Search

espanolEn este documento se describen los cambios en el Instituto de Diagnostico y Referencia Epidemiologicos (InDRE) de 2012 a 2019, las modificaciones administrativas y de equipamiento, la nueva sede y las modificaciones juridicas al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiologica. Se menciona el proceso de mudanza, en especial el cuidadoso traslado del material biologico que resguarda el Instituto y se analiza la nueva forma de estudiar los brotes epidemicos, los padecimientos endemicos y la red negativa. Respecto al ambito internacional, se describe el fomento de la vinculacion con redes globales de la Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud, la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y otros organismos internacionales. Tambien se menciona la designacion en el InDRE de cuatro centros colaboradores de la OMS. La Red de Laboratorios de la Iniciativa Global para la Seguridad en Salud reconocio el liderazgo del InDRE, cuyo director ocupo la copresidencia del grupo de trabajo en el periodo de estudio. EnglishThis document describes the changes at the Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE) from 2012 to 2019, the administrative and equipment modifications, the new headquarters and the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance legal modifications. The process of relocation is mentioned, especially the careful transfer of the biological material protected by the Institute, and the new way of studying epidemic outbreaks, endemic diseases and the negative network is analyzed. At the international level, the promotion of links with global networks of the Pan American Health Organization, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organizations is described. The designation of four WHO collaborating centres granted to InDRE is also mentioned. The Global Health Security Initiative Laboratory Network acknowledged InDRE’s leadership, which co-chaired the working group during the study period.

Класифікацію захворювань проводять із метою забезпечення єдності методичних підходів до вивчення нозологічних одиниць і для можливості зіставлення матеріалів досліджень на міжнародному рівні. В огляді подано короткий аналіз затверджених у вересні 2017 р. нових класифікацій епілепсій і типів епілептичних нападів, що були розроблені Міжнародною протиепілептичною лігою (МПЕЛ). Ключові моменти для перегляду класифікації епілепсій такі: МПЕЛ пропонує переглянуті основи класифікації епілепсії, призначені для використання разом із класифікацією типів нападів; рівні діагностики: тип нападу, тип епілепсії (вогнищева, генералізована, комбінована — генералізована та вогнищева, невідома) та епілептичний синдром; етіологічний діагноз слід розглянути при першому зверненні пацієнта і впродовж кожного кроку на діагностичному шляху; діагноз епілепсії в пацієнта може класифікуватись більше ніж за однією етіологічною категорією (епілепсія структурна, генетична, інфекційна, метаболічна, імунна, невідомої етіології); термін «доброякісний» замінюється термінами «самообмежений» та «фармакочутливий», які слід використовувати у випадках, коли ці терміни можуть бути відповідно застосовані; терміни «енцефалопатія розвитку» й «епілептична енцефалопатія» використовуються повністю або частково у випадках, коли ці терміни можуть бути відповідно застосовані. При визначенні епілепсії клініцист може зупинитися на будь-якому рівні діагностики. Комісія МПЕЛ зазначила, що попередні класифікації епілептичних нападів були засновані на анатомічному принципі з поділом нападів на скроневі, лобні, тім’яні, потиличні, діенцефальні і стовбурові. У сучасних дослідженнях змінено погляди на патофізіологічні механізми і показано, що епілепсія є захворюванням мережі (network), а не лише симптомом локальної патології мозку. І хоча розуміння мережевого походження нападів дуже швидко розвивається, комісія вважає його недостатнім, щоб слугувати основою наукової класифікації епілептичних нападів, яку на даному етапі назвали робочою (операційною). Усі напади поділяються на генералізовані, фокальні і з невідомим початком. Усі вони можуть мати моторні прояви або проходити без них. Фокальний напад може переходити в білатеральний тоніко-клонічний. Атонічні, клонічні, тонічні, міоклонічні епілептичні напади можуть бути як фокальними, так і генералізованими. Доданий новий термін «некласифікований напад». Також введені нові терміни для генералізованих типів нападів: «абсанс із міоклонією повік», «міоклонічний абсанс», «міоклоніко-атонічний напад» і «міоклоніко-тоніко-клонічний напад». Обговорюються нова термінологія, визначення і нові концепції, розроблені МПЕЛ. Підкреслюється необхідність своєчасного впровадження нових класифікацій (2017 р.) у клінічну практику в Україні. Робочою групою Української протиепілептичної ліги запропоновані основні напрямки цього процесу.

The prospects for increasing the share of training and coverage of educational cooperation in the field of innovation in the BRICS Network University - one of the most important modern forms of cooperation in the field of education at the international level - are studied. The concepts of network structure and network university are considered. The effects of network interaction and the principles of functioning of network universities are revealed, and an overview of the approach to classifying network structures by the target feature of formation is given. The purpose is to search for opportunities to set up an innovative orientation of the BRICS Network University educational process as the general innovative cooperation stimulation platform of the participating countries. For this purpose, the experience of participation of Russian universities in other network universities (CIS and SCO) was explored, and possible formats of cooperation between innovation teams and interested students in the BRICS countries were proposed to stimulate both traditional mobility of students, teachers and employees, and general innovation exchange through the BRICS Network University.

This article highlights the impact of international law on the global process of illegal migration, reveals a number of international problems related to international migration, in particular by sea, identifies the main factors influencing illegal migration in general, indicates the state of illegal migration in various European Union countries. attention is paid to such important international legal instruments as the Schengen Agreement of 1985 and 1990, the Dublin Convention of 1990, the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 and the Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997. The article also focuses on the European Union agency, which deals with the protection of external borders and their protection from illegal migrants, in particular, by sea.The analysis of theoretical and practical aspects of combating illegal migration by sea at the international level, as well as in the development of scientific and theoretical approaches to solving migration problems, characterizes the legal regulation of combating illegal migration by maritime transport and maritime participation established intergovernmental bodies. The main tools of the European Union to combat illegal migration by sea, which can be used to improve the legal regulation of migration authorities of other countries, as well as substantiate the organizational and legal framework of European countries in the field of legal support to combat illegal migration by sea.The actions of European states represented by the relevant state bodies in solving the problems of illegal migration with the help of merchant fleets of European countries are studied. The article pays attention to the influence of illegal migration on the formation and change of legal awareness of society, as the beginning of the formation of criminogenic factors among illegal migrants in the host country.

