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The tension forces of cables in cable-stayed bridges during their construction and operation may differ from initial conditions, which could affect the amount and distribution of internal forces on other parts of the bridge. If some bridge elements are loaded to their yield limits, alternating plasticity and incremental collapse could occur under moving and repeated loading. This study investigated the effect of the initial tension force on the stiffness, strength, shakedown limit load, and alternating plasticity of cable-stayed bridges, which has not been studied so far. Two case study bridge models with cables having different initial forces were tested using nonlinear static analysis under gravitational force and nonlinear dynamic analysis under transient moving loads. The results showed that changes in the initial cable forces did not change the initial stiffness, ultimate strength, shakedown limit, alternating plasticity, or bridge reliability. These results were theoretically validated using plastic analysis theorems. This paper presents a new construction method for cable-stayed bridges based on the finding that adjusting the cable tension to the design value is not necessary during construction and operation. This method eliminates the need for tension adjustment and ensures that the final geometric shape of the bridge matches the expected profile. The proposed method offers a simpler and more efficient approach to constructing cable-stayed bridges without compromising the safety and durability of the structure.

IntroductionDemocratization stands as one of the most momentous occurrences of the 20th century, profoundly shaping the trajectory of social change in numerous societies. Throughout this era, waves of democratization swept across different nations and Iran was not exempt from this transformative tide. Considering a pivotal part of this democratization movement, the 1979 Revolution in Iran served as the focal point for this research. The objective was to delve into key concepts within the democratization literature, specifically examining the revolutionary period spanning from 1963 to 1979. To accomplish this, the research drew upon the conceptual models presented by Samuel Huntington, Gream Gill, and Charles Tilly, using their frameworks as a basis for analyzing the research data. Employing the historical institutionalism method, the primary and secondary historical references served as the primary sources of data. The findings of this study elucidated that the activities of the Rouhaniat institution and the emergence of underground Marxist parties in 1963 marked the inception of the Islamic revolution, ultimately leading to the events of 1978. Despite the state's efforts to regulate the democratization process by creating political space, historical incidents like the episode of September 8 and the society's disillusionment with the state played pivotal roles in accelerating the democratization process. Materials and MethodsInterpretation of the Islamic revolution in Iran is varied, encompassing Marxist, Islamic, and democratic perspectives. This research viewed the revolution of 1979 as a significant stride towards democratization in Iran. The historical institutionalism approach was employed to identify key historical factors and establish causal relationships between events. In this method, the researchers examined the chosen historical period to identify pivotal moments and trace the chain of events. Subsequently, the researchers elucidated the temporal and causal sequences that connected these events (Pierson, 2014: 227). To accomplish this, the research relied on a foundation of historical documents, including historical journals and books, as primary sources.Discussion of Results and ConclusionThe research framework was rooted in concepts derived from theories on democratization processes. Charles Tilly's notion of mobilization of protesters finds support in the mosque networks and underground Marxist groups that facilitated a large-scale demonstration in 1979. Gream Geal's emphasis on civil society and the breakdown of elite unity was evident in historical actions, such as protest speeches and nationwide demonstrations in 1977. Indications of elite disunity included punishment of former political elites and the army's refusal to suppress the populace. Samuel Huntington's theory on the struggle to establish a new political order was reflected in the absence of nominations within the Rstakhis party and the demand for an Islamic republic.The process of democratization during this period originated from ideological disagreements between Islamic and underground Marxist groups and the state. In response, the state sought to suppress these dissenting actions by establishing its own party. Meanwhile, the society witnessed an increase in demonstrations and strengthening of civil society activities. However, the state also escalated violence against demonstrators, marking a pivotal historical moment known as the "Black Friday", which led to two subsequent significant events: widespread demonstrations and strikes. The persistence of street protests following these events ultimately culminated in the final stage of democratization characterized by the collapse of elite unity.Applying the historical institutionalism approach, the results demonstrated that after the incident of "Black Friday" in September 8th, 1978, the state responded with severe repression, using violence as a means to control the society. In turn, the society responded by intensifying its civil resistance, leading to a significant number of protests involving millions of participants and nationwide strikes. These events collectively formed a causal chain that played a central role in the process of the 1979 revolution.

