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This article investigates forms of excerpting and their variations as used by Marx. It compares two convolutes of excerpts from the early period of Marx’ work. The first form of excerpting is represented by the “Hefte zur epikureischen Philosophie” (1839/40), which Marx originally created for his dissertation. These booklets aim to reconstruct the history of post‐Aristotelian classical philosophy, with Epicurus at its centre, from fragments and testimonies of third authors, which themselves are often excerpts from excerpts. A second variant is represented by the so‐called Gülich‐excerpts (1846/47), an extensive source collection of economic history. These excerpts later served as a comprehensive and easily accessible basis for the Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy that Marx was already planning at that time. Both variants of excerpts are analysed with regard to the source‐critical method and the acquisition of knowledge in the situation of the new formation of philosophical, social and economic history. This allows for the in‐depth examination of the self‐reflexive practice of excerpting and to shed light on the constitutive tension between copying, critical selection, commentary and autonomous text production.

Bibliographie: Bluhm, Harald/Hager, Andre: Rousseau und kein Ende. Eine Literaturrevue, ZPTh – Zeitschrift fur Politische Theorie, 1-2018, S. 109-135. https://doi.org/10.3224/zpth.v9i1.06

Objective Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have long been considered excellent targets for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. However, clinical utility of broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors developed for this purpose has been restricted by dose-limiting musculoskeletal side effects observed in humans. This study was undertaken to identify a new class of potent and selective MMP-13 inhibitors that would provide histologic and clinical efficacy without musculoskeletal toxicity. Methods Selectivity assays were developed using catalytic domains of human MMPs. Freshly isolated bovine articular cartilage or human OA cartilage was used in in vitro cartilage degradation assays. The rat model of monoiodoacetate (MIA)–induced OA was implemented for assessing the effects of MMP-13 inhibitors on cartilage degradation and joint pain. The surgical medial meniscus tear model in rats was used to evaluate the chondroprotective ability of MMP-13 inhibitors in a chronic disease model of OA. The rat model of musculoskeletal side effects (MSS) was used to assess whether selective MMP-13 inhibitors have the joint toxicity associated with broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors. Results A number of non–hydroxamic acid–containing compounds that showed a high degree of potency for MMP-13 and selectivity against other MMPs were designed and synthesized. Steady-state kinetics experiments and Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis of rate versus substrate concentration with one such compound, ALS 1-0635, indicated linear, noncompetitive inhibition, and Dixon plot analysis from competition studies with a zinc chelator (acetoxyhydroxamic acid) and ALS 1-0635 demonstrated nonexclusive binding. ALS 1-0635 inhibited bovine articular cartilage degradation in a dose-dependent manner (48.7% and 87.1% at 500 nM and 5,000 nM, respectively) and was effective in inhibiting interleukin-1α– and oncostatin M–induced C1,C2 release in human OA cartilage cultures. ALS 1-0635 modulated cartilage damage in the rat MIA model (mean ± SEM damage score 1.3 ± 0.3, versus 2.2 ± 0.4 in vehicle-treated animals). Most significantly, when treated twice daily with oral ALS 1-0635, rats with surgically induced medial meniscus tear exhibited histologic evidence of chondroprotection and reduced cartilage degeneration, without observable musculoskeletal toxicity. Conclusion The compounds investigated in this study represent a novel class of MMP-13 inhibitors. They are mechanistically distinct from previously reported broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors and do not exhibit the problems previously associated with these inhibitors, including selectivity, poor pharmacokinetics, and MSS liability. MMP-13 inhibitors exert chondroprotective effects and can potentially modulate joint pain, and are, therefore, uniquely suited as potential disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs.

An improved synthesis of 1 and 2 is described that allows access to these complexes in multigram quantities necessary for catalytic applications. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 are compared and the conformational preferences of the ligands, that are important for catalytic applications, are discussed. Complex 2 was evaluated as a catalyst for carbomagnesation reactions.

»Krieg« erlebt in offentlichen und wissenschaftlichen Kontroversen seit Ende der 1990erJahre eine anhaltende Konjunktur, die beinahe den Eindruck erweckt, es hatte Phasen gegeben, in denen es keine Kriege in der internationalen Politik gab. Diese Tauschung gilt freilich selbst fur Europa nur eingeschrankt. Politisch ist das Thema durch die lebhaften offentlichen Debatten zu den Kriegen in Kosovo, Afghanistan und Irak stark ins offentliche Bewusstsein der westlichen Demokratien geruckt, wissenschaftlich ist es jungst vor allem die Literatur zum »Neuen Krieg« und zum Wandel der Gewaltformen, die in der internationalen Politikwissenschaft wieder die Aufmerksamkeit auf den gewaltsamen Austrag von Konflikten fokussiert. Die wissenschaftliche Diskussion reflektiert seit einiger Zeit, in welchem Mase unser gewohntes Denken uber den Krieg der Realitat hinterher hinkt, weil unsere Begriffe von »Krieg« nach wie vor relativ stark an den Staat europaischer Pragung gebunden bleiben und weil das offentliche Reden vom »Krieg« zu wenig zwischen unterschiedlichen Formen politischer Gewalt (Krieg, Terrorismus, privatisierte Gewalt, Gewaltkriminalitat u. a.) differenziert. Dies ist alles andere als ein blos akademisches Problem, da zum einen defizitare Auffassungen westlicher Entscheidungstrager uber Ursachen, Verlauf und Eskalationsdynamiken von moglicherweise neuen Gewalttypen wirkungslose oder gar riskante Interventionsund Befriedungsstrategien befordern. Zum anderen ist die Bezeichnung von kollektiver politischer Gewalt als »Krieg« immer auch als Versuch zu interpretieren, politische Legitimation fur militarische Gegenmasnahmen zu beschaffen. Vor diesem Hintergrund zielte die Tagung »Neuere Kriegstheorien eine Zwischenbilanz«1 darauf ab, die im letzten Jahrzehnt aufgekommenen Begriffe, Konzepte und Theorien des Krieges zu sichten und kritisch zu beleuchten (wobei es sich teils um neue Begrifflichkeiten, teils um die Akzentuierung alter Konzepte wie des »gerechten Kriegs« handelt): Welche empirischen Phanomene konnen sie jeweils erklaren, welche analytischen Starken und Schwachen haben sie, welche normativen Fragen werfen sie auf? Da Konsens daruber herrscht, dass es nicht eine Theorie des Krieges, nicht eine Definition oder eine Typologie des Krieges geben kann, fuhrte die Konferenz Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen aus Politischer Theorie