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Acquired lymphedema is a common and often severe complication of breast cancer surgery and radiology that seriously affects patients' quality of life. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis for acquired lymphedema is complex and remains unclear. The aim of this study is to find out possible genetic markers and potential drugs for acquired lymphedema.First, the GSE4333 datasets, which include expression data for six female humanized hairless immunocompetent SKH-1 mice (the condition of whom mimics acquired lymphedema), were reanalyzed. According to the criteria of a fold change (FC) ≥1.4 and an adjusted P value0.05, we identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between a normal group and the lymphedema group. Next, we analyzed the Gene Ontology (GO) terms and enriched signaling pathways associated with these DEGs with an online tool DAVID. We also constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and selected meaningful gene modules for additional gene-drug interaction research. Finally, the extant drugs targeting these module genes were identified for further study of their therapeutic effects against acquired lymphedema.A total of 481 DEGs were identified that were closely associated with the immune system, inflammatory response, and extracellular matrix (ECM) structural constituent terms, among others. Moreover, we identified the top 10 significant genes in the PPI networks and identified one extant drug, fiboflapon, that targets theWe ultimately identified 10 hub genes, molecular mechanisms, and one extant drug related to acquired lymphedema. The findings identified targets and a potential drug for further research on acquired lymphedema.

Poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) often occurs during the stroke recovery period and greatly increases the difficulty of rehabilitation. Activation of neuroinflammation and long-term changes in gene expression patterns in the hippocampus could be essential in the development of PSCI. Therefore, this study aimed to identify neuroinflammation and changes in gene expression patterns in the hippocampus in rats with PSCI. Rats underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) or sham surgery. The infarct volume was measured on day 3 after surgery. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to assess cognitive function. Microglial activation and white matter (WM) lesions in the hippocampus were evaluated on day 28 after surgery. In addition, we compared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hippocampus between tMCAO group rats and sham group rats by RNA sequencing. Then, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were conducted to investigate these DEGs. The results showed that the tMCAO group rats showed extensive infarction and cognitive dysfunction compared with the sham group rats. Microglial activation and WM damage were obvious in the hippocampus of tMCAO group rats. We found 43 DEGs by RNA sequencing: 29 genes with upregulated expression and 14 genes with downregulated expression. The GO analysis indicated that DEGs were mainly involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, cholesterol synthesis, and metabolism. The KEGG pathway analysis suggested that the DEGs were significantly enriched in intestinal immune network for IgA production and steroid biosynthesis. Acta2, Calb2, and Cxcl12 were notable in the PPI analysis. Our results suggest that microglial activation and WM damage are maintained in rats with PSCI. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of steroid biosynthesis, intestinal immunity, and potential key genes such as Acta2, Calb2, and Cxcl12 in the hippocampus.

Based on the Chinese Children Genetic Kidney Disease Database (CCGKDD), we established a pediatric Gitelman syndrome (GS) cohort to explore the phenotype and genotype characteristics. Thirty-two patients with SLC12A3 gene variants were collected. Five cases (16%) were homozygous, 16 (50%) were compound heterozygous, 10 (31%) carried only a single variant, and the other one harbored two de novo variants beyond classification. p.(T60M) was found in eight patients. The average diagnosis age was 7.79 ± 3.54 years. A total of 31% of the patients were asymptomatic. Muscle weakness was the most common symptom, accounting for 50%. Earlier age of onset (4.06 ± 1.17 yr vs. 8.10 ± 3.46 yr vs. 8.61 ± 3.56 yr, p< 0.05) and lower urinary calcium-creatinine ratio (p = 0.024) were found in the homozygous group than those in the heterozygous and compound heterozygous group. Patients with p.(T60M) variant had an earlier age of onset (4.01 ± 2.83 yr vs. 6.92 ± 3.07 yr, p = 0.025) and lower urinary calcium-creatinine ratio (p = 0.056). Thus, more than 30% of GS children have no clinical symptoms. Homozygous variant and the p.(T60M) variant may be associated with earlier onset and lower urinary calcium excretion in Chinese pediatric GS.

