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Malaysia over the years has shown huge development by eradicating a huge level of poverty and channelizing its resources in a good way. Immigrants have played a very positive role in this economic development. The main purpose of this research is to visualize the contribution of illegal migrant workers in the Malaysian economy. The primary and secondary research methods are being used in this research paper to analyses the situation more broadly. The survey technique and the government's reports are used to collect data. The results have shown that unemployment around the globe is the main reason for the illegal migration of the workers. The statistics said that about 2.1 million immigrants are being registered, whereas, about 1 million are undocumented individuals. The studies have shown that these low –skilled workers can contribute to the economy and GDP of Malaysia by 1.1%. This will ultimately help the Malaysians to increase their wage rate and create a large amount of employment in the country. The analysis has also showcased that Malaysia has a higher gross national income per capita than Indonesia. Some individuals come with proper visas while some come through illegal means. Maximum cases are being reported about the workers who migrate to Malaysia on illegal grounds. Malaysian people have remarkably gained a great deal of education in the past few years. So for the primary source of laborers, these Illegal migrants are being used with lower skills. This study will help to analyze how much the economic development of Malaysia is dependent on illegal migrant workers.

In the latest year, Turkey is the destination country for illegal Afghan migrants, as Directorate general of migration management of Turkey report shows that Afghanistan has a high number of the illegal migrants in Turkey in 2019. (7) This study concentrated to determine the factors associated with the area of destination (pulling factors), social demography of immigrants, income comparison, satisfaction, and re-integration of Afghan illegal migrants in Turkey in the last five years. The data collected by a well-structured questionnaire and applied to 384 illegal Afghan immigrants in Turkey (Istanbul, & Ankara) during June, 2019. The finding shows that Security 9.14, rights (women rights 8.52, human rights 8.43) and desire of having more regular life are the main reasons that attracts migrants. Dis-satisfaction of being in Turkey and being dis-agree to re-integrate back to Afghanistan is the finding of this research.

In contrast with the world's other migratory routes, the Mediterranean is the one where more migrants die or disappear in their attempt to reach Europe's coasts. Although different international instruments refer to the obligation of States and the captains of vessels to provide assistance to anyone who is in distress at sea, the truth is that there has been a progressive reduction in search and rescue operations by the European Union and its Member States. Faced with this inaction, various NGOs dedicated to humanitarian aid have deployed vessels in the Mediterranean in order to search for and rescue migrants in distress at sea. NGOs have come to play an important role in assisting migrants, although they have encountered substantial hostility on the part of certain States, which regard these NGOs as acting as accomplices in illegal migrant smuggling. Through an analysis of different measures by certain States to deter NGOs engaged in rescue operations in the Mediterranean and the current regulatory framework for combatting illegal immigration, this article aims to assess whether these humanitarian organizations can be considered to have been wrongly criminalized and what the consequences are from the perspective of the observance of human rights.

In accordance with the purpose of the research, the article formulates recommendations for improving the tactics of detecting and documenting operational units of illegal migration related to organized (transnational) crime. A number of theoretical propositions and practical recommendations of theoretical and practical importance are substantiated, in particular: The spread of organized (transnational) crime in the area of illegal migration is primarily due to the extra profits (huge costs) from the organization of channels of illegal migration. Economic, social, cultural, political and economic factors are decisive factors affecting illegal migration processes, and the corrupt law enforcement and governmental links with organized (transnational) crime provide unimpeded conditions for such crime to be committed. with illegal migration. The increase in the number of illegal migrants, above all, directly influences the dynamics of growth in the level of certain types of offenses. At the same time, the analysis of scientific research shows that an illegal migrant should be considered (identified) not only from the perspective of the offender but also from the perspective of the victim. Moreover, the analysis of the background indicates that illegal migrants are potential victims of trafficking in human beings. In view of the above, it can be concluded that these crimes are interconnected, as illegal migration to some extent affects the dynamics of the spread of crimes related to trafficking in human beings. When choosing the most successful tactic for detecting and documenting the organization of organized (transnational) crime of smuggling persons across the state border or committing crimes related to trafficking in human beings, an employee of the operational unit for the rational use of forces, means, methods and forms of operative activities should have knowledge of the specific features that distinguish illegal migration from trafficking in human beings (68.3 % of respondents said this). It offers its own classification of levels of hierarchical structure of organized (transnational) crime, which specializes in illegal smuggling of illegal migrants, in particular: organizer (leader) of organized crime group of higher level; regional (local) organizers (leaders) of middle or lower levels of organized crime; the recruitment of illegal migrants; conductors (carriers).

