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The September 2022 Hurricane Ian, which made a landfall as a Category four hurricane, with wind speeds reaching 240 km/h, was among the most destructive hurricanes to hit Florida: at least 77 deaths were reported in Florida and North Carolina, and the total damage was estimated to approximately US$ 63 billion. Along the coast Hurricane Ian generated both a normal (positive) and a reverse (negative) storm surge. A comprehensive data analysis and modelling efforts were undertaken to illuminate processes leading to two types of surges. Mean sea level pressure and wind data from 49 meteorological NOAA and ASOS stations, measured with 1-6 min time step, along with sea level data from 11 NOAA tide gauges, measured with a 1 min time step, were analysed. The ERA5 Reanalysis data were used to assess propagation parameters and synoptic scale properties of Hurricane Ian. Numerical weather prediction High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model, and a parametric wind model of tropical cyclones were both used to estimate temporal evolution of the 10 m wind and mean sea level pressure fields near and over Florida. The models were then used separately to force the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS), and to reproduce positive and negative surges. Differences between two sets of simulations are discussed in detail. It was shown that the main factor governing appearance of positive and negative surge was high spatial changeability of wind field over a relatively small (O(200 km)) area., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Objective To examine prevalence of novel newborn types among 165 million livebirths in 23 countries from 2000 to 2021. Design Population-based, multi-country analysis. Setting National data systems in 23 middle and high-income countries.Population Liveborn infants Methods Country teams with high-quality data were invited to be part of the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration. We classified livebirths by six newborn types based on gestational age information (preterm, PT, 90th centile) for gestational age, according to INTERGROWTH-21st standards. We considered small newborn types of any combination of preterm or SGA and Term+LGA was considered large. Time trends were analysed using three-year moving averages for small and large types.Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of six newborn types.Results We analysed 165,017,419 livebirths and the median prevalence of small types was 11.7% (highest in Malaysia (26%) and Qatar (15.7%)). Overall, 18.1% of newborns were large (T+LGA), and was highest in Estonia 28.8% and Denmark 25.9%. Time trends of small and large infants were relatively stable in most countries. Conclusions The distribution of newborn types varies across the 23 middle and high-income countries. Small newborn types were highest in West-Asian countries and large types in Europe. To better understand the global patterns of these novel newborn types, more information is needed especially from low- and middle- income countries.

Data availability: The datasets were derived from sources in the public domain. The tide gauge data used in this research were provided by the Sea Level Station Monitoring Facility of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (http://www.ioc-sealevelmonitoring.org/list.php; IOC, 2022). We used bathymetric and topographic data of the General Bathymetric Chart of the Ocean (https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/; GEBCO, 2022). We used the earthquake focal mechanism catalog of the Global Centroid Moment Tensor Project (https://www.globalcmt.org/CMTsearch.html; Global CMT, 2022) and the earthquake source model of the United States Geological Survey (https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000dflf/executive; USGS, 2022). We used the GMT software for drafting some of the figures (Wessel and Smith, 1998). Copyright © The Author(s) 2022. On 4 March 2021, two tsunamigenic earthquakes (Mw 7.4 and Mw 8.1) occurred successively within 2 h in the Kermadec Islands, offshore New Zealand. We examined sea level records at tide gauges located at ∼100 to ∼2000 km from the epicenters, conducted Fourier and wavelet analyses as well as numerical modeling of both tsunamis. Fourier analyses indicated that the energy of the first tsunami is mainly distributed over the period range of 5–17 min, whereas it is 8–32 min for the second tsunami. Wavelet plots showed that the oscillations of the first tsunami continued even after the arrival of the second tsunami. As the epicenters of two earthquakes are close to each other (∼55 km), we reconstructed the source spectrum of the second tsunami by using the first tsunami as the empirical Green's function. The main spectral peaks are 25.6, 16.0, and 9.8 min. The results are similar to those calculated using tsunami-to-background ratio method and are also consistent with the source models. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grant no. 19J20293); Royal Society (grant no. CHL\R1\180173).

Additional file 1. The mean CS rates in group 1 for Medical Universities and the number of hospitals affiliated with each university by hospital peer-group.

Additional file 2. The mean CS rates in group 2 for Medical Universities and the number of hospitals affiliated with each university by hospital peer-group.

The 15 January 2022 Tonga volcanic tsunami was a unique event as it was the only event after the 1883 Krakatau volcanic tsunami that created waves by a dual-mechanism generation process comprising atmospheric pressure waves and eruption-induced water displacements. Here, we study 22 tide gauge waveforms, eight DART (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) records, eight air pressure time series, apply spectral analysis, and conductnumerical modellingto develop a source model. Our source model accounts only for the contribution of eruption-induced water displacement. The maximum overall coastal tide gauge amplitudes were in the range of 4.2–148.8cm, whereas DARTs registered maximum amplitudes of 3.6–21.4cm. We identified the dominant tsunami periods due to the localized water displacement mechanism as 10–17min and 4–7min. The waves generated by atmospheric pressure waves had a period of 7–10min and an amplitude of 9–19cm on coastal tide gauges; the corresponding values for DARTs were 30–60min and 4.2–15.7cm. Modelling showed that the eruption-induced water displacement source had a characteristic initial length of 12km, a maximum initial amplitude of 90m, and a volume of 6.60×109m3.

On March 4, 2021, two tsunamigenic earthquakes (Mw 7.4 and Mw 8.1) occurred successively within 2 h in Kermadec Islands. We examined sea level records at tide gauges located at ~100 km to ~2,000 km from the epicenters, conducted Fourier and Wavelet analyses as well as numerical modelling of both tsunamis. Fourier analyses indicated that the energy of the first tsunami is mainly distributed in the period range of 5–17 min, whereas it is 8–28 min for the second tsunami. Wavelet plots showed that the oscillation of the first tsunami continued even after the arrival of the second tsunami. As the epicenters of two earthquakes are close (~ 55 km), we reconstructed the source spectrum of the second tsunami by using the first tsunami as the empirical Green’s function. The main spectral peaks are 25.6 min, 16.0 min, and 9.8 min. The results are similar to those calculated using tsunami/background ratio method and also consistent with source models.

Detailed global workflow showing the integration of different work components

Additional file 6.

Additional file 1. Supporting figures.

Additional file 1.

Additional file 3.

Additional file 7.

Additional file 2.