IntroductionFamily institution is undeniably one of the most crucial and influential aspects of human life, shaping our present and future. Over the years, we have witnessed significant developments within the realm of family dynamics. Among the vulnerable families, there exists a subgroup known as disordered families. These families struggle to fulfill the basic functions and meet the essential needs of their children, including material, emotional, sexual, and socialization needs. Due to the inherent nature of family institution as the smallest social unit, disordered families are particularly susceptible to social harm. One specific group of vulnerable families that has received limited attention and lacks comprehensive scientific studies, both domestically and internationally, is that, in which the female head of the household has been abandoned by the father for various reasons. In this research, we aimed to investigate the lives of abandoned women within the cultural context of a suburban area in Isfahan City. By understanding the cultural nuances of this neighborhood and comprehending the experiences of abandoned women through the lens of suspension within this cultural context, we could gain valuable insights into their circumstances. The choice of this particular cultural context for our study stemmed from the preliminary observations made by the researcher. It became apparent that a significant number of abandoned women resided in this neighborhood with drug addiction being a prevalent reason for their abandonment by their husbands. This research sought to shed light on the lives of these women, their challenges, and the impact of abandonment on their overall well-being. By addressing this understudied issue, we could contribute to a better understanding of the complexities surrounding abandoned women and potentially develop interventions to support them in rebuilding their lives. Materials & MethodsThis study employed a qualitative approach, specifically utilizing an ethnographic method. The data collection process involved conducting semi-structured interviews and non-participatory observations with a sample of 21 abandoned women residing in the Joyabad Khomeini Neighborhood of Isfahan. The selection of participants was based on a combined purposive sampling approach, which incorporated snowball sampling and acute case sampling methods. Thematic analysis was employed as the data analysis technique, involving coding at 4 levels: first, second, third, and superior level codes. To ensure validity, two control measures were implemented. Firstly, member-checking was conducted, where the selected participants were asked to review and provide feedback on the analyzed findings, concepts, and categories. Secondly, a scientific peer review was employed to further validate the findings. Discussion of Results and ConclusionThe findings of this research shed light on the experiences of abandoned women within the cultural context of this neighborhood. It was evident that the family structure of the abandoned women was highly vulnerable with a significant risk of collapse. The absence of the father figure had torn these families apart, leaving the wives and children to face numerous challenges.The cultural context of this neighborhood with its strong adherence to traditional values and customs had further complicated the situation for these abandoned women. The prevalence of addiction and drug-related issues in this harmful context posed a significant threat to the residents. The families of the abandoned women, particularly the children, were among the most affected groups in this neighborhood, susceptible to falling into the trap of injuries and deviations.Understanding the conditions of abandonment within this cultural context, it was clear that the abandoned women perceived their situation with a range of negative emotions. These included distress, confusion, indecision, doubt, despair, dislike of their husbands, mental and physical turmoil, a sense of destruction and burning of life, mental and psychological helplessness, a sense of displacement and fatigue, and longing for a different life. These perceptions could be attributed to the trauma of abandonment, which had deeply affected these women.In conclusion, it is crucial to address the challenges faced by abandoned women and their families to prevent further negative consequences. Efforts should be made to provide support, interventions, and resources to help these women overcome the trauma of abandonment and rebuild their lives in a healthier and more fulfilling manner. By addressing the underlying issues and providing the necessary assistance, we can work towards creating a more supportive and inclusive community for abandoned women.

IntroductionStreet harassment is a form of violence that women experience in various societies, hindering their ability to participate fully and freely in public spaces. Unfortunately, this type of persecution is prevalent in Afghanistan as well. Women in urban Afghan communities often face harassment from men based on factors, such as the distance they travel or the time they spend on the streets. Herat, one of the major cities in Afghanistan, has been plagued by street harassment against women and girls for many years. This research aimed to explore the factors that contributed to street harassment in Herat City, highlighting its significance as a pressing issue. The study held particular importance for women as they faced numerous obstacles in attaining their civil liberties with street harassment being a pervasive problem that has long been overlooked. To analyze this issue, the research drew upon Andre Michel's theories of gender stereotypes, Watson's examination of spatialized gender relations, and Ryan's concept of gender deprivation. Materials and MethodsA cross-sectional survey was employed as the research method for this study. The statistical population comprised both single and married urban girls residing in Herat Province. The sample size was determined to be 350 individuals, who were selected using the non-probability (quota) sampling method. To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, the construct validity method and exploratory factor analysis were utilized. The results of the analysis revealed that the factors extracted in this research aligned with the researcher's theoretical expectations. Furthermore, the cases with suitable factor loadings were confirmed both theoretically and experimentally. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe majority of respondents (47.7%) fell within the age range of 16 to 21 years. The sample also consisted of both single individuals (48.6%) and married individuals (44.3%). The analysis revealed that areas with limited urban services experienced a higher average level of street harassment compared to those with more developed urban services. Specifically, individuals, who utilized rickshaws and flan-coach vehicles, reported a higher likelihood of experiencing street harassment with average scores of 3.07 and 2.90, respectively. On the other hand, those who used taxis reported the least amount of inconvenience. Furthermore, the study found that street disturbance was more prevalent on sidewalks (2.46), quiet streets (2.40), shopping centers and markets (2.38), crowded neighborhoods (2.26), and narrow alleys (2.10) compared to other locations. In contrast, playgrounds (1.56) and fields (1.57) experienced the least amounts of disturbance. Additionally, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the variable of social exclusion and street harassment with a correlation coefficient of 0.180 and a confidence level of 99%. Similarly, the analysis revealed a positive and significant correlation between the amount of women's clothing and street harassment with a correlation coefficient of 0.334 and a confidence level of 99%. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlighted the prevalence of street harassment in Herat City and shed light on various factors that contributed to its occurrence. The results emphasized the importance of addressing urban service disparities, promoting safer transportation options and creating inclusive public spaces to mitigate street harassment. Furthermore, the study underscored the need for social inclusion and challenged societal norms regarding women's clothing to combat street harassment effectively. Street harassment is a form of violence predominantly perpetrated by men against women in public spaces, encompassing verbal, physical, visual, and stalking behaviors. This type of violence has detrimental effects on women, including erosion of their sexual identity, feelings of shame and worthlessness, compromised personal security, infringement upon human dignity, pessimism towards the opposite sex, strain within familial relationships, disruption of social interactions, and moral corruption. Consequently, it is crucial to devise solutions in societies where women experience such harassment, ensuring the well-being of this vulnerable group and preventing their alienation from society. Given the diversity of societies, it is important to recognize that a one-size-fits-all solution is not applicable. Instead, solutions should be tailored to the specific cultural context and sensitivities of each society. By taking into account these factors, appropriate and effective measures can be proposed to address street harassment and safeguard the rights and dignity of women.