Background and aims Circulating monocytes have been proven to be critical mediators in the propagation and progression of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. The present study was designed to characterise a new transmembrane protein—NFAT activating protein with ITAM motif 1 (NFAM1)—on monocytes and uncover the potential effects and underlying mechanisms in coronary artery disease. Methods Monocytes from a population of four controls, five stable coronary artery disease patients and five acute coronary syndrome patients were isolated for RNA sequencing. A potential monocyte biomarker molecule was discovered and then validated with a cohort of 79 controls, 70 stable coronary artery disease patients and 183 acute coronary syndrome patients. A stable cell line was generated as an in vitro model to determine chemotaxis migration and chemokine receptor expression. Results NFAM1 was identified through RNA sequencing analysis. The validation results confirmed that NFAM1 expression on monocytes was significantly increased by coronary artery disease status. A higher expression level of NFAM1 on classical and intermediate monocytes was observed compared with that on nonclassical monocytes. As shown in the in vitro cell model, knockdown of NFAM1 significantly attenuated chemotactic migration of monocytes by downregulating chemokine receptor expression and the p38 MAPK signalling pathway. Multivariable regression analysis of a group of 16 individuals suggested that NFAM1 was positively correlated with CCR2 expression. Conclusions The present study reported for the first time that distinctive alterations of NFAM1 expression on monocytes may correlate with atherosclerosis pathobiology and serve as a potential monocyte biomarker and therapeutic target for coronary artery disease.

Alcohol, total sugar, total acid, and total phenol contents are the main indicators of wine quality detection. This study aims to establish simultaneous analysis models for the four indicators through near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with wavelength optimization. A Norris derivative filter (NDF) platform with multiparameter optimization was established for spectral pretreatment. The optimal parameters (i.e., derivative order, number of smoothing points, and number of differential gaps) were (2, 9, 3) for alcohol, (1, 19, 5) for total sugar, (1, 17, 11) for total acid, and (1, 1, 1) for total phenol. The equidistant combination-partial least squares (EC-PLS) was used for large-scale wavelength screening. The wavelength step-by-step phase-out PLS (WSP-PLS) and exhaustive methods were used for secondary optimization. The final optimization models for the four indicators included 7, 10, 15, and 13 wavelengths located in the overtone or combination regions, respectively. In an independent validation, the root mean square errors, correlation coefficient for prediction (i.e., SEP and R(P)), and ratio of performance-to-deviation (RPD) were 0.41 v/v, 0.947, and 3.2 for alcohol; 1.48 g/L, 0.992, and 6.8 for total sugar; 0.68 g/L, 0.981, and 5.1 for total acid; and 0.181 g/L, 0.948, and 2.9 for total phenol. The results indicate high correlation, low error, and good overall prediction performance. Consequently, the established reagent-free NIR analytical models are important in the rapid and real-time quality detection of the wine fermentation process and finished products. The proposed wavelength models provide a valuable reference for designing small dedicated instruments. [Image: see text]

Tinnitus is a perception of sound when no external sound is present. It has seriously affected patients’ life. Music is an option to relieve tinnitus in clinic, as it can bring enjoyment to listeners. However, existing music used in tinnitus therapies has limited duration, it is usually repetitively played during the long-term treatment and may not be helpful for relaxation. Moreover, individualized preferences of patients are ignored in most cases. Both of them may hinder tinnitus relief. Although existing methods can synthesize specific music that has unlimited duration and is not repetitively played, the synthesized music has defects with pitch mutations and long pitch durations. Moreover, characteristics of these synthesized music have not been confirmed by tinnitus patients. Therefore, this study presents an automatic method to develop the specific music based on music segments from existing music and long short term memory (LSTM). Numerical results indicate that specific music developed in this study not only retains characteristics of original music, but also overcome the defects above. Besides, a total of 30 tinnitus patients and 10 tinnitus-free volunteers participated the auditory experiment. Auditory results are consistent with numerical results and also suggest that tinnitus patients can perceive feelings that are conducive to tinnitus relief after listening preferred music. Therefore, the developed music presents a possible complement to tinnitus treatment in clinic.

