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This paper addresses a critical gap in the study of Islamic architecture by exploring the interconnected relationship between Arabic calligraphy and architectural design. Specifically, it examines the principles guiding the placement of Islamic calligraphy within the interior and exterior spaces of Islamic public buildings through a qualitative analysis of two notable case studies, the Al-Hambra Palace in Granada, Spain, and the Al-Azem Palace in Hama, Syria. This research elucidates fundamental principles that underpin the integration of calligraphy in Islamic architectural contexts. To enhance the robustness of the findings, interviews were conducted with three expert master calligraphers, providing skillful insights that enrich the understanding of calligraphy placement. This study reveals significant implications for the decoration of walls and ceilings in Islamic buildings. However, the findings are limited by the scope of the case studies and the subjective interpretations of the interviewed experts. This research contributes valuable knowledge to the field, informing contemporary architectural practices and the preservation of cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principles of water sustainability are not exclusive to one civilization without the other this make led the research problem to emerge as a question: "What is the methodology of water sustainability in Islamic architecture and how it can be used as a guide-line for achieving water sustainability in contemporary architecture?”. To answer this question the research in its theoretical study demonstrated three points, begun with presenting the functions of water in Islamic architecture, then it explained how Islamic architecture depended on water as a design tool in the process of place making, and it ended with determining the principles and criteria of water sustainability in Islamic architecture. The research determined the methodology of achieving water sustainability in Islamic architecture. Depending on this methodology the research analyzed two case study projects: Alhambra palace in Spain and Al-Ghuri Sabil in Egypt, and then the research applied this methodology in one of contemporary housing projects in Egypt, and this led the research to emphasize its main hypothesis which state “the principles and criteria of water sustainability which preexists in Islamic architecture can be used as a guide-line for achieving water sustainability in contemporary architecture”.

The article traces the genesis of the simple Arabic hypostyle mosque to the centrally-planned mosque of the Ottoman type. It is argued that the architectural development of plan types and volume-compositional characteristics did not depend on political processes and several rulers, but rather on those changes that took place in the traditions of the Islamic school of architecture. Three main periods of mosque architecture with sub-periods are defined: the early period of the introduction of Islam (641-749), the middle period (750-1550), and the late period (1551-1911). Each of the periods was characterized by noticeable changes in planning, design, structural schemes, and decoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Especially in rural areas, where the deterioration process of religious structures is rapid, it is necessary to undertake efforts for their preservation and restoration. The main reason for this is the scarcity of similar examples due to the region-specific nature of mosque structures in rural areas. The fundamental problem addressed in the research is the rapid deterioration and impending disappearance of structures in rural areas due to declining population and subsequent abandonment. Documentation processes for Mehran Mosque located in Hacımuharrem Village of Kastamonu province were carried out in the study, and restoration and restitution proposals were put forward. Additionally, the structural stability of the mosque was analyzed to assess its behavior under seismic impact. The study concluded that there were no structural issues found, indicating that the mosque could be restored and utilized promptly. However, it is essential not only to make the structure usable individually but also to evaluate it within its surroundings. The study is significant in understanding the adverse effects of population decline on historical buildings. Furthermore, the fact that the selected structure has been preserved in its original state and was built during the same period as Mahmut Bey Mosque also adds importance to the study.

AbstractThis study aims to thoroughly investigate the architectural complexities and historical relevance buried in mosque entrances, particularly those reflecting the Ottoman and Safavid architectural styles. The research uses an interdisciplinary technique that combines historical analysis, comparative perspectives, and architectural critique, drawing on a variety of sources including scholarly literature, architectural treatises, historical documents, and archaeological objects. The use of visual evidence, such as architectural schematics and photographic recordings, improves the display and comparison of architectural components within mosque entrances, addressing both aesthetic and functional aspects within a larger sociohistorical framework. The study systematically unravels the complex parallels and variations that characterize mosque entryway compositions during the Ottoman and Safavid eras, highlighting distinguishing aspects inherent in each kingdom’s architectural identity. The research uses a chronological lens to examine architectural development, charting the evolution of design characteristics and functional alterations throughout many historical eras. The interpretation of results situates these findings within the larger study subject, stressing reciprocal impacts on architecture and acknowledging regional or cultural differences. The research examines the use of calligraphy, geometric patterns, and religious symbolism in mosque entry imagery to understand how these aspects contribute to the representation of cultural and religious narratives. Furthermore, it investigates the practical aspects of these architectural spaces, revealing their critical tasks in conducting religious events, meeting congregational requirements, and conserving cultural practices. By throwing light on the common splendor and nuanced contrasts in Safavid and Ottoman mosque entrances, this study not only improves our understanding of Islamic architecture but also prepares the path for future research into the community features of mosque spaces. It serves as a foundation for future research into architectural elements in Islamic civilizations and, by combining historical inspiration with modern conceptions, has the potential to contribute to contemporary mosque design. This study contributes to architectural scholarship by investigating the varied character of mosque entry design, with a focus on its visual, perceptual, and functional value. The Isfahan School era is examined, exhibiting a trend toward complex, angled entrances. The investigation of entry methods, such as from the corner and behind the Iwan, reveals novel design options. The study offers subtle insights by emphasizing the user perspective and highlighting the function of entering places in anticipation and spiritual preparation. It adds to a thorough understanding of mosque entry progression, which influences the whole user experience and so improves architectural literature.