Abstract Background Selection is one of the essential skills whereby breeders reduce the population size and increase the chance of success. Various selection methods with special applications have been developed. Superior genotypes are assessed according to interesting traits, including univariate, multivariate, phenotypic, genotypic, etc. Methods Mathematical calculation of the traits' importance based on the genetic makeup of investigated population (average degree of dominance/additive involved in the action of genes) and arbitrary genetic parameters is functional. In this paper, a general model for multivariate selection has been presented whereby the selection can be made for (a) more than one interesting trait, (b) the trait(s) with complex inheritance, (c) finding superior genotypes from among a large-scale population, (d) finding superior genotypes in segregating generations and (f) finding tolerant genotypes to stresses. This model is developed based on biometric concepts in four steps. MATLAB script is provided for the model, and users can easily apply that to identify the most suitable genotypes after data collection according to the breeding purposes. Results The main features of this model are simplicity, precision, repeatability, and speed (improving several traits simultaneously). All the steps and the analysis of the results are explained step by step in a case study.

An intuitive and generalisable approach to spatial-temporal feature extraction for high-density (HD) functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain-computer interface (BCI) is proposed, demonstrated here using Frequency-Domain (FD) fNIRS for motor-task classification. Enabled by the HD probe design, layered topographical maps of Oxy/deOxy Haemoglobin changes are used to train a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN), enabling simultaneous extraction of spatial and temporal features. The proposed spatial-temporal CNN is shown to effectively exploit the spatial relationships in HD fNIRS measurements to improve the classification of the functional haemodynamic response, achieving an average F1 score of 0.69 across seven subjects in a mixed subjects training scheme, and improving subject-independent classification as compared to a standard temporal CNN.

Reflectors are a very important tools in counteracting the space borne or airborne SAR imaging systems. Because they can be used in the form of decoy and camouflage protection designs due to their high level RCS. The remarkable thing on this mission is that the SAR radar is capable of sending the wave to earth in any direction, with any incident angle and in any frequency band, and capturing sensitive areas. The design of such an all-directional, multi-band reflector, and wide angles reflector is very complicated because the reflex function depends on various parameters such as the dimensions, shape and material of the reflector, the frequency, the incident angle, and the polarization of the radiated wave. Existing refractors generally have a high RCS in a particular direction at a specific frequency and at a narrow viewing angle. In this paper, we will attempt to design a refractor of all directions, multiple bands and wide angles using shape structures.