High-end wine brand is made through the use of high-quality grape variety and yeast strain, and through a unique process. Not only is it rich in nutrients, but also it has a unique taste and a fragrant scent. Brand identification of wine is difficult and complex because of high similarity. In this paper, visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to explore the feasibility of wine brand identification. Chilean Aoyo wine (2016 vintage) was selected as the identification brand (negative, 100 samples), and various other brands of wine were used as interference brands (positive, 373 samples). Samples of each type were randomly divided into the calibration, prediction and validation sets. For comparison, the PLS-DA models were established in three independent and two complex wavebands of visible (400 - 780 nm), short-NIR (780 - 1100 nm), long-NIR (1100 - 2498 nm), whole NIR (780 - 2498 nm) and whole scanning (400 - 2498 nm). In independent validation, the five models all achieved good discriminant effects. Among them, the visible region model achieved the best effect. The recognition-accuracy rates in validation of negative, positive and total samples achieved 100%, 95.6% and 97.5%, respectively. The results indicated the feasibility of wine brand identification with Vis-NIR spectroscopy.

Regarding absorption spectrum, high absorption corresponds to low light transmittance and relatively loud noise, whereas low absorption corresponds to low information content, which interferes with the modeling of spectral analysis. Appropriate absorbance level is necessary to improve spectral information content and reduces noise level. In this study, based on the selection of the upper and lower bounds of absorbance, the absorbance value optimization partial least squares (AVO-PLS) method was proposed for appropriate wavelength model selection. Near-infrared spectroscopic analysis of hyperlipidemia indicators, namely, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG), was conducted to validate the predicted performance of AVO-PLS. Well-performed wavelength selection methods, namely, moving-window PLS (MW-PLS) of continuous type-and successive projections algorithm (SPA) of discrete type, were also conducted for comparison. The spectra were first corrected using Savitzky–Golay smoothing. Modeling was performed based on the multiple partitioning of calibration and prediction sets to avoid data over-fitting and achieve parameter stability. The selected absorbance ranged from 0.45 to 0.86 for TC and from 0.45 to 0.92 for TG, and the corresponding waveband combinations were 1,376–1,388 and 1,560–1840 nm for TC and 1,376–1,390 and 1,552–1,846 nm for TG. Among them, the waveband combination of TG covers TC’s one, and can be used for the high-precision cooperativity analysis of the two indicators. Using the independent validation samples, the RMSEP and RP of 0.164 mmol l−1 and 0.990 for TC and 0.096 mmol l−1 and 0.997 for TG were obtained by the cooperativity model. And the sensitivity and specificity for hyperlipidemia were 98.0 and 100%, respectively. These values were better than those of MW-PLS and SPA. Importantly, the proposed AVO-PLS is a novel multi-band optimization approach for improving prediction performance and applicability. This method is expected to obtain more applications.

Running wheel exercise training (RWE) and skilled reaching training (SRT) are physical training approaches with positive effects on cognitive function. However, few studies have compared the different effects of these exercises on long-term memory, and their mechanism remains unknown. This study investigated the effects of SRT and RWE, at the recovery stage, on the cognitive function of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rats and explored their association with NgR1/Rho-A/ROCK/LOTUS/LGI1 signaling. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 55) were divided into four groups after pretraining: SRT, RWE, tMCAO, and Sham. Rats were subjected to modified neurological severity score (mNSS) measurements and forelimb grip strength and the Morris water maze tests. Using immunofluorescence and western blotting, we evaluated axonal growth inhibitor expression in the peri-infarct cortex on days 28 and 56 after tMCAO. Results showed the mNSS reduced, whereas the grip strengths improved in RWE and SRT groups. The escape latency in the Morris water maze test was shorter, whereas the number of times of crossing the platform was higher in both the SRT and RWE groups than in the tMCAO group on day 56; furthermore, the parameters in the SRT group improved compared to those in the RWE group. Physical exercise training could improve cognitive functions by reducing the expression of the NgR1/RhoA/ROCK axon growth inhibitors and increasing the expression of the endogenous antagonists LOTUS/LGI1. Exercise training beginning at the recovery stage could improve the cognitive function in tMCAO rats through a mechanism probably associated with the axonal growth inhibitor pathway.

