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There is mounting evidence for predictive coding theory from computational, neuroimaging, and psychological research. However, there remains a lack of research exploring how predictive brain function develops across childhood. To address this gap, we used pediatric magnetoencephalography to record the evoked magnetic fields of 18 younger children (M = 4.1 years) and 19 older children (M = 6.2 years) as they listened to a 12-min auditory oddball paradigm. For each child, we computed a mismatch field “MMF”: an electrophysiological component that is widely interpreted as a neural signature of predictive coding. At the sensor level, the older children showed significantly larger MMF amplitudes relative to the younger children. At the source level, the older children showed a significantly larger MMF amplitude in the right inferior frontal gyrus relative to the younger children, P

Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 that predispose to breast and ovarian cancer are detected in approximately 2.5% of the Ashkenazi Jewish population. To explore whether carriers of Ashkenazi founder mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 have an increased risk for colorectal cancer, we screened 586 unselected Ashkenazi Jewish case patients with colorectal cancer for the three common founder mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. We identified six carriers (1.02%) among these case patients. After adjusting for age at diagnosis and sex by use of logistic regression analysis, we compared the incidence of carriers in this group of 586 case patients with that of 5012 Ashkenazi Jewish control subjects without a known history of colorectal cancer. The presence of a founder BRCA mutation was not associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (relative risk = 0.50, 95% confidence interval = 0.22 to 1.14). We thus recommend that counseling for colorectal cancer screening and prevention in individuals with BRCA mutations be based on the personal and family history of colorectal cancer or associated syndromic malignancies.