Introduction Superstition as a cultural category in any society is one of the aspects of the spiritual culture of that society that has social damages and psychological consequences. Also, it affects every stratum of society in a variety of ways and forms appropriate to time and place. Although the prevalence of supernaturalism seems to decrease with the increase in the level of literacy and public culture of the society, even modern humans cannot completely reject or actually get rid of superstition. Superstition has its special place in nations, within them there are still some people who are following the superstitions of their previous generations and transferring these superstitions to their next generation. In fact, in the mind of each human there are beliefs that are incompatible with any scientific logic and that their beliefs cannot be understood with any rational justification. But, these beliefs exist and sometimes find functions in life that can change the course of one’s life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of social and psychological security on the tendency toward superstition among Isfahan University students. Research showed that although students were the educated and the future-maker group of the country, superstitious beliefs have always been found among them. The theoretical framework for the research has been based on theories of Pareto’s Irrationality, Weber's Traditional and Irrational Behavior, Maslow's sense of psychological security, and Ingelhart's Social Security. Superstition has become widespread in response to the insecurities of individuals in life. In fact, it is an inevitable attempt to influence the future course of events to make things enjoyable. Material & Methods The statistical population of the study included all students of Isfahan University in 2018 (1397 AH). The population size was 14375 and the sample size was 375 using Cochran formula, among them 400 questionnaires were distributed. The sampling method was quota sampling from each faculty. In the present study, content validity was based on the endorsement of articles by specialists and experts. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for assessing reliability. The alpha coefficients for the variables of feeling of psychological security, social security, and the tendency toward superstition were 0.771, 0.745, and 0.766, respectively. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and the findings were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software. The results showed that the mean of mental security was 28.03 and social security was 34.56 which were 1.7 and 1.44 lower than the total mean, respectively. The mean of superstitions was 41.21 with the standard deviation of 2.21 higher than the mean. The relationship between psychological security with the tendency toward superstition (-0.317) and social security relationship with superstition (-0.145) was directly and negatively confirmed. In regression analysis, in order to determine the equation with which to predict superstitions, we obtained an equation with variables of psychological security, social security, gender and employment status. Finally, 22.5% of the variance of the dependent variable was explained by this equation. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between the variable of feeling of psychological security and social security and tendency toward superstition. In fact, the obtained data supported the main hypothesis of the above research. Namely, those students who had the least sense of economic security, uncertainty about the future, lack of happiness, and other micro-dimensions of psychological security and social security showed the highest tendency for superstition. The relationship of psychological and social security with the tendency for superstition was different for men and women, different ethnicities, educational levels and unemployed persons, with women, unemployed, undergraduates and ethnic Lur being more prone to superstition.

One of the most important issues in the area of coastal structures design is determination of forces and loadings resulted from shallow water wave breaking. In the process of wave breaking, the subsequent particle motion is transformed from irrotational to rotational motion and due to this matter, vorticity and turbulence are generated and the sediment transport is affected by this phenomenon. Therefore, it is necessary to know about the location of wave breaking and other parameters such as the breaker height, breaker depth, etc. Over the last century, several formulas have been presented for predicting the wave breaking onset. These formulas depend on many parameters (e.g. seabed slope, water depth at the location of breaking, offshore wave height, etc.) that need to be known in order to obtain the desired wave breaking parameter (e.g. breaker height). In this study, some of the formulas for predicting wave breaking onset proposed in the recent decade are evaluated using the available laboratory data and it is tried to find out which formula is more suitable in different cases and conditions. A refinement process is carried out for choosing the appropriate data points out of all the available compiled laboratory data. The comparison is carried out in two phases. In the first one, the formulas are compared using all the data and in the second one, the comparisons are made based on the breaker type. These two phases yield to different outcomes. In the first phase, the formula proposed by Delavari et al. has the lowest values of bias, relative error, scatter index and root mean square error and the coefficient of determination of Goda’s formula is the highest. In the second phase, the data are categorized based on the plunging and spilling breaker types and the comparisons are made based on this categorization. The outcomes derived from the first phase are different from the ones derived from the second one.

Numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been mapped in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat and wheat relatives, mostly with simple sequence repeat (SSR) or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. To conduct meta-analysis of QTL requires projecting them onto a common genomic framework, either a consensus genetic map or genomic sequence. The latter strategy is pursued here. Of 774 QTL mapped in wheat and wheat relatives found in the literature, 585 (75.6%) were successfully projected onto the Aegilops tauschii pseudomolecules. QTL mapped with SNP markers were more successfully projected (92.2%) than those mapped with SSR markers (66.2%). The QTL were not distributed homogeneously along chromosome arms. Their frequencies increased in the proximal-to-distal direction but declined in the most distal regions and were weakly correlated with recombination rates along the chromosome arms. Databases for projected SSR markers and QTL were constructed and incorporated into the Ae. tauschii JBrowse. To facilitate meta-QTL analysis, eight clusters of QTL were used to estimate standard deviations (σ ^ ) of independently mapped QTL projected onto the Ae. tauschii genome sequence. The standard deviations σ ^ were modeled as an exponential decay function of recombination rates along the Ae. tauschii chromosomes. We implemented four hypothesis tests for determining the membership of query QTL. The hypothesis tests and estimation procedure for σ ^ were implemented in a web portal for meta-analysis of projected QTL. Twenty-one QTL for Fusarium head blight resistance mapped on wheat chromosomes 3A, 3B, and 3D were analyzed to illustrate the use of the portal for meta-QTL analyses.

