15 results on '"Jappiot, M."'
Search Results
2. Simulating the effects of weather and climate on large wildfires in France
- Author
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Barbero, R., Curt, T., Ganteaume, A., Maille, E., Jappiot, M., Bellet, Adeline, Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)
- Subjects
[SDE]Environmental Sciences - Abstract
International audience; Large wildfires across parts of France can cause devastating damage which puts lives, infrastructure, and the natural ecosystem at risk. In the climate change context, it is essential to better understand how these large wildfires relate to weather and climate and how they might change in a warmer world. Such projections rely on the development of a robust modelling framework linking large wildfires to present-day atmospheric variability. Drawing from a MODIS product and a gridded meteorological dataset, we derived a suite of biophysical and fire danger indices and developed generalized linear models simulating the probability of large wildfires ( > 100 ha) at 8 km spatial and daily temporal resolutions across the entire country over the last two decades. The models were able to reproduce large-wildfire activity across a range of spatial and temporal scales. Different sensitivities to weather and climate were detected across different environmental regions. Long-term drought was found to be a significant predictor of large wildfires in flammability-limited systems such as the Alpine and south-western regions. In the Mediterranean, large wildfires were found to be associated with both short-term fire weather conditions and longer-term soil moisture deficits, collectively facilitating the occurrence of large wildfires. Simulated probabilities on days with large wildfires were on average 2-3 times higher than normal with respect to the mean seasonal cycle, highlighting the key role of atmospheric variability in wildfire spread. The model has wide applications, including improving our understanding of the drivers of large wildfires over the historical period and providing a basis on which to estimate future changes to large wildfires from climate scenarios.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. La cartographie des interfaces habitat-forêt : un outil de diagnostic territorial dans la prévention du risque d’incendie de forêt dans le Sud de la France
- Author
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Long-Fournel, M., Morge, D., Bouillon, C., Jappiot, M., Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)
- Subjects
MODÉLISATION ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,FORET ,PREVENTION DES FEUX DE FORETS ,lcsh:TD1-1066 ,INTERFACE ,INCENDIE ,FORET : INTERFACE ,INTERFACE HABITAT FORET ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,PRÉVENTION ,lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,HABITAT ,RISQUE ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,CARTOGRAPHIE - Abstract
Dans un contexte de pression urbaine et de déprise agricole, les interfaces habitat-forêt se multiplient en France méditerranéenne et deviennent une véritable préoccupation pour la gestion des territoires et du risque d'incendie de forêt. Dans le département des Bouches-du-Rhône, les chercheurs d'Irstea ont utilisé la méthodologie de cartographie diachronique pour y mesurer le développement spatio-temporel de ces espaces afin d'aider les décideurs à cibler les priorités d'actions de prévention.
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- 2013
- Full Text
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4. Modélisation du risque d'incendie de forêt dans les interfaces habitats-forêts
- Author
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Lampin, C., Jappiot, M., Ferrier, J.P., Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Études des Structures, des Processus d’Adaptation et des Changements de l’Espace (ESPACE), and Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Avignon Université (AU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis (UNSA)
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lcsh:GE1-350 ,MODÉLISATION ,INTERFACE URBAIN FORET ,FORET ,RISQUE D'INCENDIE ,ANALYSE SPATIALE ,lcsh:TD1-1066 ,INCENDIE ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,FORET MEDITERRANEENNE ,HABITAT ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,RISQUE - Abstract
[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; En région méditerranéenne, les forêts sont régulièrement la proie des flammes, avec des conséquences écologiques, économiques et sociales souvent désastreuses. Les zones où l'habitat est en contact étroit avec la forêt représentent plus particulièrement un danger et deviennent une véritable préoccupation pour les gestionnaires, qui ont besoin d'outils de localisation pour agir et limiter les risques d'incendies dans ces territoires. Cet article présente une méthode innovante d'évaluation du risque fondée sur l'observation et la description ainsi que sur l'analyse spatiale et statistique de ces zones à risque.