An extensive number of studies uses trade-to-GDP as a proxy for globalisation in environmental research. Globalisation encompasses much more than just trade in goods. Globalisation is the integration of various countries and includes spillovers of ideas and technology, financial flows, the worldwide movement of labour, and national governments meeting on an international level in a bid to solve social and political problems. This study considers the effect of globalisation on carbon dioxide emissions by using a more flexible and comprehensive measure based on the KOF globalisation index for a panel of 21 OECD nations covering the period 1970–2014. Since the globalisation process is not uniform across countries and time, we use a fully-fledged nonparametric technique to estimate the time-varying coefficient and trend functions. Our results show that the effect of globalization on CO2 emissions is positive up until 2000, then switches to turns negative thereafter.

The pandemic has accelerated the use and development of video conferenc-ing platforms due to COVID-19, and it is necessary to find an application that best suits our requirements. This article evaluates nine features of nine video conferencing applications to find the best choice. A detailed analysis has been conducted in this article using surveys to collect data from two samples at national and international level. The methodology followed is the CDIO methodology, a tool to address complex problems in four stages: conception, design, implementation, and operation. The primary aim of this paper is to examine which is the best livestreaming option according to the selected criteria, using, as references, well-known applications such as Jitsi, Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Google Meet, Big Blue Button, among others. An application of multicriteria analysis is also shown to support the evalua-tion of these platforms compared to the established criteria.

espanolLa evolucion en materia de derecho de discapacidad ha avanzado sustancialmente a nivel internacional como en legislaciones nacionales. El punto mas algido es la aprobacion de la Convencion Internacional sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad en el 2006, cuyo principal aporte es el reconocimiento del derecho de ejercicio de la capacidad juridica de las personas con discapacidad intelectual y psicosocial. En Ecuador, a pesar de haberse ratificado este instrumento internacional en el 2008, la legislacion interna sigue siendo oscura, incompatible, contradictoria e inaplicable acarreando un conflicto teorico de naturaleza civil y sobre todo practico en el ejercicio de la actividad notarial. Precisamente la dificultad que representa al notario ecuatoriano prestar la atencion a este grupo de personas, no obstante, de la existencia de legislacion internacional y nacional que propugna el derecho de obrar del discapacitado intelectual y psicosocial, constituye el objeto principal de este trabajo. Para la realizacion de un adecuado analisis e interpretacion de las normas juridicas pertinente, utilizamos los metodos juridicos: exegetico y hermeneutico juridico. El resultado es una vision global, actualizada y presentada desde la optica del notario publico. Su abordamiento tras 15 anos desde la aprobacion de la mencionada Convencion internacional y su aun no adecuacion de forma clara en la legislacion ecuatoriana justifican la importancia de su estudio en materia de Derecho Social de los discapacitados y del Derecho Notarial ecuatoriano. EnglishThe evolution of disability law has advanced substantially at the international level as well as in national legislation. The highest point is the approval of the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2006, whose main contribution is the recognition of the right to exercise the legal capacity of persons with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities. In Ecuador, despite having ratified this international instrument in 2008, the internal legislation continues to be obscure, incompatible, contradictory and inapplicable, leading to a theoretical conflict of a civil nature and above all practical in the exercise of notarial activity. Precisely the difficulty that represents the Ecuadorian notary to pay attention to this group of people despite the existence of international and national legislation that advocates the right to act of the intellectually and psychosocial disabled, constitutes the main object of this work. To carry out an adequate analysis and interpretation of the pertinent legal norms, we use legal methods: exegetical and legal hermeneutic. The result is a global vision, updated and presented from the point of view of the notary public. Its approach after 15 years since the approval of the aforementioned international Convention and its not yet clearly adequate in Ecuadorian legislation justify the importance of its study in matters of Social Law for the disabled and Ecuadorian Notarial Law.

Humanitarians are saviours, people employed by organisations that were created to provide neutral and professional help in times of conflict, disaster or other emergencies. We assume that we can trust the humanitarians.1 This, at least, is the theory of humanitarianism. However, news outlets depict the actions of humanitarians somewhat differently. The accusations levied at humanitarian actors, including Oxfam and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) within the past three years, include that individuals have committed crimes against those they are meant to be helping, organisations have swept said abhorrent behaviour under the rug, and that the consequences for the individuals concerned are, at worst, being ‘let go’ or demoted. These scandals have besmirched the reputation of the humanitarian profession. In some instances, the scandals have undermined perceptions of humanitarian actors and, consequently, mired funding for the important work that they do. Although a multitude of actors’ act in the same spaces and places, including in armed conflict and disasters, only some are subject to accountability and responsibility on the international stage. Our question is what can and could be done at the international level to address the accusations and, in some cases, unlawful behaviour? This article explores avenues within and outside of the international legal system to ensure responsibility of those embroiled in illegal acts.

Inserido na discussão da segurança regional, o objetivo central deste artigo é analisar a construção de um componente de segurança e defesa na América do Sul, ao verificar se o Conselho de Defesa Sul-Americano (CDS) pode ser entendido como parte do processo de concepção de uma identidade sul-americana, e como sua agenda e estrutura se adequam ou não às necessidades da região. A cooperação regional, enquanto um processo que tende a aproximar Estados por meio da convergência de interesses, abriga uma ampla variedade de temas, dentre os quais estão a segurança e a defesa. Neste sentido, o CDS representa a primeira iniciativa de cooperação em segurança e defesa entre todos os países da América do Sul. Por esta razão, a análise está situada na interseção dos níveis regional e doméstico, o que não exclui a interação com o nível internacional, cuja compreensão é necessária para se pensar as dinâmicas regionais. A amplitude teórica dos Complexos Regionais de Segurança é utilizada como lente para a reflexão, já que, segundo esta proposição, os problemas de segurança enfrentados pelos Estados de determinada região não podem ser pensados de forma separada, o que abre espaço para a possibilidade de se pensar esses assuntos de maneira conjunta, via instituições.