Since the dissemination of Islamic art in Central Asia, square kufic calligraphy has held a significant place in the identity of Islamic architecture. Despite its earlier usage in Anatolia, it was rarely employed in Ottoman structures. Consequently, the square kufic script failed to become a prominent feature in mainstream calligraphy education or certification culture. Due to the lack of an education tradition and the abstract nature of the script, square kufic calligraphy poses challenges to readability. Nonetheless, there has been a growing interest in square kufic calligraphy in contemporary times, owing to its compatibility with modern aesthetics. The absence of a formalized education system has resulted in erroneous works during restoration or new designs. Consequently, there is a pressing need for scholarly research, documentation of historical examples, and detailed analysis of readings and compositions in this field. This article examines historical square kufic script examples in Istanbul’s historical buildings from the post-Mimar Sinan period to the beginning of the republic era. It provides detailed readings of the compositions, identifies any spelling errors, including missing or superfluous parts, and aims to offer corrective suggestions to prevent the recurrence of erroneous compositions in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revisiting the long-debated question: "What is Islamic architecture?", this research article aims to explore the identity of "Islamic architecture (IA)" in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) as well as the novel opportunities and cultural challenges associated with applying AI techniques, such as the machine learning of Midjourney in the context of IA. It investigates the impact factors of AI technologies on the understanding and interpretation of traditional Islamic architectural principles, especially architectural design processes. This article employs a quantitative research methodology, including the observation of works of artists and architectural designers appearing in the mass media in light of a literature review and critical analysis of scholarly debates on Islamic architecture, spanning from historical perspectives to contemporary discussions. The article argues for the emergence of a continuous paradigm shift from what is commonly known as "postmodern Islamic architecture" (PMIA) into "artificial intelligence Islamic architecture" (AIIA), as coined by the authors of this article. It identifies the following impact factors of AI on IA: (1) particular requirements and sensitivities, inaccuracies, and biases, (2) human touch, unique craftsmanship, and a deep understanding of cultural issues, (3) regional variation, (4) translation, (5) biases in sources, (6) previously used terms and expressions, and (7) intangible values. The significance of this research in digital heritage lies in the fact that there are no pre-existing theoretical publications on the topic of "Islamic architecture in the age of artificial intelligence", although an extensive set of publications interpreting the question of the definition of Islamic architecture, in general, is found. This article is pivotal in analyzing this heritage-inspired design approach in light of former criticism of the definition of "Islamic architecture", which could benefit both theorists and practitioners. This theoretical article is the first in a series of two sequential articles in the Buildings journal; the second (practical) article is an analytical evaluation of the Midjourney architectural virtual lab, defining major current limits in AI-generated representations of Islamic architectural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In artificial intelligence (AI), generative systems, most notably Midjourney, have tremendous power to generate creative images of buildings and sites of Islamic architectural heritage through text-to-image generation based on the internet. The AI-generated representations have significant potential for architects, specialists, and everyday users. However, the system has considerable limitations when generating images for some buildings and sites where the representations appear too far from their original represented structures. Evaluating Midjourney as an architectural virtual lab, this research article attempts to define the major current limitations of using Midjourney's AI system in producing images similar to the actual buildings and sites of Islamic architectural heritage. This research employs prompt engineering techniques based on historical sources as inputs to examine the accuracy of the output of the AI-generated images of selected examples of structures of the Islamic tradition. To validate the research results, it compares the Midjourney output with the original look by employing direct observation through critical analysis of human intelligence (HI) facilitated by the analysis of the latest version of 3M Visual Attention Software and an online survey. It concludes that while Midjourney can represent high-end AI-generated images inspired by the Islamic tradition, it currently falls short of presenting the actual appearance of some of its original structures. Furthermore, it categorizes these limitations into four groups: (1) limits of the prompt, (2) limits of fame, (3) limits of regionality and historical styles, and (4) limits of architectural elements and details. The significance of this research lies in providing timely evaluation factors to architectural heritage practitioners and software developers. This practical article is the second in a series of two sequential articles in the Buildings journal; the first (theoretical) article introduces the concept of Artificial Intelligence Islamic Architecture (AIIA), answering the question: what is Islamic architecture in the age of artificial intelligence? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work will try to delve into some emotional aspects expressed by the community of believers about a section of the Mosque of Córdoba: the maqsūra of al-Ḥakam II. It is important to observe this maqsūra from the point of view of the emotions that it generates during its use as an active sacred space. The maqṣūra of al-Ḥakam II is a space for communication between the political and religious powers within the religious community who attended the Prayer on Friday (Ṣalat al-Jumu'a). This article reviews and expands some hypotheses raised by Professor Ruiz Souza in 2001, where he pointed out the importance of the point of view of the community of worshippers to understand the main functions of the maqṣūra. The worshippers attended the ceremonial and could observe part of the maqṣūra from the shadows of the naves of the old mosque. What did they perceive from a space that was hidden from their gaze? What was this luminous place where the Prince of Believers was located, trying to make them feel? To answer these questions, new methodologies from the History of Art have been used, combined with Anthropology of Religion, the Archeology of Emotions, Color Symbology, Neuroscience and Psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qurh is an early Islamic city located in the al-Ula governorate, northwest of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It dates to the Umayyad dynasty during the 1st/7th C AD and continued until the Abbasid era during the 6th/12th C AD. The city of Qurh occupies a strategic location on the Syrian pilgrimage route, on the bank of Wadi al-Qura, one of the most important sources that provided the city with abundant quantities of water for drinking and agriculture. The city contains a large number of buildings and various archaeological remains, some of which have been excavated and the rest, which constitutes the largest part of the city, is still under the sand. Since the main building material in Qurh is mud brick, the city's architectural structures are subject to deterioration and collapse. Mud brick is one of our ancestor’s precious legacies; however, they face changing factors of deterioration from harsh weather, which caused mud brick decay and mechanical properties reduction which need to be urgently consolidated. To our knowledge, it is the first report on the application of Calcium Hydroxide Nanoparticles Ca(OH)2. for the consolidation of mud brick deteriorated the archaeological city of Qurh in al-Ula. Nowadays, nanotechnology provides advanced concepts and new materials for the protection of mud bricks. In this study, a novel method for the consolidation of mud brick was proposed with Calcium hydroxide Nanoparticles Ca(OH)2. Mud brick was investigated, characterized by using different techniques and methods, such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX), Polarized Microscopy (PLM), X-ray Folrences (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that Calcium hydroxide Nanoparticles have enhanced the surfaces of mud bricks. Therefore, this study aims to highlight the historical and architectural value of the city of Qurh, develop a plan to conserve the heritage buildings in the city, and treatment of mud bricks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to develop a studio experience that will allow second-year interior architecture students to incorporate the continuity of traditional Islamic patterns into contemporary designs. Islamic geometric patterns from the Seljuk eras were investigated as part of the study's focus, and these patterns were used as a foundation for the development of a novel design model. It is important for the systematization of the design process that the working methodology is structured in three phases, namely the analytical phase, the creative phase and the application phase. The process of gathering data is part of the analytical phase, but the creative phase is where the data is abstracted and interpreted. As a result, the study has been presented as a unique one in terms of bringing awareness of conventional and regional patterns in interior architecture education as well as sustainability with motivated, abstract, avant-garde, and contemporary approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the centuries, architects have distanced themselves from the accumulated architectural knowledge, which often provided constructive solutions highly connected to the climatic context and cultural characteristics. With utmost expression from the 20th century on, building designers have assumed a somewhat negligent attitude towards the architectural project, essentially relying on active mechanical systems, to achieve indoor environmental comfort conditions. This paper overviews the current knowledge of solar control elements adopted and developed by Brazilian architecture, tracing its origin to the influence of Arab and Moorish architecture, with the objective of valuing passive solutions. Arab influence in Brazilian architecture began in the 17th century when Portuguese settlers felt the need to adapt the colonial buildings to the climatic constraints, particularly with regard to excessive solar radiation, leading to indoor thermal discomfort and excess natural light. Arab influence in Brazilian architecture remains present until the current day with the same objectives; however, it has been reinterpreted and appropriated by the Brazilian architectural school. Among the most used construction elements during the colonial period were the muxarabis, rótulas, and gelosias. Throughout the 20th century, these elements were culturally appropriated and served as inspiration for the development of the cobogó and the pioneering use of brise-soleis in Brazilian architecture. These elements have spread throughout global architecture, accompanied by the adoption of computer-controlled dynamic solar protection systems. Therefore, it is important to promote traditional solutions and encourage new architects to adopt passive approaches, aiming for energy efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimalism is one post modern style movement which emerged in the 50s of the twentieth century, but it was rapidly growing in the years 60s, 70s. Minimalism is defined as the concept of minimizing distractions from what's truly valuable or essential . On the same grounds, works of minimalist offers a direct view at and raises questions about the true nature of the subject or object inviting the viewer to consider it for it for the real shape, a thought, a movement reminding us to focus on what's really important .The Architecture of Minimalism is characterized by an economy with materials, focusing on building quality with considerations for 'essences' as light, form, detail of material, texture, space and scale, place and human conditions . The research of this paper is mainly into the basis of designing a Minimalistic mosque in India while analysing the parameters for the design from the the Matching characteristics of islamic architecture (i.e) in specific to a mosque and the Minimalism . Therefore, the paper is about the mosque architecture and minimalism and of their underlying principles, matching characteristics and design goals [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical and architectural complex of Shah Fazil is one of the holiest places for Muslims and a historical monument, and the relevance of its study is related to its religious, historical and cultural importance. The purpose of the study is to investigate the establishment of the Shah Fazil architectural complex and determine the connection between the legends about the foundation of the Shah Fazil mausoleum during the Arab conquest of Ferghana and real historical facts. The study used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, as well as historical-critical, comparative and dialectical methods. As a result, it was established that the Shah Fazil architectural complex is a unique object of cultural heritage. It includes several architectural monuments, the most significant of which is the 11th century mausoleum. Of particular value is the interior of the mausoleum, decorated with carved carvings and religious inscriptions. According to legend, the founder of the complex, the great-grandson of the prophet Muhammed, Shah Fazil, who conquered the Ferghana Valley in the 7th century, is buried in the mausoleum. Here, according to legend, is the burial place of 2,700 Arab soldiers, companions of Shah Jarir, father of Shah Fazil, who died at the hands of local pagans. The soldiers were buried by the maid Safid-Bulan, after whom the village where the complex is located is named. The figures appearing in the legend of the individual are the fruit of folklore, but the story itself has a historical basis and serves as an echo of real events that took place at the beginning of the conquest of the Ferghana Valley by the Arabs. The practical value of the study is determined by the fact that its materials can be used in further research of the historical and architectural complex of Shah Fazil, and is also a source for the use of elements of ancient architecture in the design of modern buildings