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- 2011
- Full Text
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5. A technical guide for end-users to map and describe wildland-urban interfaces in European Mediterranean wildfirerisk context
- Author
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Lampin-Maillet, C., Bouillon, C., Long, M., Morge, D., Jappiot, M., Herrero-Coral, G., Galiana, L., Mantzavelas, A., CEMAGREF AIX EN PROVENCE UR EMAX FRA, UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID ESP, UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID ESP, and OMIKRON LDT GRC
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INTERFACE URBAIN FORET ,VEGETAL COMBUSTIBLE ,RISQUE D'INCENDIE ,FOREST FIRE ,FIRE RISK ,FOREST-URBAN INTERFACE ,STRUCTURE DE POPULATION ,INCENDIE DE FORET - Abstract
The paper presents the major outcomes of the produced guide. It particularly describes the method developed for mapping WUIs on large areas and at large scale in the European Mediterranean context. The method used remote sensing and spatial analysis tools. Particularly adapted to the French context, it can be easily adapted according specific contexts observed in different European countries. After specifying accurate definition of wildland-Urban Interface (WUI), a WUI typology was based on the combination of four housing configuration types and three natures of horizontal structure of vegetation determined through objective and quantitative criteria. Housing configuration reveals spatial organization of residential dwellings: isolated, scattered, dense clustered and very dense clustered housing. Horizontal structure of vegetation points out the continuous vegetation, the sparse vegetation or the no existing vegetation in contact with houses. Twelve wildland-urban interface types were produced.In parallel a software tool was developed and briefly presented in the paper in order to map WUIs as automatically as possible. The production of WUI maps presents high interest for quantification of the extension of WUIs on the territory, main characteristics of WUIs, assessment and mapping of fire risk levels in WUIs. The main objective of the guide is to help end-users such as land managers, foresters and fire-fighters to locate WUIs on the ground with a view to develop specific actions for wildfires prevention according to WUI types, to create public awareness programs for inhabitants faced with wildfire risk, and to assess fire fighting difficulties due to urbanization.
- Published
- 2010
6. Evaluation spatio-temporelle du risque feux de forêt : de nouvelles données de télédétection prometteuses
- Author
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Deshayes, M., Durrieu, S., Jappiot, M., Structures et Systèmes Spatiaux (UMR 3S), Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts (ENGREF)-Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Agriculture et forêt méditerranéenne (UR AFAX), and Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF)
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[SDE]Environmental Sciences - Abstract
National audience; The domain of remote sensing data is in fast evolution. Among the recent developments, we can quote the accessibility to location data as GPS or the recent availability of data with metric resolution or submetric. These satellite data, as well as digital aerial data, can help estimating and mapping some of the forest fire risk parameters.; Le domaine des données d'origine spatiale est en évolution rapide. Parmi les récents développements, on peut citer l'accessibilité aux données de localisation de type GPS ou la disponibilité récente d'une imagerie spatiale à résolution métrique ou même submétrique. Ces données satellitaires, auxquelles on peut ajouter les données aériennes numériques, peuvent aider à estimer et à cartographier certains des paramètres du risque d'incendies de forêt.
- Published
- 2004
7. Cartographie du risque : recherche méthodologique pour la mise en adéquation des besoins, des données et des méthodes
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Jappiot, M., Blanchi, R., and Service irevues, irevues
- Subjects
INCENDIE ,SYSTEME D'INFORMATION GEOGRAPHIQUE (S.I.G.) ,[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry ,CARTOGRAPHIE - Abstract
Il existe à l'heure actuelle une très forte demande en matière de cartographie du risque d'incendie de forêt. Cette demande est le reflet de besoins très divers en termes d'application (urbanisme, aménagement ). Cependant les études en la matière sont assez hétérogènes, les concepts employés peuvent recouvrir des significations très différentes (notion de risque, d'aléa, de vulnérabilité ). De ce fait, il est apparu nécessaire de s'interroger sur les demandes et les besoins en matière de connaissance et de cartographie du risque, puis sur les modalités des réponses apportées et les enseignements tirés de ces réponses.
- Published
- 2003
8. Flammability of some ornamental species in wildland-urban interfaces in southeastern France Laboratory assessment at particle level
- Author
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Ganteaume, A., Jappiot, M., Lampin, Corinne, Guijarro Guzmán, Mercedes, Hernando Lara, Carmen, Ganteaume, A., Jappiot, M., Lampin, Corinne, Guijarro Guzmán, Mercedes, and Hernando Lara, Carmen
- Abstract
Assessment of the flammability of ornamental vegetation (particularly hedges) planted around houses is necessary in light of the increasing urbanization of the wildland-urban interfaces (WUIs) and the high fire occurrence in such areas. The structure and flammability of seven of the species most frequently planted as hedges in Provence (southeastern France) were studied at particle level. Spatial repartition of the different types of fuel particles within plants was assessed by means of the cube method. The leaf flammability was assessed using an epiradiator as a burning device, and measurements of foliar physical characteristics and gross heat of combustion (GHC) helped to explain the results of burning experiments. Co-inertia analysis revealed that species with thin leaves were quick to ignite (Pyracantha coccinea, Phyllostachys sp.) and species with high leaf GHC burned the longest (Pittosporum tobira, Nerium oleander). Species presenting high ignitability (Photinia fraseri, Phyllostachys sp.;Pyracantha coccinea) were characterized by high foliar surface area-to-volume ratio, and species presenting lower ignitability were characterized by high GHC (Pittosporum tobira, Nerium oleander, Cupressus sempervirens). Hierarchical cluster analysis of the flammability variables (ignition frequency, time-to-ignition and flaming duration) categorized the relative flammability of the seven species (including dead Cupressus sempervirens) in five clusters of species from poorly flammable (Pittosporum tobira) to extremely flammable (dead Cupressus sempervirens).This study provides useful information for reducing fire risk in WUIs in the study area. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.