The objective differentiation of facets of cellular metabolism is important for several clinical applications, including accurate definition of tumour boundaries and targeted wound debridement. To this end, spectral biomarkers to differentiate live and necrotic/apoptotic cells have been defined using in vitro methods. The delineation of different cellular states using spectroscopic methods is difficult due to the complex nature of these biological processes. Sophisticated, objective classification methods will therefore be important for such differentiation. In this study, spectral data from healthy/traumatised cell samples using hyperspectral imaging between 2500-3500 nm were collected using a portable prototype device. Machine learning algorithms, in the form of clustering, have been performed on a variety of pre-processing data types including 'raw' unprocessed, smoothed resampling, background subtracted and spectral derivative. The resulting clusters were utilised as a diagnostic tool for the assessment of cellular health and quantified using both sensitivity and specificity to compare the different analysis methods. The raw data exhibited differences for one of the three different trauma types applied, although unable to accurately cluster all the traumatised samples due to signal contamination from the chemical insult. The background subtracted and smoothed data sets reduced the accuracy further, due to the apparent removal of key spectral features which exhibit cellular health. However, the spectral derivative data-types significantly improved the accuracy of clustering compared to other data types, with both sensitivity and specificity for the background subtracted data set being >94% highlighting its utility to account for unknown signal contamination while maintaining important cellular spectral features.

Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) utilizes the projection of spatially modulated light patterns upon biological tissues to obtain optical property maps for absorption and reduced scattering. Conventionally, both forward modeling and optical property recovery are performed using pixel-independent models, calculated via analytical solutions or Monte-Carlo-based look-up tables, both assuming a homogenous medium. The resulting recovered maps are limited for samples of high heterogeneity, where the homogenous assumption is not valid. NIRFAST, a FEM-based image modeling and reconstruction tool, simulates complex heterogeneous tissue optical interactions for single and multiwavelength systems. Based on the diffusion equation, NIRFAST has been adapted to perform pixel-dependent forward modeling for SFDI. Validation is performed within the spatially resolved domain, along with homogenous structured illumination simulations, with a recovery error of

With the remote sensing technology is possible to predict estimations of the expected number of killed or injured people. In this study, a loss estimation method is proposed by combining data from remote sensing technology and geographic information system (GIS). For the image processing, we assume the damage area with a rougher texture when compared with undamaged areas. Extracted textures were later considered as the decision-making basis for the building damage level determination. We prepared the GIS database with information on the land use, structural material and building occupancy. Considering the influence of time in the building occupancy, two periods were considered (activity and inactivity) for each land use. The model estimates casualties based on the population residing in each building and according to the time of the earthquake, structure material of each building and destruction percentage. The approach was tested on Ahar and Varzaghan cities of Iran using 0.5 m resolution pan-sharpened Geo-Eye 1 imagery. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) for the number of injured and killed people was determined, considering field teams' data and predicted data. RMSE for injured population was estimated in 0.040 and RMSE for fatal casualties was estimated in 0.025.

Genotype-by-environment interaction refers to the differential response of different genotypes across different environments. This is a general phenomenon in all living organisms and always has been one of the main challenges for biologists and plant breeders. The nonparametric methods based on the rank of original data have been suggested as the alternative methods after parametric methods to analyze data without perquisite assumptions needed for common analysis of variance. But, the lack of statistical software or package, especially for analysis of two-way data, is one of the main reasons that plant breeders have not greatly used the nonparametric methods. Here, we have explained the nonparametric methods and presented a comprehensive two-parts SAS program for calculation of four nonparametric statistical tests (Bredenkamp, Hildebrand, Kubinger and van der Laan-de Kroon) and all of the valid stability statistics including Hühn’s parameters (Si(1), Si(2), Si(3), Si(6)), Thennarasu’s parameters (NPi(1), NPi(2), NPi(3), NPi(4)), Fox's ranking technique and Kang’s rank-sum.

Qualitative clinical assessments of the recovery of awareness after severe brain injury require an assessor to differentiate purposeful behavior from spontaneous behavior. As many such behaviors are minimal and inconsistent, behavioral assessments are susceptible to diagnostic errors. Advanced neuroimaging tools can bypass behavioral responsiveness and reveal evidence of covert awareness and cognition within the brains of some patients, thus providing a means for more accurate diagnoses, more accurate prognoses, and, in some instances, facilitated communication. The majority of reports to date have employed the neuroimaging methods of functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and electroencephalography (EEG). However, each neuroimaging method has its own advantages and disadvantages (e.g., signal resolution, accessibility, etc.). Here, we describe a burgeoning technique of non-invasive optical neuroimaging—functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)—and review its potential to address the clinical challenges of prolonged disorders of consciousness. We also outline the potential for simultaneous EEG to complement the fNIRS signal and suggest the future directions of research that are required in order to realize its clinical potential.