The article presents the results of archaeological and historiographical studies of Islamic hammams in the Levant. The cities of the Levant were famous for their hammams belonging to different eras. In their architecture, decorations, and inscriptions, they were among the masterpieces of Islamic art. The hammams of the Levant were among the achievements of the architects of the Levant. Their walls were tiled and the floors were marble. An ingenious engineering system with hot water was used for heating, and the hammams were provided with cold water that flowed from beautifully shaped fountains. People used these hammams not only for bathing, but also for spending time and curing certain illnesses, as well as for some traditional social activities. Islamic civilization inherited public hammams as one of the achievements of previous civilizations. Hammams spread in the cities of the Islamic world, both east and west, as social facilities previously considered alien to Islamic architecture. It was Islamic architects and urban planners who made hammams popular public facilities to meet the vital needs of the local population. Early Muslim Arabs were not familiar with the use of abundant water before the advent of Islam. Mosques, bimaristans (hospitals) or markets played an important role in the religious, social and literary spheres. The establishment of public hammams increased in Islamic cities because of their connection with Islam's provisions for cleanliness and purification, and the inability of the population to build private bathrooms in their homes. Hammams became one of the most common constructions in the Levant, and it was not only a sign of civilization, luxury or wealth, but also an indispensable social necessity. This article is based on Arabic publications which weren’t used by Russian scientists before.

This paper addresses a critical gap in the study of Islamic architecture by exploring the interconnected relationship between Arabic calligraphy and architectural design. Specifically, it examines the principles guiding the placement of Islamic calligraphy within the interior and exterior spaces of Islamic public buildings through a qualitative analysis of two notable case studies, the Al-Hambra Palace in Granada, Spain, and the Al-Azem Palace in Hama, Syria. This research elucidates fundamental principles that underpin the integration of calligraphy in Islamic architectural contexts. To enhance the robustness of the findings, interviews were conducted with three expert master calligraphers, providing skillful insights that enrich the understanding of calligraphy placement. This study reveals significant implications for the decoration of walls and ceilings in Islamic buildings. However, the findings are limited by the scope of the case studies and the subjective interpretations of the interviewed experts. This research contributes valuable knowledge to the field, informing contemporary architectural practices and the preservation of cultural heritage.