Az Europai Uniot fenyegető biztonsagi kihivasok osszetettsege es az uj keletű veszelyek elkerulhetetlenne teszik, hogy a hirszerző es biztonsagi kozosseg altal beszerzett informaciok gyorsan, biztonsagosan es feldolgozottan keruljenek a politikai donteshozok asztalara. A szinergiak a fuzios kozpontokban csucsosodnak ki, amelyek eredetileg allami szervekkent jottek letre. Az EU akkent tud leghatekonyabban hozzajarulni a tagallamok es az integracio egesze biztonsaganak fenntartasahoz, ha maga is műkodtet informacioegyesitő kozpontokat. Az unios intezmenyrendszert, az ugynoksegek feladat- es hataskoreit megvizsgalva arra a kovetkeztetesre juthatunk, hogy tobb EU-s szerv is magan viseli a fuzios kozpontok jellemzőit. Mindamellett az EU alkotmanyos berendezkedeseből es az egyuttműkodes jelenlegi melysegeből fakadoan e fuzios kozpontok szamos tekintetben kulonboznek a nemzeti rendszerektől. A kozos biztonsag kerdese egyre inkabb befolyasolja az unios agendakat, holott a tagallamok e teruleten joval ovatosabban műkodnek egyutt egymassal. Ez a kettősseg feszultseget es az integracio iranyarol kulonbozően gondolkozo (foderalista vagy szuverenitasparti) tagallamok kozott torespontot is eredmenyezhet, amelyet az erdek osszeuropai karakterere tekintettel kivanatos volna elkerulni.Alternate abstract:Due to hybrid activities below the thresholds of traditional conflicts, the civil sphere and the surrounding information environment has become part and, in some cases, the tool for conflicts between states or certain groups. Disinformation activities, which have been part of social deception for centuries, have become increasingly prominent in recent years but are also gaining prominence at the political level due to globalisation and changes in technological and information consumption patterns that have accelerated in recent times. The spread of disinformation is a serious challenge for democracies and recent lessons have shown that it poses a direct threat to human health and life. Due to the rapid development of technology and the low cost of the dissemination of disinformation, state-sponsored activities have unprecedented proportions capable of influencing democratic discourse and a state's internal affairs, as well as escalating conflicts between states on the international level.

This article studies, over the period 2006 to 2019, both the structure and the evolution of corporate networks built on shared board directors between the largest listed firms of three European countries: France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It offers a longitudinal and up-to-date analysis of the state of links between companies through examining interlocking directorates. Contrary to previous studies which have emphasized a decline of interlocks when analyzed at the board director level, we observe relative stability of these networks at the corporate level with a number of connected firms remaining quite stable despite a decline of board ties. As a result, the most central companies remain mainly the same at the national and international level over the considered period. Our findings provide evidence for the resource perspective: access to key resources seemingly pushes firms to continue their network participation despite strengthened national regulations on directors with multiple board seats. This evolution echoes the concept of weak ties of Granovetter (Am J Sociol 78: 360–1380, 1973). Lastly, it is worth noting that it cannot be affirmed that there has been an emergence of a cross-national network which operates to substitute national board ties.

Background: Every effort needs to be made to better understand the current state of practice and trends relating to root caries management which will be of benefit to dentists universally in the practice of dentistry. Aim: This article presents a multicountry questionnaire survey of the current state of practice in the management of root caries among dentists in nine different countries to get a wider range of opinions and perspectives. Methodology: A questionnaire related to root surface caries was distributed among practicing dentists in nine different countries, namely the United Kingdom, Libya, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Brazil, India, Malaysia, and Iraq. Questionnaire responses were analyzed, and the results were compared among groups. Results: The results showed statistically significant differences among dentists in most questionnaire aspects. Bleeding is the greatest obstacle facing dentists when restoring root surface lesions. Reported survival rates reflect uncertainty about the material and/or approach of choice in the management of root surface caries. Conclusion: This questionnaire survey revealed the current status of management of root surface caries in clinical practice in various countries. Substantial attention is required to bridge the knowledge gap and address the current void of uncertainty as relates to root caries management by providing a common ground for communication between dentists from all around the globe. In all, this work found a degree of consensus at the international level on what appears to work well among the dental practices surveyed and identified several issues with existing approaches that need to be addressed in future studies.

INTRODUCTION. The Eurasian economic union (EAEU) institutions have a huge competence delegated by the EAEU Member-States. Effective implementation of such competence, especially in foreign trade, entails relevant international activity of the EAEU institutions. In this connection the article analyses international capability of the EAEU, relevant experience of the European Union as well as actual status and perspectives of the EAEU international activity in foreign trade.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research is based on the analysis of the EAEU legislation, recent works of relevant researchers, experience of the European Union in respect of international cooperation. Methodological instruments are analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction and analogy.RESEARCH RESULTS. Successful development of foreign trade activity of the EAEU Member-States depends on effectiveness of the EAEU international activity. The research shows that EAEU international activity in foreign trade is not as effective as it could be. This has a negative impact on foreign market accessibility for the EAEU Member-States goods. In view of the above a thorough research of appropriate EU legal base was conducted. It shows, that effectiveness of the EU in promotion of its interests on the international stage, including in the foreign trade, is based on relevant legal mechanisms, which allows to take into account both positions of the EU and its Member-States. Such experience with combination of the specific characters of Eurasian integration will help to make necessary amendments to the EAEU legal base to increase its effectiveness.DISCUSSION AND CONLUSIONS. The author makes conclusion on the necessity of amendments to the EAEU international activity legal base, with use of the researched European Union experience. In particular, the EAEU institutions need additional competence for more independence and flexibility at international level. This will improve the EAEU international activity, including conclusion of free trade agreements (regardless of concluded agreements of the EAEU, the scale of international activity of the EAEU is not comparable with the European Union’s one), create conditions for export promotion, and help to strengthen the EAEU image as independent participant of international relations.

For many decades, the issues of systematization of international criminal law, if not in the center of attention of the subjects of international lawmaking, are at least not removed from the agenda. At the same time, the negotiation process on this topic, even at the present time, is far from over; a significant number of problems of both a legal-technical and a political nature remain unresolved. An analysis of the historical experience of the codification of international criminal law, an attempt to bring it into a single report is the main task of this article, while its purpose is to determine the most significant stages of the codification of international criminal law, to establish the prerequisites for decisions of a law-making nature adopted at the international level, their logic and significance for the current state of the system of international criminal policy. The methodology of this research is made up of such methods as formal legal, logical and systemic interpretation of law, historical and comparative analysis. Both the main and the final parts of this study represent a short excursion into the formation of international criminal policy, indicate the main guidelines in the study of various areas of international criminal law.