We investigated the effects of a carbohydrate-whey protein solution on aged patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.Forty patients were randomly assigned to the carbohydrate-whey protein (CHP) group or the control group (CTL). In the CHP group, a mixed solution of CHP was orally administered to patients before surgery: 400 mL was administered on the day before surgery, and 200 mL was administered 3 h before surgery. The size of the liquid dark area in the gastric antrum was measured by ultrasound, and the bleeding volume during surgery was assayed. The incidence of nausea, vomiting, thirst, hunger, and days of hospitalization and the levels of blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum albumin were assessed.There was no obvious liquid dark space in the gastric antrum. CHP administration improved postoperative thirst and hunger and resulted in increased albumin levels and decreased CRP concentrations and blood glucose fluctuations.Oral CHP before hip fracture surgery reduces the incidence of postoperative thirst and hunger and improves recovery in the aged.

Additional file 2: Figure S1. Quality of raw sequencing data within samples of the three groups. a Unique mapping rate of the samples. Each boxplot represents all the samples of each group. b Unique mapping reads numbers for the groups. Each boxplot represents all the samples of each group.c Differentially regulated 5hmC genes detected in cfDNA from the three groups. dMetagene profiles of cell free 5hmC in CAD and NCA samples. e Out-of-bag (OOB) error rates in CAD and NCA groups by different trees Random-Forest built. f Scatterplot showing the MDG and the significance of two-tailed t-tests for the top 30 potential markers in the CAD and NCA groups. Red dots refer to significant differential genes.

Background The 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) DNA modification is an epigenetic marker involved in a range of biological processes. Its function has been studied extensively in tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, and atherosclerosis. Studies have reported that 5hmC modification is closely related to the phenotype transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial dysfunction. However, its role in coronary artery disease (CAD) has not been fully studied. Results To investigate whether 5hmC modification correlates with CAD pathogenesis and whether 5hmC can be used as a biomarker, we used a low-input whole-genome sequencing technology based on selective chemical capture (hmC-Seal) to firstly generate the 5hmC profiles in the circulating cell-free DNA(cfDNA) of CAD patients, including stable coronary artery disease (sCAD) patients and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. We detected a significant difference of 5hmC enrichment in gene bodies from CAD patients compared with normal coronary artery (NCA) individuals. Our results showed that CAD patients can be well separated from NCA individuals by 5hmC markers. The prediction performance of the model established by differentially regulated 5hmc modified genes were superior to common clinical indicators for the diagnosis of CAD (AUC = 0.93) and sCAD (AUC = 0.93). Specially, we found that 5hmC markers in cfDNA showed prediction potential for AMI (AUC = 0.95), which was superior to that of cardiac troponin I, muscle/brain creatine kinase, and myoglobin. Conclusions Our results suggest that 5hmC markers derived from cfDNA can serve as effective epigenetic biomarkers for minimally noninvasive diagnosis and prediction of CAD.

A wavelength selection method for discrete wavelength combinations was developed based on equidistant combination-partial least squares (EC-PLS) and applied to a near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis of hemoglobin (Hb) in human peripheral blood samples. An allowable model set was established through EC-PLS on the basis of the sequence of the predicted error values. Then, the wavelengths that appeared in the allowable models were sorted, combined, and utilized for modeling, and the optimal number of wavelengths in the combinations was determined. The ideal discrete combination models were obtained by traversing the number of allowable models. The obtained optimal EC-PLS and discrete wavelength models contained 71 and 42 wavelengths, respectively. A simple and high-performance discrete model with 35 wavelengths was also established. The validation samples excluded from modeling were used to validate the three models. The root-mean-square errors for the NIR-predicted and clinically measured Hb values were 3.29, 2.86, and 2.90 g·L–1, respectively; the correlation coefficients, relative RMSEP, and ratios of performance to deviation were 0.980, 0.983, and 0.981; 2.7%, 2.3%, and 2.4%; and 4.6, 5.3, and 5.2, respectively. The three models achieved high prediction accuracy. Among them, the optimal discrete combination model performed the best and was the most effective in enhancing prediction performance and removing redundant wavelengths. The proposed optimization method for discrete wavelength combinations is applicable to NIR spectroscopic analyses of complex samples and can improve prediction performance. The proposed wavelength models can be utilized to design dedicated spectrometers for Hb and can provide a valuable reference for non-invasive Hb detection.