Introduction: Masonry minarets in Old Cairo are highly susceptible to earthquake damage, particularly those not designed or updated to withstand seismic loads. Therefore, regular monitoring is necessary to ensure their safety and detect any deterioration or reduction in seismic performance. The direct loss of a minaret can lead to the collapse or severe damage to the structure itself. The cascading impacts of partial or complete minaret failure can have significant consequences for the immediate vicinity and the broader community. By studying the effects of earthquakes on minarets and developing mitigation strategies, countries can take proactive measures to protect these structures and ensure the safety of people. Objective: This study focuses on a specific type of Islamic architecture: the historic minarets in Cairo. The research aims to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of eight cultural heritage minarets in Cairo, identifying the parameters influencing their seismic behaviour and susceptibility to earthquake damage. Methods: The research utilizes empirical seismic vulnerability methods and ambient vibration measurements on eight minarets. An empirical approach compatible with the nature and style of the minarets is employed to evaluate their vulnerability using index values and curves. The method's validity is assessed, and areas of conformity and limitations are identified. Ambient vibration tests (AVTs) are also conducted using a temporary seismic network installed at various heights inside each minaret to determine their dynamic characteristics. Results: The seismic vulnerability Index (I_V) is calculated for the selected minarets based on the state of each vulnerability parameter. The contribution of each parameter to the final I_V values of the minarets are presented. Vulnerability curves are developed for each minaret, interpreting the conventional vulnerability indexes in terms of mean damage grades for seismic events with varying intensity on the EMS-98 scale. These mean damage grades can also indicate the expected damage levels of structural and non-structural minaret elements for events with different seismic intensity levels. AVTs are conducted at various heights on the selected minarets, and the dynamic characteristics are extracted from the recorded data. Variations in these characteristics are considered significant for structural health monitoring analysis. The peak-picking method is employed to directly extract each minaret's natural frequencies and mode shapes, as changes in dynamic characteristics are relevant to health monitoring analyses. Conclusions: The recent study examined the seismic vulnerability assessment of eight masonry minarets in the historic Old Cairo district. The assessment revealed vulnerability index values ranging from 10.3 to 26.1, indicating a concerning susceptibility to seismic events among these structures. Vulnerability curves were constructed for each minaret, visually representing potential damage scenarios across different levels of the EMS-98 intensity scale. These outcomes are significant as they facilitate prioritizing interventions to safeguard the most vulnerable minarets. Additionally, a novel empirical period equation was introduced to estimate the fundamental period of minarets in Old Cairo based on their heights. The equation was validated against field measurements and data from the literature. The study is limited by its focus on a specific category of minarets, specifically the historical masonry minarets in Old Cairo. Furthermore, limitations arise from the need for detailed finite element models to capture these minarets' dynamic responses accurately. Therefore, ongoing research involves the development of detailed finite element models and calibrating fundamental periods for the selected minarets. The anticipated results hold the potential to enhance our understanding of the structural dynamics of historical minarets, ultimately guiding the formulation of tailored seismic retrofitting and preservation strategies. These strategies, aimed at preserving these cherished cultural heritage assets, represent our collective commitment to ensure the endurance of these timeless landmarks for future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, scholars have embraced sustainability as a crucial concept deeply ingrained in architectural designs, particularly Islamic geometric patterns (IGP). These patterns hold significance in reflecting Islamic history, identity, and culture. This systematic review explores how scholars have integrated IGPs into modern design, considering the sustainability aspect. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) reporting checklist was used due to its organized structure as a guide to conduct this review (2012–2022). Data was collected through recognized databases (i.e., Scopus and ProQuest) that house a wide array of journals and publications. Selected journals were categorized based on sustainability pillars—environmental, economic, social, and cultural. In addition, case studies from the region are discussed, as studies didn't explicitly explore the connection between sustainability and the use of Islamic geometric patterns in modern design. Findings indicate that papers predominantly discuss the positive effects on environmental and economic sustainability through IGP implementation. Conversely, social sustainability received comparatively less attention from scholars. Case studies showed that most building designs in the Middle East use IGP to conserve Islamic history and identity, especially in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This review sheds light on the potential of geometric patterns as a vehicle for sustainable design and contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jumeirah (Dubai) is one of the most important sites for the understanding of the Abbasid period in eastern Arabia. At the same time, it is severely understudied and the small number of publications available on the subject situates Jumeirah on the margins of academic debate about the region in the Islamic period. This paper aims to prompt discussion on Jumeirah by presenting an overview of the site, a summary of archaeological research and a preliminary study of the typology of stucco decorations. Some issues regarding problems with the reconstructions and renovations of the buildings are also raised. The study of stuccoes contributes to a better understanding of the site’s chronology, indicating its main phase of occupation to the Abbasid period and the possible existence of an earlier, pre-ninth or early ninth century phase.

Controversies over the influence of Islamic on Western architecture arose in the absence of documentary proof. The literature indicates possible influences, referring to the source of the gothic pointed arch and ribbed vaults, Renaissance double domes and formalist quadruple gardens, and pointing, on the other hand, to structural differences. Islamic scientific geometric and practical manuscripts of the 10th and 11th centuries, as translated into Latin, have been considered likely influential on respective later fundamental works in Europe. The literature tends to attribute the origin of the ribbed vault and multiple dome structures in Islamic architecture to light temporary large tent structures. Controversies over the meaning of geometric patterns arose in opposition to the 19th century orientalist view of Islamic geometric ornamentation as merely decorative. The literature locates its meaning in essentialist symbolism, using the Platonic geometric understanding of generating multiplicity from one, and in the Islamic theological tradition of God’s absolute transcendence above any anthropomorphic and figurative presentation, including the position of mathematical and logical proofs in arriving at certainty. Bulatov (1988) and Necipoğlu (1995) regard the absence of an independent theory of architecture in Islam as expected, pointing out that architecture in Islam has never risen to a level of a liberal art as in the Renaissance, but was developed in theoretical and geometric aspects as the art of construction, including the concept of beauty and its perception, as a component of the practical sciences in philosophical and scientific works, analogous to the syllogism in logic, the stanza in poetry and the rate in metrics.