يمر المجتمع المصرى فى الأونة الأخيرة بالعديد من التغيرات من الناحية الصحية، والتکنولوجيه، والاقتصادية. وکذلک العديد من الأزمات والتى من أبرزها جائحة کورونا، وتأثيرها على العديد من القطاعات سواء على المستوى الدولى. وکذلک المستوى المحلى. وبإعتبار التعليم أحد أهم قطاعات المجتمع، فقد تعرض إلى العديد من المشکلات تباعا لجائحة کورونا. وکذلک التدريب الميدانى لطلاب الخدمة الاجتماعية، وکذلک غلق الکثير من المؤسسات الخاصة بالتدريب الميدانى، فکانت هناک حاجة لإسخدام بعض الأنظمة التکنولوجيه لما لها من أثار إيجابية من توفير الوقت، وسهولة تکيف المتعلم داخل البيئة التکيفية للتعليم؛ ولهذا سعى البحث الحالى إلى التحقق من إمکانية تطبيق التعلم التکيفى لإستدامة التدريب الميدانى لطلاب الخدمة الاجتماعية وذلک من خلال العديد من المؤشرات، کما تم الرجوع إلى الخبراء والمتخصصين من أعضاء هيئة التدريس وأخصائى نظم، وتوصل البحث إلى قبول کافة الفروض، والتوصل لنموذج مقترح للتدريب التکيفى.Egyptian society has recently gone through many changes in terms of health, technology, and economics. As well as many crises, most notably the Corona pandemic, and its impact on many sectors, whether at the international level. As well as the local level. As education is one of the most important sectors of society, it has been exposed to many problems following the Corona pandemic. As well as field training for social service students, as well as the closure of many institutions for field training, there was a need to use some technology systems because of their positive effects of saving time, and ease of adaptation of the learner within the adaptive environment of education; Therefore

Public development banks (PDBs) — at sub-national, national, regional or international level — can cooperate and become central in the implementation of sustainable economic models. PDBs are over 5...

The purpose of the article. It consists in identifying and classifying the features, tasks, forms of cooperation of representatives of this specialty with choreographic groups of Lviv. The methodology consists in the complex application of historical, source and comparative methods. This methodological approach allows to reveal and analyzing the specifics of the interaction of the leaders of the leading Lviv choreographic groups with accordionists in comparison with a set of tools and creative concepts. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the implementation of the first special study of the features, tasks, forms of cooperation of accordionists with choreographic groups of a particular region. Conclusions. The most prominent representatives among the musicians of this specialty in the choreographic groups of Lviv have been singled out, their achievements and reaching the international level have been specified. The requirements of professional training of an accordionist to perform these functions are specified.

Private International Law is nowadays, to a large extent, regulated by European and international law and the scope of the application of autonomous national law is therefore limited. However, in case of non-contractual obligations with cross-border elements, this scope is still relatively broad, as certain matters are excluded from the regulation on the European and international level. The aim of this article is to analyze the regulation of non-contractual obligations with cross-border elements under the Czech Act on Private International law, namely its regulation of international jurisdiction, applicable law, and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements.

La arquitectura del Movimiento Moderno a nivel internacional y en el contexto regional de América Latina, constituye un referente para el estudio de las soluciones espaciales y el papel jugado por la envolvente en la relación interior-exterior de cualquier arquitectura local. En el presente artículo se ofrecen los resultados del estudio de una muestra intencional de edificios de apartamentos del Movimiento Moderno en el centro histórico de Camagüey, que brindan soluciones propias a partir de la asimilación de los postulados del Movimiento Moderno internacional. Se exponen las características espaciales de los edificios de apartamentos del Movimiento Moderno en el centro histórico de Camagüey, que los definen, y se reflexiona sobre la percepción y valoración subjetiva de sus habitantes.

Resumen Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sustentable (ODS) constituyen un marco para poder cumplir con los propósitos de la sustentabilidad en sus múltiples dimensiones sociales, económicas y ambientales. Por cuanto, las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) pueden ser consideradas como un actor social determinante para impulsar su cumplimiento. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo sintetizar criterios para el análisis de los ODS a partir de cuatro funciones sustantivas de la actividad universitaria: gestión institucional, prácticas y cultura ambiental de la universidad; educación y aprendizaje; investigación; y liderazgo social. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un análisis hermenéutico durante el periodo comprendido de enero a junio de 2020, en el que los productos obtenidos fueron ocho marcos analíticos y referenciales de diversas instituciones tanto mexicanas como internacionales. En este análisis se consiguió como resultado la coincidencia de 32 criterios clasificados de acuerdo con las funciones sustantivas de las IES, lo que permitirá comprender los alcances y limitaciones de las IES para el cumplimiento de los ODS y el impulso de la sustentabilidad. De manera preliminar, a pesar de que no se tiene una comprobación in situ se puede concluir que las IES, a través de las funciones sustantivas, pueden facilitar los ODS y la dimensión ambiental de la sustentabilidad. Abstract The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) establish a framework to be able to fulfil the purposes of sustainability in its multiple social, economic, and environmental dimensions. While the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), can be considered as a determinant social actor to support their fulfilment. The aim of this article proposes a compilation of criteria for the analysis of the SDGs based on four main functions of university activity: institutional management, environmental and culture university practices; education and learning; research; and social leadership. For this a literature review was conducted during the period January to June 2020, in which the outputs were eight analytical and reference frameworks of various institutions at the international level and in Mexico has been carried out, which resulted in the coincidence of 32 criteria classified according to the main functions of the HEIs; which allowed the elaboration of word clouds to determine the key elements for indicators, thus also allowing for an understanding of the achievements and limitations of the HEIs for the fulfilment of the SDGs and the promotion of sustainability. Preliminarily, although there is no in situ verification, it can be concluded that HEIs can facilitate the SDGs and the environmental dimension of sustainability through their substantive functions.