- Published
- 2013
9. Evaluation et cartographie du risque d'incendie de forêt à l'aide d'un SIG. Exemple d'un massif forestier du sud de la France
- Author
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Jappiot, M. and Service irevues, irevues
- Subjects
SYSTEME D INFORMATION GEOGRAPHIQUE (S.I.G.) ,PREVENTION DES FEUX DE FORETS ,LUTTE CONTRE LES INCENDIES ,[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry ,FRANCE MEDITERRANEENNE - Abstract
Les différentes composantes de l'aléa feu de forêt sont des données géographiques, référencées spécialement et qui peuvent être introduites et superposées dans le SIG. Chaque facteur (ou combinaison de facteurs) a été cartographié et intégré sous forme numérique dans le SIG, puis traduit en terme de risque.
- Published
- 2000
10. Laboratory characterization of firebrands involved in spot fires
- Author
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Ganteaume, A., Guijarro Guzmán, Mercedes, Jappiot, M., Hernando Lara, Carmen, Lampin, Corinne, Pérez-Gorostiaga, P., Vega, J. A., Ganteaume, A., Guijarro Guzmán, Mercedes, Jappiot, M., Hernando Lara, Carmen, Lampin, Corinne, Pérez-Gorostiaga, P., and Vega, J. A.
- Abstract
Introduction Wildfires are considered the most important disturbance in the Mediterranean Basin, and some are propagated over long distances due to lift-off and ignition of firebrands. ObjectivesTo improve our knowledge of firebrands involved in spotting fires, flammability characteristics of eight types of firebrands commonly generated by wildfires in Southern Europe were determined under laboratory conditions. Results All the firebrands tested showed 100% ignition frequency but with a wide range of time to ignition and flaming duration. Weight loss during combustion was exponentially related to time, and there was a decrease in the ratio of the weight at temperature T to the initial weight with increasing temperatures. In our experimental conditions, there was a significant effect of fuel moisture content on time to ignition, flaming duration, combustion and thermal decomposition. On the basis of the characteristics analysed, three firebrand groups have been identified in relation to spotting heavy firebrands with ability to sustain flames, efficient for long-distance spotting (pine cones); light firebrands with high surface-to-volume ratio, efficient for short-distance spotting (leaves and thin barks); and light firebrands with low surface-to-volume ratio, efficient for short and, occasionally, long-distance spotting (all the other types of firebands). © INRA and Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.
- Published
- 2011
11. Spot fires Fuel bed flammability and capability of firebrands to ignite fuel beds
- Author
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Ganteaume, A., Lampin, Corinne, Guijarro Guzmán, Mercedes, Hernando Lara, Carmen, Jappiot, M., Fonturbel, T., Pérez-Gorostiaga, P., Vega, J. A., Ganteaume, A., Lampin, Corinne, Guijarro Guzmán, Mercedes, Hernando Lara, Carmen, Jappiot, M., Fonturbel, T., Pérez-Gorostiaga, P., and Vega, J. A.
- Abstract
A series of tests were conducted under laboratory conditions to assess, first, the capacity of several fuel beds to be ignited by firebrands and to sustain a fire and, second, the capability of different types of firebrands to ignite fuel beds. Fuel beds and firebrands were selected among the most common in southern Europe. Regarding fuel bed flammability, results show that grasses are more flammable than litter and, among litters, Pinus species are the most flammable. The increase in bulk density and fuel moisture content involves an increase in the time to ignition, and a decrease in the other flammability parameters. The capability of firebrands to ignite fuel beds is higher when the firebrands drop in the flaming phase and with no air flow than in glowing phase with air flow. Logistic regression models to predict fuel bed ignition probability were developed. As a whole, results show a relationship between ignition probability of fuel bed and type or weight of firebrands. Pinus pinaster cone scale, P. halepensis cone scale, and Eucalyptus globulus leaf and bark can have ignition probabilities at least twice higher than pine bark when falling while in flaming combustion. © 2009 IAWF.
- Published
- 2009
12. Ecological research and environmental management: We need different interfaces based on different knowledge types.
- Author
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Gosselin F, Cordonnier T, Bilger I, Jappiot M, Chauvin C, and Gosselin M
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- Conservation of Natural Resources, Research, Ecology, Knowledge
- Abstract
The role of ecological science in environmental management has been discussed by many authors who recognize that there is a persistent gap between ecological science and environmental management. Here we develop theory through different perspectives based on knowledge types, research categories and research-management interface types, which we combine into a common framework. To draw out insights for bridging this gap, we build our case by:We point out the complementarities as well as the specificities and limitations of the different types of ecological research, ecological knowledge and research-management interfaces, which is of major importance for environmental management and research policies., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Flammability of some ornamental species in wildland-urban interfaces in southeastern France: laboratory assessment at particle level.