Housing is the initial nucleus for the emergence of cities, and housing projects can be considered as an important factor of social stability, and the governmental housing projects in Egypt suffer from low occupancy rates, this is nothing but a true translation of the waste of huge national investments and confirms that these projects suffer from many design deficiencies. The research aims mainly to diagnosing and treating the design deficiencies in governmental housing projects in Egypt. To achieve this, the research was divided into three main parts. It begins with a theoretical study in which the research identified the criterias and basics of design flexibility in Islamic architecture besides drawing a theoretical background on housing design in contemporary governmental housing projects in Egypt, then, the analytical study of design deficiencies in governmental housing projects in Egypt, through which the research was able to formulate a methodology of treating design deficiencies in governmental housing projects in Egypt then the research moves to the applied study, in which the suggested methodology was applied on one of the privet housing projects in new Minia city, this leads the research to reaches its main result, which is that the interaction with the heritage of Islamic architecture is a deep source of inspiration in treating the problems of housing projects through the creation of modern architecture that keeps pace with the present and the future and is not neglected or independent from its ancient past, taking into account our special social nature.

Summary:Islamic architecture is one of the most important achievements in which the decorated architecture has built its expertise and design skills. The architecture of mosques is an important resource that I can use to inspire elements of art and technical methods. Accordingly, the idea of research is based on new approaches to the field of metalworking, which deal with the art of Islamic Mosque architecture, the methods of its implementation and the possibility of taking advantage of its external form as a whole and its main elements and decorations. The educational process in the field of art education in general and metalworking seeks to develop the creativity of the student by addressing and benefiting from heritage as an important educational and educational source and by realizing the relationship with the past and present. The field of metalworking requires many visions, sources, and inspirational ideas appropriate to the various environments of society. The researcher taught a metalworking course to students in the third division of the faculty, with the aim of producing metal hangers inspired by the external form of Islamic architecture. (Mosques). Applications have been refuted by specialized professors in the field of specialization to determine the validity of imposition and to produce research results, including the importance of Islamic heritage, particularly Islamic architecture, and how to preserve it by using its vocabulary and construction elements as a source of inspiration for metal preoccupations of contemporary origin, and the development of creative thinking by students in design and technology.

Abstract:Mosque is the heart of the Islamic architecture. Since the dawn of Islam until now, mosques are still considered one of the most important places and facilities for Muslims. Muslims gather for prayer in the mosque five times a day, where mosque serves not only for worshiping, but also as a meeting point for Islamic social and intellectual activities that usually reflect religious identity.Indeed, Muslims are doing all their best to preserve and maintain their mosques as an overarching privilege that enhances their religious, social and cultural interactions. Despite the unlimited number of mosques all over the world and the noticeable increasing interest in developing their architectural, structural, fundamental elements, there is a less interest in developing, modernizing and updating the mosque furniture and its accessories.Accordingly, this research paper mainly focuses on clarifying the importance of developing these furniture and accessories that meet the physical and psychological requirements of the mosque visitors (worshipers) as these items and accessories enhance and improve worshipers’ experience inside mosques. In a sequential manner, the paper brief the evolving role of the mosque (from ancient times until today), and then explains its value as an Islamic architectural beacon. The paper goes into depth in diagnosing and discussing significant needs for updating mosque furniture and accessories, by highlighting weakness or shedding light on what is not available. In this context, the researcher present and discuss many contemporary design paths for mosque furniture, in addition to clarifying many different ideas for accessories by presenting drawings and details of many design ideas for contemporary mosque furniture (Footwear shelving system, locker system, chairs …). Moreover, it highlighting some contemporary ideas for various accessories, such as: The Holy Quran reading holder and the central chandeliers in the mosque.Keywords:Mosque, Islamic architecture, design, mosque furniture, mosque accessories.

Majasto village was designated by the government as a Religious Tourism Area through the Sukoharjo Regency Spatial Plan. However, to support this, Majasto Village does not have a good management system and regional planning of village-owned enterprises (Badan Usaha Milik Desa/Bumdes) to encourage its economic acceleration. This program aims to develop a tourism village area plan and optimal financial management for Bumdes. The method used is through mapping both physical and non-physical potentials of the village to obtain detailed information, which is done by conducting a mapping or survey to identify natural and artificial physical potential, as well as socioeconomic and historical aspects to understand the potential and problems through SWOT analysis. The results of this program are in the form of a Tourism Village Master Plan and a Priority Area Plan. The second result is the initiation of financial digitization training through Bumdes Financial Accounting System. This is done to ensure that Bumdes can record transactions and financial reporting properly. The integration of the development of Bumdes business unit based on the Tourism Village Master Plan and the Priority Area Plan (the first stage result) and the Bumdes Profile (the second stage result).

Research problem: How can the aesthetics and characteristics of Kufic calligraphy be taken advantage, "Which are compatible with Islamic architectural solutions" as a source for digital design of metal jewelry?، hypothesis :The aesthetics and characteristics of Kufic calligraphy compatible with Islamic architectural solutions is an important formative resource in the digital design of metal jewelry ،Objectives Benefiting from Kufic calligraphy aesthetics and characteristics "Which are compatible with Islamic architectural solutions in designing metal jewelry that combines tradition and modernity ,studying of some contemporary digital design methods for metal jewelry, Benefiting of technological development in the formation of contemporary metal jewelry، limits: Analyzing selections of the Kufic calligraphy in the Islamic architecture of Al-Aqmar Mosque, conducting a self-experiment through digital CAD techniques using Matrex program, forming the prototype using CAM machine, casting prototype , Crafting metal jewelry using Manual techniques, Methodology: descriptive and analytical and experimental Methods, Importance: The development of creativity in the art education field by studying modern digital design and shaping methods, supporting metalworking curricula by reviewing Modern digital design and modeling methods, supporting the jewelry design field with some formulations traditional plastic with characterized artistic characteristics by originality and contemporary, results : the aesthetics and characteristics of Kufic calligraphy “which are compatible with Islamic architectural solutions” is an important formative source in the contemporary digital design of metalwork, finding creative solutions for metalwork designs by integrating Manual techniques with technological techniques, recommendation: activate the role of modern digital design to support metalworking curricula.