Este artigo procura demonstrar as reações políticas dos trabalhadores às transformações tecnológicas e organizacionais, isto é, à reestruturação do processo de produção e de prestação de serviços, que acompanha as transformações do cenário histórico mundial, como frutos dos seus condicionantes tecnocientíficos, econômicos, políticos, sociais, culturais, nacionais e internacionais. Embora não se abrace a tese do dedterminismo tecnológico, as novas condições de trabalho são aqui consideradas como um dos fatores determinantes das formas de resistência dos trabalhadores e da orientação política dos movimentos sindicais em todos os países do mundo. Surge dessa compreensão, com fundamento na vasta literatura sobre os movimentos sindicais no Brasil, a relação entre taulorismo;fordismo e sindicalismo de confronto; toyotismo e sindicalismo de negociação; quarta revolução tecnológica e tendência à independência dos sindicatos e das centrais sindicais, graças aos meios tecnológicos de comunicação direta entre os pares, para a apresentação, organização e luta por novas reivindicações.

The quality of drinking water differs across countries, so households show different levels of willingness to pay (WTP) to improve it, which is also influenced by their income levels. This study presents a meta-analysis using studies from 30 developed and developing countries, representing 4.7 billion inhabitants. At the international level, by standardizing these values (PPP) to international US dollars of 2011, developing countries show, on average, a greater WTP than developed countries relative to their income and an inverse correlation between their water footprint and their WTP. HIGHLIGHTS A comparative meta-analysis between developed and developing countries.; Developing countries are willing to pay more to improve their drinking water.; Policy-makers can use these results to guide their decisions.; Developing countries are willing to pay more to improve their freshwater, but do not trust their governments.; Developing countries are willing to pay more for the freshwater in relation to their income.

El artículo se centra en los estudios experimentales sobre el comportamiento mecánico de los pilotes geotérmicos. Se presenta de forma resumida el proyecto español PITERM (2011-2013), sobre un pilote experimental de hormigón prefabricado, hincado en Valencia, y sometido a cargas mecánicas y térmicas, simulando su funcionamiento durante el verano, en modo climatización. Se incluye una breve revisión de pruebas experimentales realizadas en diferentes países, cuyos resultados van al encuentro de los obtenidos en PITERM, confirman el modelo conceptual representativo de un comportamiento termo-elástico, para los niveles de cargas térmicas esperables en las aplicaciones reales, y revelan la importancia del perfil de terreno atravesado y de las condiciones de restricción en pie y cabeza del pilote. Se hace también una pequeña revisión de trabajos experimentales sobre modelos a escala reducida en centrífuga, y se finaliza con algunos apuntes sobre las líneas de investigación más recientes a nivel internacional.

Systematic reviews are research synthesis methods increasingly used in educational research to support evidence-based decision making. The conduction of a systematic review is a complex process with several phases usually supported by software tools. These tools used at the international level are not currently common in the Italian educational research. This work describes four software tools used in the international educational research and evaluates their general functionality and specific features’ usability to conduct the systematic review phases of study screening and selection. For this purpose, this study uses two methods: a feature analysis (Kitchenham et al., 1997) and an expert survey (Harrison et al., 2020). The results of both investigation methods agree to consider Covidence and Rayyan the most functional software tools in conducting SR. Among the four tools, ASReview has the greatest potential for making the process of a SR more efficient. Una valutazione dei software per condurre revisioni sistematiche: analisi delle caratteristiche e sondaggio a esperti Le revisioni sistematiche sono metodi di sintesi di ricerca sempre più utilizzati in campo educativo al fine di supportare il processo decisionale basato su evidenze. La conduzione di una revisione sistematica, poiché complessa e su più fasi, è sovente supportata in ambito internazionale da software specifici attualmente poco diffusi nella ricerca educativa italiana. Il contributo presenta quattro software utilizzati nella ricerca educativa internazionale e valuta le funzionalità generali e l’usabilità di caratteristiche specifiche per condurre le fasi di screening e di selezione degli studi. A questo scopo lo studio impiega i metodi dell’analisi delle caratteristiche (Kitchenham et al., 1997) e del sondaggio ad esperti in revisioni sistematiche (Harrison et al., 2020) in campo educativo. I risultati di entrambi i metodi di indagine concordano nel ritenere Covidence e Rayyan gli strumenti più funzionali per condurre revisioni sistematiche, mentre ASReview risulta il software con maggiore potenzialità per rendere il processo più efficiente.

Along with the development and innovation of technology information at the international level, one of the transactions payment is from offline to online (cashless payment). The utilization of technology cashless platforms mobile payment, Indonesia, India, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Singapore still shows less than 4%. In Indonesia, there are currently 21 companies (providers) that are engaged in mobile payment with a variety of services provided. Millennial, Generation-Z, tends to have a virtual transaction space that has attracted their interest in using social media as a technology with cashless payments of We-Chat pay. At the end of the activity, a post-test was held relates to the socialization of the We-Chat Pay as one of Digital Payment Innovation. The posttest was given to find out the enthusiasm of the participants. The post-test obtained an overview of the participants’ interest in the use of We-Chat pay cashless payments, namely 34% as an option for shopping; 30% as an option to eat together; 19% as an option for traveling; and 17% as an option for Nobar (watching together). Therefore, it does not rule out the possibility of the digital payment technology apply in Jakarta and Bekasi, Indonesia to adopt the innovation of WeChat Pay.

The article dwells on the contemporary situation in respect of the capital punishment both in international and national law. On the one hand, the death penalty is supposed to be forbidden and abolished as cruel and inhumane. On the other – the death penalty is an effective way to fight violence and crime Both points of view are supported by the arguments, based on the results of the scientific research, which though are controversial. The role of the capital punishment is widely debated on the international level as well as on national. Thus, last November the UN General Assembly has adopted the Resolution, which established a moratorium on executions with a view to abolishing the death penalty. In this respect some other acts of international law Meanwhile the situation in Russia seems to be very complicated. About 80% of population including many outstanding lawyers and public figures support the death penalty as the punishment for especially grave crimes, such as terrorism In fact, Russia has not used death penalty since 1996, but it is the part of the Russian law system. The article emphasizes that the tendency to the abolishment of the death penalty seems to be apparent. However, it will take much time for abolitionists to assure the adherents of the capital punishment that it is neither effective, nor humane. The univocal interpretation of the death penalty could be only the result of cooperation of the states and international bodies.