Knowledge of genetic combining ability and gene action would help breeders to choose suitable parents and devise an appropriate breeding strategy for coriander. In the present study, six diverse genotypes of coriander, their 15 F1s and 15 F2s were evaluated through randomized complete block design with three replications to study genetic combining ability for agronomic and phytochemical traits in coriander. Plants were subjected to well-watered (WW), mild water-deficit stress (MWDS) and severe water-deficit stress (SWDS) irrigation regimes. The results indicate that water-deficit stress decreased all of the measured traits in both the F1 and F2 generations. General combining ability and specific combining ability effects were highly significant for all of the traits in both the F1 and F2 generations. Additive gene action was predominant for phonology and fruit yield component traits in all irrigation regimes in both the F1 and F2 generations. For fatty acid content and total lipid yield, non-additive gene action was predominant in the F1 generation while additive gene action was predominant in the F2 generation under MWDS and SWDS conditions. The P4 parent had the highest general combining ability for fruit yield components in both the F1 and F2 generations. The P6 parent had the highest general combining ability for phenological and phytochemical traits. The P4 and P6 parents are promising material to develop early flowering and early maturing genotypes coupled with high total lipids in advanced generations of segregation.

 Introduction  Attitude refers to a positive or negative orientation towards an object, a person, a particular group of people. The attitude construct continues to be a major focus of theory and research in the social and behavioral sciences. This paper examines how students' modernist socio-political attitudes may be influenced by their family and university. We want to know to what extent are people's attitudes related to their atmosphere. The major issue to be discussed here is whether or not attitudes have systematic and close relationship to their social setting. People's worldviews are important: they clearly affect the way people think and behave, at the personal, social and societal levels. Socio-political attitudes refer to a general ideological tendency based on attitudes and beliefs about socio-political issues (Hastie, 2007: 259). In this paper, socio-political attitudes are based on four dimensions, including democratic attitudes, liberalism, critical thinking and individualism. Alexander (2006) believes that to form a democracy we need special motives which are counter codes to nondemocratic ones. As he puts it, democracy depends on self control and individual initiatives, the people who compose it are described as being capable of activism and autonomy rather than as being passive and dependent. They are seen as rational and reasonable rather than irrational and hysterical, as calm rather than excited, as controlled rather than passionate, as sane and realistic rather than fantastical or mad (Alexander, 2006: 57). The family is the institution where human beings first experience non-heteronymous priority of the whole over the part. Family members do not relate to each other as independent persons but rather as members of a larger whole where they find their essential identity. For Hegel, this non-individualistic dimension of the family is important (Luther, 2009: 158). Family is the first and the most important social context through which inter-individual relationships are formed. Through this relationships and interactions one ' s mind is formed. The amount of parental influence over a young child ' s behavior and attitudes is so great that some authors have referred to childhood as a "total institution" comparable in its degree of control to confinement in a penal institution or a concentration camp. Parents have almost total control over the child ' s informational input, the behaviors demanded of the child, and the rewords and punishments meted out. Thus they have great power to shape the child ' s attitudes, particularly because the infant has no preexisting attitudes that would be contrary to the parental influence. Thus many childhood attitudes are probably a combination of the child ' s own experience and what he or she has heard parents say or seen them do.    Materials and Methods  This study performed by using survey method. The population of study consisted of all Isfahan University students. The sample size was calculated based on the indices t= 1.96, P=0.05 and q=0.5 using Cochranâs formula. Finally, a number of 360 students were selected as the participants using quota sampling method. Face validity of questionnaire was determined by experts' viewpoints. For measuring the reliability of the scales, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated. In some of the scales, a number of questions were deleted to provide an acceptable value of alpha. The minimum acceptable alpha coefficient was considered to be 0.70 in order to confirm the reliability of the variables.  Data analysis was done using SPSS and Amos software. To test the theoretical model and research's hypotheses we used structural equation modeling. We preferred structural equation modeling framework because it provides the researchers with tools to test the fitness of the model to the data and directly test the significance effects (Kline, 2005). In the tested model Attitudes and mass media are latent variables. Model fit indices such as CMIN/DF ratio, IFI, NFI, CFI, PCFI, RMSEA, were inspected.    Discussion of Results and Conclusions  This paper examines how university and family affect students' modernist socio-political attitudes. The results showed that the mean score of modernist socio-political attitudes among students was above average. Iranian society, particularly Iranian students, have been changing. Their attitudes toward modernity and socio-political issues have been changed. As the result shows, most of the students in research's population have modern socio-political attitudes. In the theoretical framework, we proposed three main hypotheses: 1- There is a relationship between the family communication patterns and students' modernist socio-political attitudes. 2: There is a relationship between the social-political influence of university and students' modernist socio-political attitudes. 3: There is a relationship between demographic variables (such as socio-economic status and gender) and students' modernist socio-political attitudes. The result of a two-variate regression shows that there is a positive relationship between the two independent variables (family communication patterns and demographic variables) and students' modernist socio-political attitudes, but there is not a significant relationship between the influence of university and students' attitudes.    Keywords:

Enhancing water use efficiency of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a major focus for coriander breeding to cope with drought stress. The purpose of this study was; (a) to identify the predominant mechanism(s) of drought resistance in coriander and (b) to evaluate the genetic control mechanism(s) of traits associated with drought resistance and higher fruit yield. To reach this purpose, 15 half-diallel hybrids of coriander and their six parents were evaluated under well-watered and water deficit stressed (WDS) in both glasshouse lysimetric and field conditions. The parents were selected for their different response to water deficit stress following preliminary experiments. Results revealed that the genetic control mechanism of fruit yield is complex, variable and highly affected by environment. The mode of inheritance and nature of gene action for percent assimilate partitioned to fruits were similar to those for flowering time in both well-watered and WDS conditions. A significant negative genetic linkage was found between fruit yield and percent assimilate partitioned to root, percent assimilate partitioned to shoot, root number, root diameter, root dry mass, root volume, and early flowering. Thus, to improve fruit yield under water deficit stress, selection of low values of these traits could be used. In contrast, a significant positive genetic linkage between fruit yield and percent assimilate partitioned to fruits, leaf relative water content and chlorophyll content indicate selection for high values of these traits. These secondary or surrogate traits could be selected during early segregating generations. The early ripening parent (P1; TN-59-230) contained effective genes involved in preferred percent assimilate partitioning to fruit and drought stress resistance. In conclusion, genetic improvement of fruit yield and drought resistance could be simultaneously gained in coriander when breeding for drought resistance.

Fungal diseases, chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sard) is the most destructive diseases of faba bean and causes considerable dramatic damage losses on faba bean yield worldwide. The levels of resistance to chocolate spot were evaluated in 35 faba bean cultivars and one susceptible check (ILB365) and local check (Barkat) at the Gorgan Agricultural Research Station during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. The obtained results showed a significant difference (P< 0.01) among genotypes for yield, yield component and related traits to disease resistance. Barkat, FLIP03-35FB and FLIP03-58FB produced the highest plant height, seed yield and 100 seed weight, respectively. In order to determine genotype reaction to chocolate spot, disease symptoms scored in certain intervals until harvest, then AUDPC, rAUDPC and sAUDPC was calculated. A significant variation among the tested genotypes and their reaction to chocolate spot disease was found. Results of variance, comparing the mean and also cluster analysis revealed that ILB 365, FLIP03-57FB, FLIP03-43FB and FLIP03-59FB where susceptible. Whereas, Icarus, FLIP03-29FB, FLIP03-30FB, FLIP03-34FB and FLIP03-52FB introduced as resistance genotypes to chocolate spot judged by the lowest AUDPC.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is widely used as a non-invasive method to monitor the hemodynamics of biological tissue. A common approach of NIRS relies on continuous wave (CW) methodology, i.e. utilizing intensity-only measurements, and, in general, assumes homogeneity in the optical properties of the biological tissue. However, in monitoring cerebral hemodynamics within humans, this assumption is not valid due to complex layered structure of the head. The NIRS signal that contains information about cerebral blood hemoglobin levels is also contaminated with extra-cerebral tissue hemodynamics, and any recovery method based on such a priori homogenous approximation would lead to erroneous results. In this work, utilization of hyper-spectral intensity only measurements (i.e., CW) at multiple distances are presented and are shown to recover two-layered tissue properties along with the thickness of top layer, using an analytical solution for a two-layered semi-infinite geometry. It is demonstrated that the recovery of tissue oxygenation index (TOI) of both layers can be achieved with an error of 4.4%, with the recovered tissue thickness of 4% error. When the data is measured on a complex tissue such as the human head, it is shown that the semi-infinite recovery model can lead to uncertain results, whereas, when using an appropriate model accounting for the tissue-boundary structure, the tissue oxygenation levels are recovered with an error of 4.2%, and the extra-cerebral tissue thickness with an error of 11.8%. The algorithm is finally used together with human subject data, demonstrating robustness in application and repeatability in the recovered parameters that adhere well to expected published parameters.

