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Established vineyard soils may have high copper (Cu) contents due to the ongoing foliar applications of copper-based fungicides. In viticulture, the replacement of old vineyards with new vines is common practice, however, limited by Cu excess in soil and its toxicity to young grapevines. The application of phosphorus (P) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation are potential strategies to reduce Cu toxicity to young grapevines. This study aimed to assess the effects of phosphorus fertilization and AMF (Rhizophagus clarus) inoculation on growth and physiological parameters of young grapevines grown in soil with high Cu content. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where natural grassland soil was artificially contaminated by the addition of 60 mg kg−1 Cu. The soils were treated with and without AMF inoculation, combined with additions of 0, 40 and 100 mg P kg−1. After 90 days of cultivation, grapevine plants were assessed for chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigment contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, plant height, plant biomass, and concentrations of Cu and P in roots and shoots. Phosphorus fertilization promoted increases in seedling growth (related to the increase of total P concentration in roots and shoots), soluble Pi concentration in leaves, and the quantum yield of the PSII (YII) (associated with a reduction in shoot Cu concentration). The AMF inoculation increased the concentration of P in roots and shoots, soluble Pi in leaves and electron transport rate (ETR). Phosphorus fertilization and inoculation of grapevines with AMF are strategies capable of reducing Cu toxicity in young grapevines.

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a migração e a modificação de frações de Cu e Zn em solos de vinhedos. Em outubro de 2010 foram selecionados, em Água Doce (SC) três vinhedos com idades crescentes e uma área de campo natural com o objetivo de determinar o teor natural dos elementos no solo. Amostras de solo dos vinhedos e campo natural foram coletadas em camadas estratificadas e analisadas. Nas amostras foram realizados o fracionamento químico e a extração de Cu e Zn por EDTA e pelo método 3050B da USEPA. O Cu e o Zn foram acumulados nas camadas mais superficiais dos solos dos vinhedos e maiores concentrações foram observadas no vinhedo com maior idade. A maior parte do Cu e do Zn nos solos dos vinhedos foi distribuída na fração residual que possui baixa mobilidade geoquímica porém nas camadas mais superficiais do solo do vinhedo com maior idade constatou-se aumento do teor de Cu ligado à matéria orgânica do solo e nas camadas mais profundas, ligado aos minerais. A maior parte do Zn no solo dos vinhedos foi distribuída na fração residual e ligada aos minerais; a fração residual possui baixa mobilidade no solo mas pode ser disponível para as plantas e causar toxidez.

As aplicacoes de fosforo (P) em vinhedos podem causar o acumulo desse nutriente no solo e maximizar seu potencial poluente. Este trabalho objetivou quantificar as fracoes de acumulacao de P em solos arenosos cultivados com videiras na regiao Sul do Brasil. Para isso, amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-5, 6-10 e 11-20 cm em uma area de campo nativo e em dois vinhedos: um com 14 anos de cultivo (vinhedo 1) e outro com 30 anos (vinhedo 2), localizados no municipio de Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. As amostras foram secas, moidas e submetidas ao fracionamento quimico de P. Os resultados evidenciaram que os teores de P inorgânico aumentaram ate 20 cm de profundidade, principalmente no vinhedo 2, em especial nas fracoes labeis extraidas por resina de troca anionica e por NaHCO3, na fracao moderadamente labil, extraida por NaOH 0,1 e 0,5 mol L-1, e na fracao nao labil, extraida por HCl 1 mol L-1, representando potencial de eutroficacao das aguas. As aplicacoes de fertilizantes fosfatados na adubacao de correcao e de manutencao nos vinhedos com maior tempo de cultivo aumentaram os teores de P na fracao orgânica extraida por NaHCO3 na camada de 0-5 cm, e na fracao moderadamente labil extraida por NaOH 0,1 mol L-1, ate 20 cm de profundidade.