The illegal migration of Basotho women to South Africa in order to render domestic service is alarming because they are subjected to harsh treatment. This is a pastoral and theological concern for the church. As migrants, their struggle begins from the household circumstances that often force them to leave and seek job opportunities undocumented or without following prescribed migration procedures. They are then subjected to migration processes and procedures: for example, corruption and bribery by migration officers and illegal dealers ( lirurubele ). The working and living conditions in South Africa are often unconducive for illegal migrants. As economic and illegal migrants, they are often considered as lesser by prejudiced employers who treat them inhumanely. Accessing essential services also imposes a significant threat to their lives. Contribution: Through this study, the article will reveal the vulnerability faced by illegal migrant Basotho women as domestic workers in South Africa.

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht Julya Rabinowichs Migrationsroman Die Erdfresserin im Hinblick auf die Heterotopie Foucault der dort dargestellten Handlungsorte. Die Autorin lässt ihre osteuropäische Protagonistin ausgerechnet an den von Foucault als Abweichungsheterotopien bezeichneten Orten agieren und reflektieren, was dieser Figur signifikante kritisch-rebellische Widerstandskompetenzen verleiht. Diana agiert als illegale Migrantin, Prostituierte, gelernte Schauspielerin und Erdfresserin auf einem Wiener Friedhof an den Rändern der westeuropäischen Gesellschaft und fällt aus dieser peripheren Ausschlussposition signifikante Urteile über Widersprüche und Machtasymmetrien im gegenwärtigen Europa.United Europe and it’s adversary – Julya Rabinowich’s novel The Earth-Eater in the context of the contemporary labour migration movementThe following article examines Julya Rabinowich’s migraton novel The Earth-Eater regarding heterotopia Foucault of the presented narration places. Rabinowich’s east Europian protagonist acts and reflects in the heterotopias of deviation in the meaning of Foucault, what gives her a significant critical and rebellious resistance competence. Diana acts as illegal migrant, prostitute, trained actress and earth-eater in the Vienas cemetery on the fingers of west Europian society and passes of this periphery exclusion space the judgment on inconsistencies and power asymetry of the contemporary Europe.

Domestic work is an essential source of livelihood for women and men in Southeast Asia and requires legal protection, including for illegal migrant domestic worker. The ASEAN Consensus on Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Worker 2017 regulates the protection of migrant workers, including illegal migrant workers in the domestic sector. This research discusses the implications of the ASEAN Consensus on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Worker 2017 for the ASEAN member countries, particularly Indonesia. This research applies a juridical-normative approach focusing on the legal materials related to the protection of domestic workers. This research also applies the statute approach. The data are analyzed qualitatively. This research concludes that the ASEAN Consensus 2017 requires close cooperation between ASEAN countries in resolving cases of illegal migrant workers through preventive measures under national laws, regulations and policies that apply in ASEAN Member Countries. Indonesia is expected to be able to implement what was agreed in the ASEAN Consensus 2017 on national legislation and other domestic policies related to the protection and promotion of migrant workers’ rights in the domestic sector. Efforts in implementing the ASEAN Consensus 2017 on migrant workers for Indonesia can be pursued in two ways, efforts to improve internally and externally.