Industrial clusters, on the one hand, act as a tool of today's industrial policy pursued in sectoral and territorial aspects and, on the other hand, they are the object of state support, which is carried out within the frames of the program of cluster policy. Nowadays state support of industrial clusters includes mainly measures encouraging production localization aimed at product output within the frames of sectoral plans of import substitution and national projects. It is shown that key difficulties arising in using the cluster approach in Russia are the absence of methodology needed to estimate potential cluster market, restricting the cluster by borders of entity of the Federation or a group of municipal structures, underdeveloped forms of interaction between enterprises - cluster participants, absolutization of cluster pattern and the absence of concrete steps aimed at cluster development on the part of its participants, bodies of regional administration and other concerned parties. It is proven that state support of industrial clusters in the Russian Federation should target at cutting administrative, institutional and other barriers for cluster participants and promoting the development of their industrial competences. In this case cluster policy in the aspect of industrial cluster support can become an important driver of building spots of national economy growth, raising competitiveness of regions and sectors on the international level.

The purpose of this study was to investigate women coaches’ experiences in high-performance rugby union. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four women who had experience coaching at the representative, university, and/or international level. Informed by a Foucauldian feminism, the analysis revealed how disciplinary power, the formation of dominant knowledges, and the pervasiveness of surveillance operated in a deeply masculine environment of high-performance rugby. This study provides an in-depth examination of femininity, masculinity, and what it means to be a woman leader in the world of high-performance rugby union.

The article deals with the economic and legal support of marketing communications in the tourism sector. It is established that marketing communications in the tourism sector consist in making the tourism enterprise, as well as corresponding tourism products and services recognizable and attractive to consumers at the national and international level. It is determined that marketing communication covers any activity of a travel company, informing and reminding consumers and the market about its activities and the provision of tourism services. Currently, the creation of a regulatory framework for marketing communications can be affirmed; however, the topic of marketing communications in the tourism sector is not sufficiently covered and regulated, especially in the advertising field. Among the variety of laws regulating marketing communications in the tourism sector, one can find particular articles concerning communication activities, although the specifics of regulating the process of promoting the sale of tourism products are not legally enshrined.

Background The proportion of women in the field of hematology and oncology (H&O) has increased over recent decades, but the representation of women in leadership positions remains poor. In an effort to close the gender gap in academia, it is important to report on such inequities in hopes to close these gaps and improve career development. Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective, observational study of published award recipients from 1994 to 2019 from the seven major H&O societies in the world. Gender was determined based on publicly available data. The χ2 and Cochran-Armitage tests were used for data analysis. Results Of the 1,642 awardees over the past 26 years, 915 met inclusion criteria. Award recipients were overwhelmingly men (77.9%) and non-Hispanic White (84.7%). Women awardees received 30.3% of the humanistic and education-related awards, whereas only receiving 16.0% of basic science awards (p Conclusion From 1994 to 2019, women were less likely to receive recognition awards from the seven major H&O societies studied compared with men. We also observed a considerably low proportion of minority awardees across all oncology subspecialties. Further studies examining how selection criteria favor either gender would be warranted in order to achieve equal representation in academic awards. Implications for Practice In this study, women and minority groups were found to be underrepresented amongst award recipients. Significant disparities were seen in disciplines that have been historically male predominant, such as basic sciences. As awards on an international level enhance academic resumes and assist with career advancement, it is important that awards are being given in an equitable manner. First steps to promote diversity and inclusion in academic medicine is reporting of gender and racial disparities in various areas of academia.

Objetivo: Exponer algunas de las estrategias y políticas que se han implementado en relación a la atención al sobrepeso y obesidad en preescolares y escolares. Material y métodos: En el artículo se muestra la recopilación de la información bibliográfica en las bases de datos PudMed, SciELO, Infomed y PAHO los motores de búsqueda Google Scholar colocando palabras claves para la búsqueda de artículos originales, tesis, otros artículos de revisión bibliográfica y revistas de elevado índice de citación publicados desde 1994 a 2019, en español o inglés. Resultados: Se realizó la selección de 32 artículos y publicaciones de la OMS, FAO, Secretaría de Salud, INSP entre otros; de estos, se revisaron los programas y políticas que se han establecido a nivel nacional e internacional, para la prevención y atención de la problemática relacionada con el sobrepeso y obesidad, revisando las acciones implementadas en cada uno, así como los alcances e impacto que han tenido en la población. Conclusión: Es conocido que la problemática de sobrepeso y obesidad, ocupa los primeros lugares en la mortalidad y morbilidad a nivel nacional e internacional. En México si no se atiende e implantan programas y políticas que contribuyan a disminuir esta problemática de salud en la población, el incremento del sobrepeso y obesidad generará conmorbilidades relacionadas con enfermedades crónico degenerativas, o bien muertes a edades más tempranas y costos elevados en materia de salud. Palabras clave: Estrategias, políticas, sobrepeso y obesidad

Academic resilience is the student’s capability to deal efficiently with academic setbacks, anxiety and study pressure. In the present scenario, students are facing a lot of problems in schools as well as in society. If adequate steps are not taken to help overcome these problems, it will create pressure and stress among students. This may lead to poor academic performance and an increased dropout rate. According to Masten (2001), resilient people have the ability to tackle, overcome, or recover from grave academic threats. So, schools, colleges and universities play a major role in developing academic resilience among students. The aim of this paper is to gather and present the review of literature on academic resilience among students at national and international level. This study gives an overview of the importance of creating Academic Resilience among students and how far it supports increasing their academic achievement. In the present study 30 literatures were collected from various online and printed resources. Keywords: Academic Resilience, Academic achievement, Students.

espanolDesde hace decadas los dispositivos cctv forman parte del ecosistema penitenciario, pero hasta no hace mucho su pretendida eficacia en la gestion de la politica securitaria interior en este tipo de espacios era asumida sin mas por todos los actores implicados, imbuida en las maniqueistas concepciones que propugnan un control absoluto de la vida carcelaria de los internos. A medio de las presentes lineas se expondran los principales trabajos criminologicos publicados en los ultimos anos sobre las prestaciones, fortalezas y debilidades de la videovigilancia penitenciaria. Del mismo modo, se tratara de presentar de forma sucinta el estado actual de la videovigilancia penitenciaria en Espana. De esta forma, el lector podra constatar el surgimiento de una prometedora y fascinante linea de investigacion a nivel internacional en la que se reputa absolutamente perentorio profundizar no solo en el conocimiento de la gestion de la politica securitaria de nuestros sistemas penitenciarios contemporaneos, sino como dichos sistemas deben conciliar la utilizacion de tecnologias cada vez mas invasivas con el respeto a los derechos humanos de los reclusos. EnglishFor decades, cctv devices have formed part of the prison ecosystem, but not so long ago their supposed effectiveness in the management of the internal security policy in this type of space was assumed without further ado by all the actors involved, imbued with the Manichean conceptions that advocate absolute control over the prison life of the inmates. This study will present the main criminological works published in recent years on the benefits, strengths and weaknesses of prison video surveillance. Similarly, an attempt will be made to present briefly the current state of prison video surveillance in Spain. In this way, the reader will be able to see the emergence of a promising and fascinating line of research at an international level in which it is absolutely imperative to deepen not only knowledge of the management of the security policy of our contemporary prison systems, but also how these systems must reconcile the use of increasingly invasive technologies with the respect for the human rights of prisoners.