Endothelial dysfunction is caused by many factors, such as dyslipidemia, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation. It has been demonstrated that endothelial dysfunction is the initial process of atherosclerosis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important metabolic switch that plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism and inflammation. However, recent evidence indicates that AMPK could be a target for atherosclerosis by improving endothelial function. For instance, activation of AMPK inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species induced by mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, and NADPH oxidase. Moreover, activation of AMPK inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory factors induced by dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia and restrains production of perivascular adipose tissue-released adipokines. AMPK activation prevents endothelial dysfunction by increasing the bioavailability of nitric oxide. Therefore, we focused on the primary risk factors involved in endothelial dysfunction, and summarize the features of AMPK in the protection of endothelial function, by providing signaling pathways thought to be important in the pathological progress of risk factors.

Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) with integrated moving-window (MW) waveband screening was applied to the discriminant analysis of liquor brands with near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Luzhou Laojiao, a popular liquor with strong fragrant flavor, was used as the identified liquor brand (160 samples, negative, 52 vol alcoholicity). Liquors of 10 other brands with strong fragrant flavor were used as the interferential brands (200 samples, positive, 52 vol alcoholicity). The Kennard-Stone algorithm was used for the division of modeling samples to achieve uniformity and representativeness. Based on the MW-PLS-DA, a simplified optimal model set with 157 wavebands was further proposed. This set contained five types of wavebands corresponding to the NIR absorption bands of water, ethanol, and other micronutrients (i.e., acids, aldehydes, phenols, and aromatic compounds) in liquor for practical choice. Using five selected simple models with 4775 - 4239, 7804 - 6569, 6264 - 5844, 9435 - 7896, and 12066 - 10373 cm-1, the validation recognition rates were obtained as 99.3% or higher. Results show good prediction performance and low model complexity, and also provided a valuable reference for designing small dedicated instruments. The proposed method is a promising tool for large-scale inspection of liquor food safety.

We applied near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with chemometrics for the rapid and reagent-free analysis of serum urea nitrogen (SUN). The modeling is based on the average effect of multiple sample partitions to achieve parameter selection with stability. A multiparameter optimization platform with Norris derivative filter–partial least squares (Norris-PLS) was developed to select the most suitable mode [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. Using equidistant combination PLS (EC-PLS) with four parameters (initial wavelength [Formula: see text], number of wavelengths [Formula: see text], number of wavelength gaps [Formula: see text] and latent variables LV), we performed wavelength screening after eliminating high-absorption wavebands. The optimal EC-PLS parameters were [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The root-mean-square error (SEP), correlation coefficient [Formula: see text] for prediction and ratio of performance-to-deviation (RPD) for validation were 1.03[Formula: see text]mmol[Formula: see text]L[Formula: see text], 0.992 and 7.6, respectively. We proposed the wavelength step-by-step phase-out PLS (WSP-PLS) to remove redundant wavelengths in the top 100 EC-PLS models with improved prediction performance. The combination of 19 wavelengths was identified as the optimal model for SUN. The SEP, [Formula: see text] and RPD in validation were 1.01[Formula: see text]mmol[Formula: see text]L[Formula: see text], 0.992 and 7.7, respectively. The prediction effect and wavelength complexity were better than those of EC-PLS. Our results showed that NIR spectroscopy combined with the EC-PLS and WSP-PLS methods enabled the high-precision analysis of SUN. WSP-PLS is a secondary optimization method that can further optimize any wavelength model obtained through other continuous or discrete strategies to establish a simple and better model.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is one of the major causes of coronary artery diseases (CAD). Gut microbiome diversity and its natural fermentation products are not only correlated with MS and CAD, but their correlations also appear to be stronger than the associations with traditional risk factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a new potential pathway for the natural fermentation product butyrate to improve MS and to examine whether it is associated with serum metabolic profiles and gut flora composition. Methods: C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were treated with 400 mg/kg of sodium butyrate for 16 weeks. Blood and fecal samples were collected, and the metabolite concentrations and 16s rRNA were measured with liquid chromatography–MS and Illumina platform, respectively. The plasma differential metabolites and gut microbiome composition were analyzed with XCMS online and QIIME 2, respectively. Results: Gut microbiome-derived butyrate reduced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, resisting HFD-induced increase in the relative abundance of f_Lachnospiraceae, f_Rikenellaceae, and f_Paraprevotellaceae. Meanwhile, sodium butyrate increased the levels of α-linolenate, all-trans-retinal, resolvin E1, and leukotriene in the plasma, and the differential pathways showed enrichment in mainly resolvin E biosynthesis, histidine degradation, lipoxin biosynthesis, and leukotriene biosynthesis. Moreover, sodium butyrate increased the levels of phosphorylated-adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and facilitated glucose transporter member 4 (GLUT4) in the adipose tissue. Conclusion: Butyrate can induce AMPK activation and GLUT4 expression in the adipose tissue, improving cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related metabolic disorder, resisting HFD-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis, and promoting resolvin E1 and lipoxin biosynthesis. Oral supplement of the natural fermentation product butyrate can be a potential strategy for preventing CVD.