The text aims to identify aspects that should be considered in preparing the State’s institutions to effectively combat human trafficking of a transnational nature. It addresses four main issues. First, it notices the specific problems of foreign human trafficking victims, which could be confused or overlapped with other categories, such as migrant smuggling and illegal migrant status. Subsequently, it develops three fundamental arguments that give primacy to their status as victims of human trafficking and their specialized attention from a human rights perspective. Thirdly, it provides guidelines on the elements that should constitute this approach from the specific rights of foreign victims of human trafficking. Finally, the Peruvian legal and institutional framework is analyzed, as well as its possibilities and challenges for adequate attention to foreign victims of trafficking. El texto apunta a determinar los aspectos que deben ser considerados para perfeccionar el funcionamiento del aparato estatal con el fin de luchar efectivamente contra la trata de personas de carácter transnacional y para orientarlo por los principios propios de un enfoque de derechos humanos con respecto a la víctima de trata de personas. Aborda cuatro puntos centrales. Primero, advierte la problemática particular de las víctimas de trata extranjeras, al ser proclive su confusión o superposición con otras categorías, como la de tráfico de migrantes y migrante en condición irregular. Posteriormente, se desarrollan tres argumentos fundamentales que otorgan primacía a su condición de víctima de trata y a su atención especializada desde un enfoque de derechos humanos. Como tercer punto, se brindan directrices sobre los elementos que deben componer este enfoque, a partir de los derechos específicos de víctimas de trata extranjeras. Por último, se analiza el marco normativo e institucional peruano, y sus posibilidades y retos para lograr una atención adecuada a las víctimas de trata extranjera.

Access to health care and financial protection for migrants can be promoted through diverse health insurance schemes, designed to suit migrants&rsquo, needs within a specific context. The Migrant Fund (M-Fund) is a voluntary, non-profit health insurance scheme operating along the Thai&ndash, Myanmar border in Thailand since 2017 and aims to protect the health of migrants uncovered by existing government insurance schemes. A qualitative evaluation was conducted between December 2018 and March 2019 to determine M-Fund&rsquo, s operational impacts, provide recommendations for improvement, and draw suggestions about its role in protecting migrant health. In-depth interviews with 20 individuals and 5 groups were conducted in three categories: (1) International, national, and local partners, (2) M-Fund clients, and (3) M-Fund staff. Interview information was triangulated with findings from other informants, a document review, and researchers&rsquo, observations. Despite covering a small number of 9131 migrants, the M-Fund has contributed to improving access to care for migrants, raised awareness about migrant health protection, and reduced the financial burden for public hospitals. The M-Fund acts as a safety-net initiative for those left behind due to unclear government policy to protect the health of undocumented/illegal migrants. Despite clear merits, the issue of adverse selection to the scheme is a critical challenge. Evidence from this evaluation is useful to inform the future design of government insurance schemes for migrants.

Being a non-party to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (“1951 Refugee Convention”) and 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (“1967 Protocol”), Indonesia does not have legal obligations to provide permanent resettlement for asylum seeker and/or refugee. However, as a transit country for those seeking shelter in Australia, Indonesia undergoes a myriad of issues resulting from illegal entrance by asylum seeker and/or refugee. Besides having neither legal framework nor domestic mechanism to handle asylum seekers and/or refugee, Indonesia’s immigration law identifies every foreigner including asylum seeker and refugee who unlawfully enter Indonesia’s territory into the same box as illegal migrant. It then leads to the arrest of asylum seeker and/or refugee to be put in an over-capacity detention center or other places. This paper will analyze various issues related to asylum seeker and refugee in Indonesia and to weigh whether it is indispensable for Indonesia to accede to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol.

The article investigates the dynamics of tourist flows in Ukraine and concludes about their growth in recent years, including through the policy of European integration. It is revealed that the development of tourism in Ukraine is accompanied by the spread of illegal migration. The factors that promote the use of illegal migration through the tourist channels of Ukraine are revealed. The main factors of the existence of illegal migration in our country include the exacerbation of the socio-political situation in a number of countries in Asia and the Middle East, primarily in Afghanistan and Syria, as well as the complex military-political situation in eastern Ukraine. The ways of solving the issues of illegal migration through tourist channels have been identified. ,the necessity of the system complex approach by both state institutions and the tourism sector was substantiated in order to prevent the use of tourist legal channels for illegal migrant, and trafficking.