Purpose-This study aims to 1) describe the organizational management of the TAC program at Thursina IIBS Malang, and 2) the division of tasks in the management of the TAC program at Thursina IIBS Malang. Design/Methodology/Approach-This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method which was carried out on the TAC program at Thursina IIBS Malang. The data was collected by using interview, observation and documentation techniques. Data collection is done by reducing data, presenting or presenting data, and drawing conclusions. Data analysis using Miles and Hubberman technique with 1) Data reduction, 2) Data presentation, 3) Data verification. Findings-The results of the study explain that good organizational management is one of the factors for the success of students in learning Arabic, this is evidenced by the large number of Thursina students who have won several Arabic language competitions at the national or even international level. Research Limitation/Implications-This research cannot deepen research on several Arabic language learning program activities in Thursina, because basically there are several Arabic language learning programs that are not enforced temporarily in the midst of the covid'19 pandemic. However, the organizational management of the Arabic language learning program in Thursina can be said to be good and orderly because of the clear structure and the division of tasks in each division in the structure. Because with this clear structure, there is no overlap between one individual and another in carrying out the duties of each individual.

A medida que la indeterminación y fragmentación legal se extienden por el ordenamiento internacional, los gobiernos encuentran más oportunidades para expandir su margen de discrecionalidad y esquivar el control de legalidad del poder judicial. La consecuencia de este desequilibrio entre poderes es la afectación de las premisas del Estado de Derecho y, a la postre, la desprotección de los ciudadanos. Sin embargo, la llamada coordinación inter-judicial puede mejorar la posición jurídica del ciudadano tanto en el estado como en el orden internacional, puesto que recupera y avanza el principio de separación de poderes, el imperio de la ley y la protección de los derechos fundamentales (y humanos) en el ordenamiento nacional e internacional, respectivamente.

Lucrarea abordează un subiect actual și important a cărui studiere este absolut necesară societății și sectorului de produse forestiere nelemnoase (PFNL). Motivația studiului a fost reliefarea importanței științifice și practice a PFNL pentru comunitățile rurale și pentru întreaga ramură silvică. Alegerea temei de cercetare este justificată de interesul din ce în ce mai ridicat față de PFNL la nivel național și internațional. Scopul cercetării a fost studierea performanței culegătorilor produselor forestiere nelemnoase prin intermediul metodei neparametrice de analiză a frontierei posibilităților de producție (data envelopment analysis DEA). Studiul prezent este o aplicație a metodei DEA menită a diferenția culegătorii PFNL eficienți de cei ineficienți, în vederea creșterii continue a productivității și eficienței muncii. Datele primare au fost obținute în rezultatul anchetării pe un eșantion de 510 persoane din 164 localități, răspândite în cele 16 raioane din R. Moldova. În cadrul anchetei au fost incluse 172 de variabile care au descris activitățile de bază în procesul de culegere a PFNL. Prelucrarea statistică a informației primare în baza de date s-a efectuat cu ajutorul aplicației SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), prin metoda componentelor principale, unde au fost incluse unele variabile nominale și numerice. Rezultatele arată că cei mai eficienți culegători de PFNL sunt persoanele care culeg de pe terenurile degradate, gestionate de primărie, cu scopul de a vinde, recoltându-le prin scuturare sau tăiere, procesându-le sub formă uscată, unde există un punct de colectare. Profilul tip al culegătorilor eficienți mai presupune că aceștia merg la cules cu cunoscuții, se deplasează cu mașina până la 10 km și consideră că această activitate contribuie foarte mult la venitul familiei.

The new SARS-CoV-2 virus gave rise to a pandemic of great impact in terms of morbidity and mortality at an international level. Governments implemented different coping strategies in order to avoid deaths and preserve pre-pandemic normality as much as possible. However, despite all the efforts, the pandemic generated a multidimensional crisis on a global scale. Argentina initially took strong population measures and later on, a response that attempted to respect regional heterogeneities. This text aims to review the characteristics of the pandemic’s different stages in the city of Rosario until December 5, 2020. Permanent reflection on the established responses is essential to devise new strategies in the immediate future.

The use of colored pavements for bicycle facilities represents an interesting strategy for supporting the implementation of a high-quality cycling network. The distinctive coloration of dedicated lanes, tracks or shared paths provides a clearly delineated route, making the infrastructure more attractive as well as legible and intuitive, especially through intersections and junctions. The additional emphasis resulting from the coloring enhances a change in the road users' behavior, but its safety effectiveness seems to be particularly related to several site-specific contextual features. Although some of these benefits are well established and multiple applications of colored pavements are widespread around the world, most of cycling design standards and guides, which are usually written only in the language of the country that drafted them and are often difficult to find, completely lack in technical recommendations and concepts regarding the use of color for cycling provisions. Thus, based on an extensive worldwide literature search from more than 80 official design guidelines, manuals and standards and 50 scientific articles, the authors have structured a guided overview of the state of the art/practice concerning the use of color for bike facilities at the international level, including the latest innovative and experimental schemes. The review is not intended to be a summary of manuals, but is conceived as a decision-makers’ and designers’ tool for a rational planning, construction, maintenance and management of colored cycling infrastructures, able to favor a cultural and technical interchange. After a first section in which the main locations where to use colored surfaces were highlighted (corridor or spot treatments), the commonly used colors (red, green and blue) have been identified, explaining the hierarchical and/or combined reasons (regulatory and legal limitations, visual-perceptual aspects and application/maintenance requirements) behind this choice. Finally, the different coloring techniques associated with the pavement materials have been described.