The square kufıc (ma’ qıli) calligraphy, frequently employed as early as the 11th century in the architecture of the Great Seljuks and Anatolian Seljuks periods, gradually yielded its place to other calligraphic styles and penwork embellishments in Ottoman constructions. Conversely, compared to other script forms, an insufficient body of scientific research is dedicated to the accurate comprehension and thorough recognition of ma’qili calligraphic art. This unique calligraphic style, which is not traditionally imparted within conventional calligraphy education and is currently witnessing renewed interest in Islamic architecture and art across various countries, necessitates comprehensive studies to elucidate its nuanced reading and compositional logic. This article undertakes a detailed exploration of some Square Kufıc calligraphy from the era of Mimar Sinan in Istanbul to the period preceding Sinan’s time. In addition to analyzing the content and compositions of the inscriptions, specific errors and interpretations are also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing is the initial nucleus for the emergence of cities, and housing projects can be considered as an important factor of social stability, and the governmental housing projects in Egypt suffer from low occupancy rates, this is nothing but a true translation of the waste of huge national investments and confirms that these projects suffer from many design deficiencies, which led the user to modify the design of the dwelling or to abandon these projects. The research aims mainly to diagnosing and treating the design deficiencies in governmental housing projects in Egypt. To achieve this, the research was divided into three main parts. It begins with a theoretical study in which the research identified the criteria and basics of design flexibility in Islamic architecture besides drawing a theoretical background on housing design in contemporary governmental housing projects in Egypt, then, the analytical study of design deficiencies in governmental housing projects in Egypt, through which the research was able to formulate a methodology to treat design deficiencies in governmental housing projects in Egypt based on the integration between the criteria and basics of design flexibility inherent in Islamic architecture with the data reverse recall methodology from existing housing projects, then the research moves to the applied study, in which the suggested methodology was applied on one of the private housing projects in Minia new city, in order to measure the suitability of the proposed methodology to be a guide for designing future housing projects flawless from design deficiencies, this leads the research to reach its main result, which is that the interaction with the heritage of Islamic architecture is a deep source of inspiration in treating the problems of housing projects through the creation of modern architecture that keeps pace with the present and the future and is not neglected or independent from its ancient past, taking into account our special social nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Castillejo de Monteagudo, which has been well known since excavations began in 1924, is a palatial residence built on a promontory. However, the fact that it was part of an extensive agricultural estate, known as Ḥiṣn al-Faraj, which included dry-farming, orchards, gardens, woodland, hunting areas, and marshes, as well as important hydraulic infrastructures, has not been sufficiently emphasised to date. Archaeological research on the irrigated plain during 2018 and 2019 has brought to light part of the palatine area, which was organised around a large garden presided by a residential complex with a porticoed pavilion and a pool at the centre. All known buildings date to the reign of Emir Ibn Mardanīš (1147–1171), although the possibility that the estate was created earlier cannot be ruled out. It was destroyed twice by the Almohads (1165 and 1171) and reused by the Castilian King Alfonso X, perhaps after being restored by Ibn Hūd al-Mutawakkil (1228–1238). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional and indigenous architecture in Saudi Arabia is being replaced by modern, Western-style buildings, resulting from the growing influence of Western culture. This change is evident in architectural elements such as Mashrabiya, which was once a symbol of the country's Islamic architecture. The research paper aims to analyse the impact of modernization and the resurgence of Mashrabiya on a building's energy efficiency, as well as the cultural and religious integrity of its historical counterpart in the context of Saudi Arabia. The study employed mixed research methods, including an online survey with Saudi Arabian households to study the public perception of Mashrabiya, case studies of residences with traditional and modern Mashrabiya, and a range of dynamic thermal simulations on a residence with traditional Mashrabiya to study its impact on energy consumption. The survey revealed that the public is aware of the changing face of Mashrabiya and its impact on the cultural and religious identity of the region, mainly privacy, but it is largely uninformed about ways to preserve its true essence. The simulations demonstrated a significant improvement in thermal comfort, i.e., an approximate 14% reduction in operative temperature and a 77.8% reduction in peak solar gain; an improvement in energy efficiency, i.e., a 5.7% reduction in monthly cooling load and a 35.5% improvement in daylight factor. Based on the findings, the research provides several recommendations to preserve the identity of traditional Mashrabiya while enhancing their energy efficiency, such as the incorporation of traditional design elements into the plans of the Saudi Arabian government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monumental structures are certainly the most common public buildings in Islamic architecture, being second only to mosques. Eight such structures were recorded during the survey of Bijar County of eastern Kurdistan province. These monumental buildings tend to share common plans and building materials. Given their position on the routes linking northwestern and western Iran as well as their proximity to the major political centres of Maragheh, Soltaniyeh and Takht-e Soleyman, these buildings, apart from a memorial function, perhaps beaconed caravans along the regional routes. Yet, these structures largely remain unaddressed by any systematic work. The main objective of the present study is to publish these buildings so as to give a more refined picture of the regional route networks in the Islamic period. The comparisons and discrepancies detected between these structures in the study area and the nearby regions, notably the Zanjan plain, characterized by environmental and cultural settings almost identical to the Garrus region, can be of great help in this regard. Accordingly, the questions considered here are: 1) What factors played a role in the emergence of these monuments in the region? 2) How did previous architectural traditions affect their formation? And, 3) To what extent are these buildings effective in reconstructing the ancient routes, and where in the region do they find comparisons in form and building materials? Social, religious and political factors have informed the development of towers in the region during the Seljuk and Ilkhanid rules. Adjacency to major coeval political centres, safety of the routes thanks to vigorous local rulers, and favorable environmental conditions (access to water and the presence of numerous villages along the routes) are the most remarkable of such factors. Previous traditions and modeling on earlier standing towers from the historical (Sassanian) and Islamic periods played a notable part in the construction of the regional guidance towers. Affinities to the standing structures in the neighboring regions, including the Khoein Tower, the mausoleum of the Prophet Qeydar, the tomb tower at Kahriz Siah Mansur (Ijrud) in Zanjan province, and their comparisons with the monumental structures of the Bijar region, apart from contributing to the reconstruction of the past route networks, attest to their original function as navigational aid. The study adapts a historical-descriptive approach and builds on field surveys, documentation in photo, and looking up related information in historical texts and library documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the features of historical and modern mosques in Jordan compared to that of Amman. The architecture of the Jordanian mosques reflects the images of great ancient empires and kingdoms of Europe and the Middle East. This has happened due to the geographical position of the country. From the studies of historians and archaeologists, comparative analysis of planning solutions, the use of plastics and decor of the facades of mosques, and the literature on the construction methods of the mosques allow us to conclude that age-old traditions have been preserved through the establishment of mosques in both the countries. Besides, the emergence of new features in constructing mosques has been observed. We find the influence of western architecture in the modern-day architectural designs of Jordanian religious establishments. Meanwhile, in the architecture of Amman mosques, a type of small temple is noticed, the volumetric-plastic composition of which is solved in an innovative way, not to resembling historical temples. In constructing mosques, Amman focuses on preserving the identity and spirituality of the mosques but adds new metaphors by ensuring multidimensionality of space and adopting the architectural designs of modern cities. Changes in the architecture of mosques happened due not only to new technologies and materials but, also to integrate with the processes of globalization and international cooperation of architects. We observe the construction of ancient mosques in both the countries combined both European and American architecture which reveals new images and possibilities of the architecture of the East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isovist is the amount of optical field viewed from a given point of view thus it represents the environmental visual properties of space from that point. As a contribution to link the concept of 3D Isovist with the behavioral studies and the affective evaluations of the spatial experiences, as highlighted through the previous literature, the current research aims to test the suitability of 3D Isovist in the detection and prediction of the property of Surprise in architectural spaces. It intends to support the possibility of investing the 3D Isovist as a tool to detect the experience of Surprise in the previous Historical Architecture on the one hand and to evaluate it in the new designs on the other. To achieve this goal, the research adopted a method of generating a parametric environment that includes the measurement of 3D Isovist and exporting the resulting data to statistical programs which are specially prepared to summarize them automatically, then measure the sense of Surprise, and finally, discuss and analyze the results of the application and draw conclusions about the suitability of the 3D Isovist in the detection and prediction of the property of Surprise locations. The research concluded that 3D Isovist is a suitable tool for detecting and predicting locations that have a surprise in existing environments on the one hand and in evaluating new designs on the other hand for surprise, thus enabling the necessary developmental measures to enhance the surprise and modify designs accordingly.

In Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, stands one of China's oldest mosques, the Huaisheng Mosque. Its initial construction occurred in 627 during the Tang Dynasty during the reign of Taizong (627-649). The Guangta minaret of the mosque is one of the oldest surviving examples of Chinese Islamic architecture in mainland China. It is a vivid example that testifies to trade and economic relations between China in the east and the Islamic world in the west. To achieve its aims; the study relies on several methodologies; the historical approach, the descriptive approach, and the critical deductive approach. The study seeks to limit and follow the historical texts it referred to and also aims to explore the initial architecture of the minaret. In addition, this study attempts to compare and, at times, refute these historical texts to determine the date of their construction based on the historical texts. The architectural form of the Guangta raises many questions and draws attention. Based on the limited historical evidence about the minaret, this study presents some ideas and theories on its initial form and architectural elements. The study also provides a hypothetical record of its original architecture during the Tang Dynasty, which was recorded as the era of construction.

Abstract El-Gendi Fortress is a unique geo-archaeological site in Sinai, Egypt. It reflects the progress of the Islamic military architecture during Saladin’s reign (Salah ad-din al Ayyubi), the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty (1174-1260AD). The fortress's location met two major geo-criteria. One is geographical; it is located on a mound 655 m above sea level (a.s.l) and 152 m above El-Tih El-plateau; this elevation contributes to the exploration of the surrounding areas and provides the fortress with a strong defensive position against the Crusaders' invasions of Egypt (1163–1169 AD). The second is Hydro-geological; it provides exceptional access to both meteoric surface (via barrages) and groundwater (through Sudr spring). The latter is from deep aquifers of the Nubian sandstones (Malha Formation) across the fractured carbonates (Raha and Sudr Formations of Cenomanian to Maastrichtian age). Such water was accumulated since the Pleistocene pluvial age until the fortress’ most recent use. The barrages’ location upstream of a sub-basin “a” at Wadi Sudr, in a similar direction to the deep ditch side, confirms that the priority of their design is to protect the region from flash flood risks and to store water on a relatively flat-lying land. The study reveals that the fortress’ geographical location is used to safeguard the Hajj route in central Sinai and to provide facilities for pilgrims’ caravans when they travel from North Africa to Mecca. The study concludes that the fortress should be a part of the Sinai tourism itinerary and promoted globally as a geo-archaeological site for Geo-tourism. In addition, the government should implement a strategy for conserving, rehabilitating, and managing the heritage sites, to improve facilities and increase public awareness of these sites to maximize the outcomes.

The present work will try to delve into some emotional aspects expressed by the community of believers about a section of the Mosque of Córdoba: the maqsūra of al-Ḥakam II. It is important to observe this maqsūra from the point of view of the emotions that it generates during its use as an active sacred space. The maqṣūra of al-Ḥakam II is a space for communication between the political and religious powers within the religious community who attended the Prayer on Friday (Ṣalat al-Jumu’a). This article reviews and expands some hypotheses raised by Professor Ruiz Souza in 2001, where he pointed out the importance of the point of view of the community of worshippers to understand the main functions of the maqṣūra. The worshippers attended the ceremonial and could observe part of the maqṣūra from the shadows of the naves of the old mosque. What did they perceive from a space that was hidden from their gaze? What was this luminous place where the Prince of Believers was located, trying to make them feel? To answer these questions, new methodologies from the History of Art have been used, combined with Anthropology of Religion, the Archeology of Emotions, Color Symbology, Neuroscience and Psychology.