- Author
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Ganteaume A, Jappiot M, Lampin C, Guijarro M, and Hernando C
- Subjects
- Cities, France, Particle Size, Plant Leaves, Risk Assessment, Urbanization, Cupressus, Fires, Magnoliopsida
- Abstract
Assessment of the flammability of ornamental vegetation (particularly hedges) planted around houses is necessary in light of the increasing urbanization of the wildland-urban interfaces (WUIs) and the high fire occurrence in such areas. The structure and flammability of seven of the species most frequently planted as hedges in Provence (southeastern France) were studied at particle level. Spatial repartition of the different types of fuel particles within plants was assessed by means of the cube method. The leaf flammability was assessed using an epiradiator as a burning device, and measurements of foliar physical characteristics and gross heat of combustion (GHC) helped to explain the results of burning experiments. Co-inertia analysis revealed that species with thin leaves were quick to ignite (Pyracantha coccinea, Phyllostachys sp.) and species with high leaf GHC burned the longest (Pittosporum tobira, Nerium oleander). Species presenting high ignitability (Photinia fraseri, Phyllostachys sp. and Pyracantha coccinea) were characterized by high foliar surface area-to-volume ratio, and species presenting lower ignitability were characterized by high GHC (Pittosporum tobira, Nerium oleander, Cupressus sempervirens). Hierarchical cluster analysis of the flammability variables (ignition frequency, time-to-ignition and flaming duration) categorized the relative flammability of the seven species (including dead Cupressus sempervirens) in five clusters of species from poorly flammable (Pittosporum tobira) to extremely flammable (dead Cupressus sempervirens).This study provides useful information for reducing fire risk in WUIs in the study area.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. A review of the main driving factors of forest fire ignition over Europe.
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Ganteaume A, Camia A, Jappiot M, San-Miguel-Ayanz J, Long-Fournel M, and Lampin C
- Subjects
- Australia, Environment, Europe, Human Activities, Humans, Lightning, North America, Fires, Trees
- Abstract
Knowledge of the causes of forest fires, and of the main driving factors of ignition, is an indispensable step towards effective fire prevention policies. This study analyses the factors driving forest fire ignition in the Mediterranean region including the most common human and environmental factors used for modelling in the European context. Fire ignition factors are compared to spatial and temporal variations of fire occurrence in the region, then are compared to results obtained in other areas of the world, with a special focus on North America (US and Canada) where a significant number of studies has been carried out on this topic. The causes of forest fires are varied and their distribution differs among countries, but may also differ spatially and temporally within the same country. In Europe, and especially in the Mediterranean basin, fires are mostly human-caused mainly due arson. The distance to transport networks and the distance to urban or recreation areas are among the most frequently used human factors in modelling exercises and the Wildland-Urban Interface is increasingly taken into account in the modelling of fire occurrence. Depending on the socio-economic context of the region concerned, factors such as the unemployment rate or variables linked to agricultural activity can explain the ignition of intentional and unintentional fires. Regarding environmental factors, those related to weather, fuel and topography are the most significant drivers of ignition of forest fires, especially in Mediterranean-type regions. For both human and lightning-caused fires, there is a geographical gradient of fire ignition, mainly due to variations in climate and fuel composition but also to population density for instance. The timing of fires depends on their causes. In populated areas, the timing of human-caused fires is closely linked to human activities and peaks in the afternoon whereas, in remote areas, the timing of lightning-caused fires is more linked to weather conditions and the season, with most such fires occurring in summer.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Mapping wildland-urban interfaces at large scales integrating housing density and vegetation aggregation for fire prevention in the South of France.
- Author
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Lampin-Maillet C, Jappiot M, Long M, Bouillon C, Morge D, and Ferrier JP
- Subjects
- Suburban Population classification, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Fires prevention & control, Housing classification, Plants classification, Population Density, Social Planning, Wilderness
- Abstract
Every year, more than 50,000 wildland fires affect about 500,000ha of vegetation in southern European countries, particularly in wildland-urban interfaces (WUI). This paper presents a method to characterize and map WUIs at large scales and over large areas for wildland fire prevention in the South of France. Based on the combination of four types of building configuration and three classes of vegetation structure, 12 interface types were classified. Through spatial analysis, fire ignition density and burned area ratio were linked with the different types of WUI. Among WUI types, isolated WUIs with the lowest housing density represent the highest level of fire risk., (2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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