calibrate the model to Swedish earnings data and find that the increased extensive margin labor supply is partially offset by a reduction in hours worked during the pre-treatment period. The total effect, however, is an increase in life-cycle labor supply and consumption. \\ Paper [III] studies the implications of the structure of public pension programs for the trade-offs determining economic behavior over the life cycle. The economy is modeled as a continuous-time overlapping generations model with endogenous labor supply, savings, and human capital formation. Individuals differ in ability and are free to choose how much to work at each period in time and when to enter and exit the labor market. Numerical simulations provide qualitative insights that a redistributive pension system introduces opposite effects on the incentives for retirement for high- and low-skilled individuals, which leads to increased earnings inequality. This effect can, in turn, dominate reduced pension inequality such that lifetime and population-wide income inequality increase. Ultimately, the equity–efficiency trade-off is found to be difficult to characterize. \noindent \\ Paper [IV] explores the effects of pension illiteracy on aggregate labor supply and the redistributive performance of public pension systems. I consider an OLG model in continuous time populated with individuals who differ in labor productivity and pension literacy. Agents suffering from pension illiteracy fail to fully account for the structure of the pension system when planning their economic behavior over the life cycle. I find that pension illiteracy can negatively impact aggregate labor supply and increase earnings inequality and lifetime income inequality. This suggests that pension illiteracy may limit the efficiency gains of an increased correlation between individual contributions and benefits, making the equity–efficiency trade-off difficult to characterize in the context of pension reforms. Uppgift om ISBN för digitalt format saknas i publikationen.

This paper studies the life-cycle effects of favorable marginal tax treatment of older workers on their optimal life cycle labor supply, retirement timing, and savings. I develop a structural model in continuous time where the life-cycle of a representative agent is divided into three distinct phases: pre-treatment, post-treatment, and retirement. Solutions for consumption/savings, labor supply/leisure, and retirement timing are then obtained by solving the model as a salvage value problem. I then calibrate the model to Swedish earnings data and find that the increased extensive margin labor supply is partially offset by a reduction in hours worked during the pre-treatment period. The total effect is however an increase in life-cycle labor supply and consumption.

Bakgrund: Som direkt följd av vistelse i mikrogravitation uppstår flertalet fysiologiska förändringar hos rymdfararna. Tidigare studier redovisar reducering av både muskelvolym, muskelstyrka och bendensitet och än idag finns ingen åtgärd som helt lyckats motverka dessa. Fysisk träning ses dock som ett högst relevant alternativ. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att kartlägga den långvariga rymdvistelsens fysiologiska påverkan på den mänskliga kroppen, med fysisk träning som åtgärd. Metod: En systematisk litteratursökning genomfördes i databaserna: Web of Science, PubMed och Scopus. MeSH-termer i kombination med fritextord användes vid sökningen. Vid kvalitetsbedömning användes “Fribergs granskningsmall för kvantitativa studier”. Resultat: Totalt inkluderades 13 artiklar i denna litteraturöversikt. Åtta artiklar undersökte hur muskelvolymen förändrats. Av dessa fann sex studier en reducering av muskelvolymen i postural muskulatur. En studie som undersökt dorsal thorakal och cervikal muskulatur fann istället att den ökat. En annan studie som undersökt ventral bålmuskulatur kunde påvisa att även denna ökat. Fyra studier undersökte hur muskelstyrkan förändrats. Samtliga redovisar en reducering av muskelstyrka i nedre extremitet. För de tre studier som mätt muskelstyrka i övre extremitet/överkropp varierar resultatet då de både funnit ökningar och reduceringar. Totalt fyra studier undersökte hur bendensiteten förändrats. Gemensamt för dessa var att alla kunde redovisa en reducering av bendensiteten i nedre extremitet. En studie som undersökt bendensiteten i radius upptäckte dock en ökning. Konklusion: Denna litteraturöversikt indikerar på att nuvarande upplägg av fysisk träning som åtgärd vid långvarig vistelse i rymden ej är tillräcklig för att motverka de fysiologiska påfrestningar som sker på den mänskliga kroppen. Vidare forskning behövs.