Introduction Happiness refers to the cognitive and affective evaluations of one’s own life and is defined in terms of life satisfaction, presence of positive affect and absence of negative affect. Being happy is a response to how to live, especially for the young people, who build the future of this country and follow a purposeful life. Happiness produces passion, emotion, motivation, seeking and effort in youth's life. Importance of happiness and its role on youth’s life is the reason behind doing this research. Also it can play an accelerating role on the process of society’s development. Almost everyone has thoughts about happiness and it seems that everybody has created their own idea of it. Likewise, in science, each discipline has developed its especial view on happiness: psychologists see it as matter of personality, biologists as the result of chemical processes, philosophers see it mostly in a moral context, and sociologists think of it as a social condition. What is remarkable about the sociological view towards happiness is that it provides a common understanding. Where happiness is usually defined as a purely individual or psychological phenomenon, sociologists insist that happiness is socially grounded. Here we consider the effect of three independent variables, namely, economic capital, cultural capital and social capital on happiness. Most of the people believe that having money and a good job can increase their happiness and life satisfaction. Aristotle believed that wealth is a necessary ingredient of happiness (1991). Stoics, in contrast, believed that material possessions and wealth are in no way required for happiness. Research, all in all, suggests that an adequate amount of money is a necessary condition for happiness, albeit not a sufficient one. Diener and Seligman (2002) found in their study on very happy individuals that every single one of them had excellent social relationships. Quantity and, more importantly, quality of friendships correlate positively with happiness, and perceived loneliness is robustly linked to depression. In light of this and other parallel findings, Reis and Gable (2003) have suggested that good social relationships may be the single most important source of happiness. Materials and Methods The method of this research is survey. 380 individuals among the 15-29-year-old residents of Babolsar city constitute our sample size. The sample size is based on stratified cluster sampling and research data was gathered through two kinds of questionnaires: Modified Oxford happiness questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire for measuring economic, cultural and social capitals. 52.4 percent of respondents were girls and 47.6 percent were boys and the mean of age was 22.58. Content validity of questionnaires was assured. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated. The results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient show that questions are internally correlated. The analysis of data is carried out at descriptive and inferential statistics levels. It should be mentioned that the variables such as level of cultural capital and social capital are examined through Likert scale. Total scores in each scale is calculated and considered as interval variables. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Descriptive findings show that rate of happiness and all three kinds of capitals are on average. Findings also show that all three capitals have meaningful and direct relationships with happiness. Findings of multiple regression technique show that the rate of social capital has the most impact on happiness. After that, cultural capital has the most effect. Through path analysis, is became clear that cultural capital has a great effect on happiness in an indirect way. Likewise, social capital has a great effect on happiness. That means by reinforcing this kind of capital among people we have a happier society. Overall, R squared was 22/5 which shows that social capital, cultural capital and economic capital explain 22/5 percent of happiness variance. Other researches like Richard Rose (2000) concluded that social capital has greater effect on happiness than other variables. He believed that social capital includes social relational networks, friendships and social trust. Social networks provide a great amount of social and mental support. In our research, economic capital has the least effect on happiness among independent variables. Various studies show that money is necessary to happiness but only a certain amount of money. Some researchers believe that by increasing their wealth, people become happier. However, after getting to a certain point, we no longer observe more happiness.

Cavitation occurs around dental ultrasonic scalers, which are used clinically for removing dental biofilm and calculus. However it is not known if this contributes to the cleaning process. Characterisation of the cavitation around ultrasonic scalers will assist in assessing its contribution and in developing new clinical devices for removing biofilm with cavitation. The aim is to use high speed camera imaging to quantify cavitation patterns around an ultrasonic scaler. A Satelec ultrasonic scaler operating at 29 kHz with three different shaped tips has been studied at medium and high operating power using high speed imaging at 15,000, 90,000 and 250,000 frames per second. The tip displacement has been recorded using scanning laser vibrometry. Cavitation occurs at the free end of the tip and increases with power while the area and width of the cavitation cloud varies for different shaped tips. The cavitation starts at the antinodes, with little or no cavitation at the node. High speed image sequences combined with scanning laser vibrometry show individual microbubbles imploding and bubble clouds lifting and moving away from the ultrasonic scaler tip, with larger tip displacement causing more cavitation.

Abstract This study is intended to examine affecting factors on student’s happiness, emphasizing the social participation. Using an integrated theoretical framework helped us to make our hypotheses out of it. All Allame’s students and Amirkabir’s students are population which made a 400 sample size. The sample size based on stratified cluster sampling and research’s data gathered through questionnaires. Findings based on T-test and Pierson tests; show relationship between all variables but, gender and formal participation with happiness. Findings on multiple regression technique show that, Satisfactory of needs, trust to others and informal social participation affect happiness, respectively. Also, the relevant variables account for about 15 percent of the variance on student’s happiness.