The study below is meant to focus on the migrant smuggling crime in Romania, especially analysis of the migrant smuggling infraction provided in the Romanian Criminal Code. Being a component of the human trafficking activity, the illegal migration is a phenomenon that is continuously extending and harder to stop due to the involvement of the organized crime networks and also due the ingenuousness and maliciousness of the people and the criminals. Therewith, the migrant smuggling is highly connected with drug trafficking, terrorism etc., aspects that are connected with the organized crime. Legally, there are many differences between the source states, the transit states or the destination states, that is slowing the fight of the states for combating this scourge. During this fight of preventing and stopping the illegal migrant smuggling, the states that are involved aligned their own legal frame to the international one in the activity field, by elaborating and promoting the regulatory acts that have been putting the responsibility on the governmental and non-governmental institution in this activity field. KEYWORDS: migrant, illegal migration, crime, organized crime, Romanian Criminal Code&nbsp

Illegal migration is an impalpable phenomenon with complicated dimensions. Thousands of people leave their homelands every year due to a number of reasons such as civil wars, terrorism, economic difficulties, and social oppressions. With their flexible modus operandi, migrant smugglers benefit from individuals or groups that wish to immigrate for a more comfortable life. In order to reach a complete perception of illegal migration one needs to draw an accurate profile of migrant smugglers. At this end, data collection from both smugglers as perpetrators and illegal migrants as the object of the smuggling process provides important information for a holistic definition of “smugglers”. In this study researchers interviewed 262 illegal migrants and 174 smugglers captured in Istanbul from 2007 to 2013 in order to identify and develop a profile of migrant smugglers and understand the operating methods of illegal migration organizations. The collected data were analyzed and important results on illegal migrant smugglers were reached.

Protection of asylum seeker and Illegal migrants human rights, has often been difficult due to the need of states to regulate unwanted migration flows. European Court of Human Rights plays an important role in protecting the rights of these individuals, through a set of human rights. Requests for interim measures under Rule 39 of the Rules of Court also have great importance. In cases involving illegal migrants and asylum-seekers, Court was often in difficult position, given the contradictions that could arise from the protection of human rights and the legitimate aim of the Contracting States to control the entry, residence and expulsion of aliens. Recent Courts judgment in case of M. S. S. against Belgium is particularly important, because of its remarkable influence on the perception of a common asylum system in the EU, as well as the judgment in the case of Jama Hirsi and Others v. Italy.

У статті проаналізовано забезпечення органами Державної прикордонної служби України режиму тримання нелегальних мігрантів та особливості нормативно-правового регулювання такої діяльності. Встановлено юридичну природу та окремі елементи такого режиму. Визначено законодавчі тенденції реалізації міжнародних стандартів у практиці утримання затриманих мігрантів. The article analyzes the provision by the bodies of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine of the regime for keeping irregular migrants and the specifics of the legal regulation of such activities. The legal nature and individual elements of this regime are established. Legislative trends in the implementation of international standards in the practice of detention of detained migrants have been determined. В статье проанализированы обеспечение органами Государственной пограничной службы Украины режима содержания нелегальных мигрантов и особенности нормативно- правового регулирования такой деятельности. Установлены юридическая природа и отдельные элементы такого режима. Определены законодательные тенденции реализации международных стандартов в практике содержания задержанных мигрантов.

This article discusses issues related to the legal status of irregular or undocumented migrants from the international law perspective. The authors analyze the existing tendency in international organizations to use the term “irregular migrant”, rather than terms such as “illegal migrant” or “migrant without papers”. The authors also think that the minimum degree of protection of human rights must be granted to every individual, including illegal migrants.

The rich world’s borders increasingly seem like a battleground where a new kind of ‘threat’ is fought back – the so-called ‘illegal migrant’. At Europe’s southern frontiers, sea patrols, advanced surveillance machinery and fencing keep migrants out, much like at the US, Israeli or Australian borders. Such investments have created a dense web of controls that displaces the border both inward and outwards, into the borderlands beyond it. This article, building upon recent border studies and ethnographies of illegality, explores Europe’s migration controls by focusing on their temporal aspects. In the borderlands, it shows, irregular migrants are not only subjected to extended periods of waiting, as migrants often are; they also face an active usurpation of time by state authorities through serial expulsions and retentions. The ways in which migrants’ time is appropriated reveal a complex economics of illegality, complementing existing ‘biopolitical’ perspectives on Europe’s borders.