Highlights • Endocrine disruptors are compounds that alter the functioning of the endocrine system of humans and wildlife. • Regulation 2017/2100 and Regulation 2018/605. • Glyphosate as Endocrine Disruptor. • EU EDs Regulation and pesticide legislation., Endocrine disruptors are compounds that alter the functioning of the endocrine system of humans and wildlife. A large number of chemicals have been identified as EDs and humans can be exposed to them through dietary and/or environmental exposure (air, water, soil). At international level, scientific discussion on the topic of EDs focuses on the issue of setting out the scientific criteria according to which the key properties of these substances that render them EDs are determined. Regulatory action in EU has been impacted by the aforementioned discussion and, in particular, Regulation 2017/2100 and Regulation 2018/605 have been issued. However, these scientific criteria do not constitute a complete framework for the detection of EDs and, therefore, their adoption does not entail a fully effective human health protection. Moreover, glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), are the most widely used pesticides worldwide. The glyphosate controversy turned the spotlight on pesticide regulation in the EU. The disagreement between IARC and regulatory evaluations of EFSA/ECHA has received great attention of citizens, organizations and stakeholders, as a result of methodological differences in the evaluation of the available evidence have been identified. This paper outlines the glyphosate controversy, following an overview of the EU EDs Regulation and pesticide legislation.

The Malaysian Education Development Plan 2015-2025 (Higher Education) has been specifically formulated by outlining ten (10) leaps to achieve continuous excellence in the higher education system in Malaysia thus becoming a hub of academic excellence on an international level. In line with that, the objective of the study is to trace the experience of international human capital in helping to shape the involvement of the reputation of Malaysian public universities on an international level. However, the debate that leads to the recruitment of international human resources is said to have no long-term impact on the development of a university. The discussion in this paper explores the experience of international human resources in making positive contributions to public universities in line with efforts to strengthen its position and status as a prestigious educational institution, in line with the contemporary transition of higher education. The narrative approach utilises a selection of original dialogues and involves 20 expatriate academics who meet the criteria of residency with a work visa, having the status of a self-initiated expatriate, are not classified as inter-university exchange staff, nor are on sabbatical leave. The contribution of this study is able to shift the contextual focus of the internationalisation literature of higher education institutions which was previously said to focus on generating income of a university, to a valuable human resource experience in contributing to the involvement of the university’s reputation globally. The findings of the study also insert an advanced dimension by presenting a detailed understanding of human resource mobility as well as introducing a new dimension that offers a deeper understanding of the university’s reputation involvement on an international level. This study seeks to offer specific evidence of how expatriate academics evaluate their expatriation experience by selecting a public university as a career place. While the results of the study are expected to be useful information for public universities in implementing alternative strategic planning policies for the future, further determining the scenario of Malaysian higher education.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) are potentially severe and complex disease in its management among the various allergic eye diseases. In this regard, studies clarified the etiopathogenetic mechanisms. The workup should be multidisciplinary. The treatment includes topical and systemic medications with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant activity. However, a definition of nationally- and internationally-shared diagnostic protocols would also be needed and validated access to therapeutic options of proven safety and efficacy to avoid the use of galenic preparations, up to now still essential in the management of moderate-severe VKC. Finally, recognizing VKC and AKC, among rare diseases, at a national and international level would be an essential step to allow the management of VKC with adequate timings and settings within the National Health System.

Health is a fundamental right for which concerned sides should bear the responsibility at the individual, societal, state, and international level. Not only curative but preventive, promotive, and rehabilitative services should also be availed in accessible, affordable, and acceptable form. The quest for health becomes more intense during adverse periods like a pandemic. The whole world has witnessed the COVID-19 pandemic, the unprecedented pandemic of this century. This quest is more dismal in developing nations like Nepal when even resource-rich countries are laid down by it. The quest of health demands, hence more during this pandemic, for the bearing of the responsibility by all. Here, we have made an attempt to draw together the general and some specific responsibilities of various direct stakeholders in this pandemic with multifaceted mayhem. We have incorporated here, the responsibilities of the public, COVID and non-COVID patients, media personnel, health science students, professionals, institutions, state, and media to ensure or safeguard the health of self and others in this pandemic.

The article is devoted to the issue of regulation of relations in the field of labor safety at the international level, in the legislation of the European Union and Ukraine, as well as the approximation of national labor protection legislation to international standards and the EU acquis communautaire. The research analyzes the main international regulations in the field of occupational safety, including conventions and recommendations of the International Labor Organization, the implementation of which in the national legal system is necessary for effective regulation of labor protection at a qualitatively new level. The acts of the EU legislation regulating legal relations in the field of labor protection are studied and the attention is paid to the basic EU directives which contain requirements to employers concerning maintenance of labor protection of workers, including at their workplaces and at application of means of work. Based on the analysis of the EU acquis communautaire, the issue of further adaptation of national legislation to European standards has been raised, which is currently a key area in the framework of the concluded Association Agreement with the EU. The author highlights the main qualitative characteristics of national legislation that cause insufficient effectiveness of legal regulation of relations in the field of occupational safety, including instability, imperfection of the content of legislation, lack of systemic and inconsistent norms in the field of occupational safety. Taking into account the mentioned shortcomings of the national legislation in the field of labor safety, the author has identified the factors that determine the need to improve the provision of safe working conditions and health of workers. Based on the analysis of national legislation, the main shortcomings and gaps in the legal regulation of relations in the field of occupational safety, which require further harmonization in accordance with the requirements and recommendations of the ILO, as well as EU standards. Key words: labor safety, international standards, harmonization, acquis communautaire.

The concept of human dignity arguably has great relevance to education as it is mentioned in several human rights and education policy documents on the national and international level, providing t...

The article analyses general aspects of the formation and development of the ecosystem approach in international environmental law before the adoption and entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity. On the grounds of thorough and complex research encompassing the main international environmental agreements and scientists’ views, it is concluded that the issues of protection and conservation of natural ecosystems and implementation of the ecosystem approach had already received wide support at the international level by that time, whereas adopted agreements created the necessary base for the further formation and development of the ecosystem approach as a holistic concept under the Convention on Biological Diversity.