In vineyards, if phosphate is applied both before planting and at intervals during growth without consideration of technical criteria, the soil P fractions may be increased and their proportions altered. This study was carried out to evaluate the accumulation of P fractions and the parameters of the adsorption isotherm in a sandy Typic Hapludalf soil in vineyards with a history of successive and excessive phosphate fertilization. In December 2010, two vineyards were selected, one 4 and the other 15 years old, in Urussanga, State of Santa Catarina (Brazil). Three trenches were dug in each area and soil was collected from the 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm depth ranges. The soil samples were dried in a forced-air oven, sieved and subjected to chemical analyses, P chemical fractionation and P adsorption isotherms. Excessive phosphate fertilization, before and during cultivation, particularly in the older vineyard and, consequently, with a longer history of phosphate fertilization, increased the inorganic P concentrations to the depth of 20 cm, especially in labile fractions extracted by anion exchange resin and NaHCO3 in the non-labile fraction, as well as in the non-labile fraction extracted by 1.0 mol L-1 HCl. The application of phosphate fertilizers and the long cultivation period increased the P levels in the organic labile fraction extracted by 0.5 mol L-1 NaHCO3, and especially in the moderately labile fraction extracted by 0.1 and 0.5 mol L-1 NaOH. Phosphate fertilization of older vineyards, i.e., cultivated for 15 years, increased the amounts of P desorbed in water, indicating a risk of contamination of surface waters and groundwater. The phosphate fertilization before planting, without considering the results of soil analysis, and during cultivation, disregarding the results of soil analysis, leaf analysis and expected yield, led to a reduction in the maximum P adsorption capacity in the 0-5 cm layer of vineyard 2, indicating saturation of part of the reactive particle adsorption sites.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar o estado nutricional, a produção e a composição do mosto de uvas em videiras submetidas a diferentes modos de distribuição de composto orgânico no solo. O experimento foi conduzido em um vinhedo da cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, com plantas enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto 'Paulsen 1103' em um solo Neossolo Litólico, em Bento Gonçalves (RS). Em agosto de 2006, foram implantados os tratamentos (T1) testemunha; (T2) aplicação de composto orgânico na superfície do solo sempre no mesmo lado da linha de plantio; (T3) aplicação de composto em lados alternados da linha de plantio ao longo dos anos; (T4) aplicação de composto em covas sempre do mesmo lado da linha de plantio, e (T5) aplicação de composto em covas em lados alternados na linha de plantio ao longo dos anos. Nas safras de 2006/2007, 2007/2008 e 2008/2009, os ramos da poda de inverno e o tecido da poda de verão foram secos e determinada a produção de matéria seca. Folhas completas foram coletadas, secas, moídas e submetidas à análise do teor total de N, P, K, Ca e Mg. Na maturação, foi contado o número de cachos e pesados, e, em seguida, bagas foram coletadas e determinados os valores de sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável, ácido tartárico e málico. A distribuição de composto em covas sempre do mesmo lado da linha de plantio ou em lados alternados ao longo dos anos aumentou a quantidade de matéria seca dos ramos podados no inverno, especialmente, nas primeiras safras depois de sua aplicação. A aplicação e o modo de distribuição do composto na superfície do solo ou incorporado, anualmente no mesmo lado da linha de plantio ou alternado entre os lados ao longo dos anos, não afetaram a produção de uva, o estado nutricional e a composição do mosto, e, quando necessário, o composto orgânico deve ser aplicado na superfície do solo sem incorporação, em um mesmo lado da linha de plantio ou alternado entre os lados ao longo dos anos. The experiment aimed to evaluate leaves nutrient content, yield and must composition in grapevines, which were submitted to the application to different forms of distribution of organic compost on the vineyard soil with Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine, grafted on 'Paulsen 1103' rootstock, at Udorthent soil, in the Southern Brazil, Bento Gonçalves city. The treatments were (T1) without organic compost; (T2) organic compost application with distribution on the soil surface, always at same side of the plant rows; (T3) organic compost application with distribution on alternate sides of the plant rows; (T4) organic compost application in holes always on the same side of the plant rows and (T5) organic compost application in holes on alternate sides of the plant rows. The weight of pruning was evaluated during winter and summer. Leaves were collected, oven-dried, weighted and total N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents were analyzed. In the harvest, the bunch number and weight, grape yield and pH, soluble solids, acidity, tartaric and malic acids in the must was evaluated. The compost distribution in holes always on the same side or in alternated sides of the plant rows, along of the years, increased the amount of dry matter of the branches pruned in the winter, especially, in the first years after your application. The application and forms of compost distribution in the soil surface or incorporated, annually on the same side of the rows or alternate sides of the plants, along the years, do not affected the yield grape, nutrient content of leaves and must composition. The organic compost should, when necessary, should be applied in the soil surface without incorporation, on the same side of the plant rows or on alternate sides of the plants row.

Established vineyard soils may have high copper (Cu) contents due to the ongoing foliar applications of copper-based fungicides. In viticulture, the replacement of old vineyards with new vines is common practice, however,limited by Cu excess in soil and its toxicity to young grapevines. The application of phosphorus (P) and ar-buscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation are potential strategies to reduce Cu toxicity to young grapevines.This study aimed to assess the effects of phosphorus fertilization and AMF (Rhizophagus clarus) inoculation ongrowth and physiological parameters of young grapevines grown in soil with high Cu content. The experimentwas conducted in a greenhouse, where natural grassland soil was artificially contaminated by the addition of60 mg kg−1Cu. The soils were treated with and without AMF inoculation, combined with additions of 0, 40 and100 mg P kg−1. After 90 days of cultivation, grapevine plants were assessed for chlorophyllafluorescence,photosynthetic pigment contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, plant height, plant biomass, and con-centrations of Cu and P in roots and shoots. Phosphorus fertilization promoted increases in seedling growth(related to the increase of total P concentration in roots and shoots), soluble Pi concentration in leaves, and thequantum yield of the PSII (YII) (associated with a reduction in shoot Cu concentration). The AMF inoculationincreased the concentration of P in roots and shoots, soluble Pi in leaves and electron transport rate (ETR).Phosphorus fertilization and inoculation of grapevines with AMF are strategies capable of reducing Cu toxicity inyoung grapevines. Made available in DSpace on 2020-01-09T00:39:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1s2.0S0304423819300342main.pdf: 737187 bytes, checksum: e56f2e19f3c7c1c42fd8c46862c1afa4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019