This most recent, and comprehensive compendium, on the subject of the architecture of Islam sheds light on the subject materials. New information on well-known historical examples, the inclusion of historical examples not usually (if ever covered) in such scholarship and an expansion of analysis with respect to modern and contemporary case studies of Islamic religious spaces all underscore the scholarly contribution of this two-volume set. By including such a range of buildings examined, by a large number of scholars from various backgrounds, the compendium effectively recasts the direction of scholarship in this field in a manner that is neither linear or hierarchical. This two-volume set includes 58 essays on a range of regionally-specific examples of architecture from the Islamic world. The first volume of The Religious Architecture of Islam focusses on Asia and Australia, and the second volume focusses on Africa, Europe and the Americas. The volumes are organized in a non-chronological manner, with essays grouped by geographical region covering materials directly related the understanding of religious architecture of Islam. In Volume I, there are four sections with a total of 32 essays written by 29 different scholars. The four sections are: Background themes, West and Central Asia, South and East Asia and Australia. In Volume II, there are four sections with a total of 26 essays written by 20 different scholars. The four sections are: Al-Andalus and the Maghrib, Africa and Sicily, Europe and the Americas.

Military architecture in the Islamic west is evidence to the ingenuity of design, planning and the link between form and function in Islamic architecture in general and in the West in particular. These buildings were not rigid fortresses, castles and gates. Rather, the Muslim inscriber placed on it floral and geometric decorations and the inscriptions in particular, that draw the atention of who pass by or enter it, with its religious and Foundation texts that represented a reflection of the political life in these eras. Therefore, this study focuses on the inscriptions on the gates of the cities and Kasabahs of Morocco in Almohad and Alawite Eras in terms of the visual aspect of these inscriptions in form and content, where the visual study is one of the most important modern studies in the field of archeology, whether from an architectural or even a technical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to investigate the cultural identity concept and its relation to cultural heritage within a conservation framework under the threat of unfettered interventions for modernity and its requirements by analyzing the reproduced architectural works. Furthermore, the study focused on clarifying and tracking the effects of architectural reproduction on society and individuals, as well as on the local way of thinking and local culture in a specific region known as the "Levant." The research method is developed in two interconnected ways: qualitative 'interpretive' research methods are used to explain the pure concept of cultural heritage, while a 'simulation strategy' is used between traditional and historical architectural elements to create new architectural elements with historical origins and contemporary touches. Construct logic is a method of "modernizing local architecture", in that it controls modern architecture and uses it to develop local architecture rather than obliterating and distorting it. "Muqarnas," one of the Islamic architectural decorative elements widely used in the Levant and surrounding geography, is chosen as the simulation case study for developing new contemporary architectural elements used both structurally and decoratively. The simulation approach used in the study is limited to several traditional architectural elements from the study's historical and cultural context, which were documented with architectural and technical data as well as illustrative drawings. It may be possible to raise conservation awareness by simulating some traditional architectural elements and developing them in a highly technical environment. Furthermore, it can provide the opportunity to obtain new architectural elements of a contemporary cultural nature that resist architectural reproduction in a variety of internal and external fields, as well as structural solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article recounts the life and work of polymath and art historian Eric Schroeder. It highlights the contributions of Schroeder to the study of medieval Persian architecture and book painting in the 1930s and 1940s including his University Prints project which attempted to bring the core achievements of Islamic Art and architecture to college students, his publications about Islamic art, Islamic religion, culture and history, and research on Islamic and Persian paintings and architecture.

The article highlights the contributions of art historian Ernst Cohn-Wiener on Islamic art and architecture in Central Asia. Information is provided about the expeditions of Cohn-Wiener in West Turkestan, his collection of photographs taken on his expeditions in West Turkestan in 1924 and 1925, his collection of Islamic ceramic objects from Central Asia kept in the Museum of Islamic art in Berlin, Germany, and his private collecting activities.

Local reports from different international societies have considered the achievement of the successful Glocalized architecture model in line with the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Aga Khan Cultural Foundation's International Program for Islamic Architecture has also prioritized the understanding of the success drivers in architectural projects. This study aimed to detect the potentials of the common global indicators to access qualitative design assessment through analyzing the Aga Khan Award's reports. The selected methodology in the present study is a quantitative approach using the systematic content analysis and coding techniques for qualitative data obtained from the technical. The physical, non-physical, modern, and traditional factors that have contributed to the success of the works as well as their combinations were extracted and analyzed using Sensible and Abstract international, national, and local indications. There is a relative superiority for Sensible indications (A combination of modern and physical factors). The hybrid data distribution provides the ground to assess the works, and this can be used to manage the globalization challenges in the contemporary architecture of Muslim societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the foundation of the Ottoman Empire to its becoming an empire and its collapse, some families were involved in the important mechanisms of the state and played a positive role. One of these families is Timurtaş Pasha and his sons, who contributed a lot to the state in the early period. Among the five sons of Timurtaş Pasha, Umur Beg came to the fore both militarily and scientifically. In addition to the buildings he brought to Turkish Islamic architecture, Umur Beg, who attracted attention with the foundations he established, had many works translated, wrote books and donated them to the library he founded. Deceased in 1461, Umur Beg was buried in the baldachin mausoleum in the courtyard of the Umur Beg Mosque in Bursa. A total of 122 graves were explored in the large burial ground surrounding the mosque and tomb. Among the graves belonging to scholars, ulamas and people belonging to various professions, only the gravestones with headgear (serpuş) that can be dated to the 18th century were taken into consideration. Of the low and high framed tombs, ten belong to men and one to women, dating from 1722 to 1794. The main purpose of evaluating the 18th century headgeared tombs is that the tombstones present diversity and richness in terms of type, ornamentation and headgear (serpuş). The heads of Pashalı, kâtibi, nezkeb, dardağan and hotoz are important in terms of indicating position, gender and rank. After the heads, the textual content, the type of writing and finally the ornamentation, which also conveys the baroque style of the period, are important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]