The existences of geographical factors, push factors and pull factors generated the intensity of migration in Greater Mekong Sub-Region (GMS). The region which consists of Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and part of China’s territory had various problems in the migration process. A predominant problem of migration is rendered by the absence of law framework. Therefore, there were a practically illegal migrant and human trafficking. This research will explain the assistance to recover migration’s problems in GMS given by Australian Government (cooperated with ILO). The type of assistance is categorized as multi-bi aid which is the assistance given by the bilateral donor to a multilateral institution. The assistance was released in the form of a project named GMS Triangle Project with the aim of creating migrant protection in GMS. To analyze the implementation of that project, the author uses the concept of multi-bi aid and review effectiveness through the concept of aid effectiveness proposed by Paris Agreement including ownership, alignment, harmonisation, managing for a result, and Mutual Accountability. The result of this study describes how multi-bi aid methods are embodied in a form of project and effectiveness are different for each receiving state in GMS.

The laws and regulations of a contracting State as to the admission to or departure from its territory of passengers, crew or cargo of aircraft, such as regulations relating to entry, clearance, immigration, passports, customs, and quarantine shall be complied with by or on behalf of such passengers, crew or cargo upon entrance into or departure from, or while within the territory of that State.

The problem of Indonesian illegal migrant workers to foreign countries will always be a crucial issue. The international migrant workers issue raised when many Indonesian migrant workers to foreign countries were treated badly when seen from a humanity and law aspect. The data of this research made use of the research data conducted by the International Migration Team, Population Studies Center, Gadjah Mada University comprising of 355 return migrants from Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara in 1998. The return migrants acted as respondents were randomly selected. The method used in this research were quantitative and qualitative with secondary data analysis. Results of the research indicated that individual, institutional (structural) and environmental context influences the program effectiveness. The institutional context such as bureaucracy and the environmental context were the existence of informal institution and accessibility of also gives contribution towards consideration in determining the choice of the migration procedure, especially in determining the legal migration procedure

Words have consequences, especially in situations where strong emotions, as well as social and political conflicts, are endemic. Raj Bhopal’s rapid response in The BMJ, in which he objected to the use of the phrase “illegal migrant” on the grounds that only actions, not persons, can be deemed illegal, merits further reflection and dissection.

International borders are important interim areas around the world. The junctional areas between countries are usually where control is required. Travel across international borders means crossing from one into another country, and legal control is usually required. Nevertheless, due to long international lines, informal border crossings are commonly carried out by the local people. Sometimes this can be a big problem in travel medicine. Two groups of people performing informal international border crossings are refugees and illegal migrant workers. There are many reports regarding the health statuses of those who have informally crossed international borders, and this is an interesting issue in travel medicine.

This paper analyzes a corpus of films that represent various journeys of illegal migrants. It focuses specifically on the role of the illegal migrant on the border, understood as both a place and a metaphor. After critically examining the notion of border, it explores the recurring characters in this particular kind of film: the illegal migrant who experiences the border, the Western man-in-crisis who is regenerated through contact with the Other, the immigration officer whose own stance toward the suffering of illegal migrants is questioned.

Indonesia has faced the problem of illegal immigrants for a long time, especially with the rise of war in other countries or other forms of oppression against a party who then makes them leave the country with the hope to live in another country better off than where they originated. The issue of "illegal migrants" itself has gained a lot of international attention as well as international talks that discussed the problem and how to overcome it. Policies and mitigation measures carried out so far can not address the problem of illegal immigration effectively, which force Government of Indonesia to accommodate those who are awaiting receipt of the status of refugees ("Refugee") and the opportunity to leave to Australia. It requires comprehensive and effective arrangements in tackling this includes identifying relevant agencies that should cooperate in the supervision and law enforcement action

Šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje nelegali migracija – rimta problema ne tik Lietuvai bet ir visai Europos Sąjungai. 1990 m. Lietuvai atkūrus nepriklausomybę, emigraciniai srautai pradėjo sparčiai didėti, per Lietuvą nusidriekė nelegalių imigrantų iš įvairių šalių keliai į trokštamas Vakarų ir Šiaurės Europos šalis, Lietuvos įsiliejimas į Šengeno erdvę atvėrė kelią laisvai judėti joje ne tik teisėtai esantiems ar gyvenantiems asmenims, bet ir nelegaliems migrantams. Darbo temos aktualumą lemia tai, kad nelegali migracija šiuo metu yra labai sparčiai besivystantis reiškinys, kurio pagrindinis barjeras nelegaliems migrantams iš trečiųjų šalių yra išorinė ES siena, kurią teisėtu ar neteisėtu būdu perėję jie atsiduria Šengeno erdvėje. Šio darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti Valstybės sienos apsaugos tarnybos pareigūnų veiklą nelegalios migracijos kontrolės srityje, ją reglamentuojančius teisės aktus ir įgyvendinimo ypatumus. Darbe keliama prielaida, kad nelegalios migracijos prevencija ir kontrolė Lietuvoje, nėra tinkamai sureguliuota ir įgyvendinama nacionaliniais teisės aktais. Ištyrus tarptautinius teisės aktus, įstatymus ir kitus nacionalinius teisės aktus, išanalizavus teismų sprendimus, mokslinius straipsnius ir disertaciją, spaudos publikacijas, teisėsaugos institucijų ataskaitas ir statistiką, bei kitą informaciją nagrinėjama tema, sulyginus teorinę bei praktinę informaciją, gautą interviu metodu, nustatytos Valstybės sienos apsaugos tarnybos pareigūnų, įgyvendinamos kontrolės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] In modern society illegal migration is a very serious problem not only in Lithuania but for all European Union. Since Lithuania restored it's independence, emigration amount started to increase very rapidly. Lithuania became the way to illegal migrants to the desirable Western and northern European countries. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze State Border Guards service officers activity in the illegal migration control department, to analyze all the law acts and ways of implementation. The study of international law, administrative law and national legislation, the analysis of court decisions, scholarly articles, dissertations and publications of the press, law enforcement reports and statistics, supplemented with other information at the subject, as well as comparison of theoretical and practical information received in interviews, the State Border Guard officers implementation of the control of illegal migration, the formulation of problems and proposition of possible solutions is made. The test results lead to the conclusion that the State Border Guard Service and competences of illegal migration prevention and control are indefinite, there is no clear migration processes of the institutions implementing the distribution of functions, but under the current regulations of the State Border Guard officers, illegal immigration controlled efficiently.

Бахур, О. И. Уголовно-правовая борьба с незаконной миграцией : автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата юридических наук : специальность 12.00.08 Уголовное право и криминология; уголовно-исполнительное право / Бахур Олег Иванович ; Учреждение образования "Академия Министерства внутренних дел Республики Беларусь". - Минск, 2006. - 21 c. Целью исследования является разработка теоретических и прикладных проблем уголовно-правовой борьбы с незаконной миграцией (уголовно-правовая характеристика преступлений, посягающих на установленный порядок миграции, формулирование научно-обоснованных рекомендаций по совершенствованию уголовного закона и практики его применения в сфере борьбы с незаконной миграцией). В ходе выполнения диссертации использовались общенаучные и специальные методы, изучались архивные уголовные дела. = Purpose of thesis – elaboration of theretical and applied problems of combating illegal migration (criminal and legal characteristics of crimes infringing the established rules of migration, fofming of scientific recommendation as regards inprovement of the criminal law and practice of its enforcement in the field of combating illegal migration). General and specific scientific methods have been used, archives criminal cases were studied.

The rapid increase in the number of illegal migrant workers in Japan in the last seven years poses Japanese policy-makers with a dilemma: should Japan capitulate to a domestic labor shortage and outside pressure on its borders and admit foreign laborers legally, or should it maintain its policy of excluding foreign laborers in order to protect Japanese society and economy from the adverse effects of foreign migration? Strong arguments in favor of both sides make an easy choice impossible, but the swelling presence of illegal migrant workers, fostered by strong economic forces, may make an exclusionary policy unworkable and unrealistic.

Over half of all construction businesses in Kuwait are small firms employing fewer than 10 employees, most of whom are contingent, migrant workers. There is also anecdotal evidence that the practice of employing illegal migrant labour in the Kuwaiti construction industry, particularly amongst sub-contracting firms, is rife. There are disturbing indications that the injury and illness rate amongst construction workers is extremely high. The paper will present the rationale for the proposed study and highlight the characteristics of the Kuwaiti construction industry. A brief review of the literature outlined in the paper will also attempt resolve (or not) the following questions: what are the intersections between the literature on contingent workers and the literature on OHS in the construction industry? In addition, what does the research literature say on the extension to which cultural factors shape employers' practices and attitudes toward employment relations and workplace health and safety? Finally, areas for future research on the topic will he identified and mapped out.