Teicoplanin (TCP) is a multiple drug-resistant lipoglycopeptide antibiotic produced by fermenting Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. In this study, a mixture of TCP with the Tris-HCl buffer (TCP-Tris- HCl) was used to simulate TCP fermentation broth. The reagent-free, rapid and simultaneous quantitative analysis models for TCP and Tris in the TCP-Tris-HCl mixtures were established by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The equidistant combination partial least squares (EC-PLS) method and the equivalent model sets were proposed, the simplest equivalent model with the smallest number of wavelengths were further selected. The initial wavelength, number of wavelengths, number of wavelength gaps, number of PLS factors were 1520 nm, 28, 5, 5 for TCP and 1084 nm, 13, 6, 4 for Tris, respectively. Compared with the optimal EC-PLS models, the simplest equivalent models adopted fewer wavelengths. Thus, the redundant wavelengths were removed, the models were further simplified. The root-mean-square errors (SEP) and correlation coefficients (RP) for prediction were 0.043 mg·mL-1 and 0.9998 for TCP, and 0.222 mg·mL-1 and 0.9989 for Tris, respectively. The results indicate that NIR method can be applied to highly accurate quantitative analysis for TCP and provide valuable references for further application to TCP fermentation broth.

Tinnitus is a common clinical symptom. Researches have shown that fractal sound can effectively treat tinnitus. But current fractal sound is usually synthesized based on constant notes via fractal algorithm, which lead to monotony of synthesized fractal sound. So it is difficult to achieve personalized match. Clinical datas have confirmed that it is common to match tinnitus sound with nature sound and it has a good effect on regulating negative emotion and relieving tinnitus via some natural sound. Therefore, a new method of personalized synthesizing tinnitus rehabilitation sound based on iterative function system (IFS) fractal algorithm is proposed in this paper. This method firstly generates personalized audio library based on natural sound, then tinnitus rehabilitation sound is synthesized via IFS fractal algorithm. Simulation results show that rehabilitation sound in this paper can meet the basic requirements of tinnitus therapy sound and can match tinnitus sound by controlling personalized audio library. So it has reference significance to the treatment of tinnitus sound therapy.耳鸣是一种常见的临床症状。研究表明，分形音可有效治疗耳鸣，但目前的分形音多基于固定的音符库结合分形算法映射而成，其频率单一，很难与患者进行个性化适配。临床研究证实，自然声为常用的耳鸣匹配声，对调节消极情绪、减轻耳鸣的烦扰程度有良好的效果。因此，本文提出了一种基于迭代函数系统（IFS）的个性化耳鸣康复自然音合成方法。该方法以个性化构造的自然音音频库为基础，通过 IFS 分形算法映射合成康复音。实验表明，此方法合成的康复音符合耳鸣治疗声基本要求，且可通过控制音频库的生成使康复声适配患者的耳鸣声，对耳鸣治疗具有一定的参考价值。.

A rapid analytical method of human whole blood viscosity with low, medium, and high shear rates [WBV(L), WBV(M), and WBV(H), respectively] was developed using visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy combined with a moving-window partial least squares (MW-PLS) method. Two groups of peripheral blood samples were collected for modeling and validation. Separate analytical models were established for male and female groups to avoid interference in different gender groups and improve the homogeneity and prediction accuracy. Modeling was performed for multiple divisions of calibration and prediction sets to avoid over-fitting and achieve parameter stability. The joint analysis models for three indicators were selected through comprehensive evaluation of MW-PLS. The selected joint analysis models were 812–1278 nm for males and 670–1146 nm for females. The root-mean-square errors (SEP) and the correlation coefficients of prediction (RP) for all validation samples were 0.54 mPa•s and 0.91 for WBV(L), 0.25 mPa•s and 0.92 for WBV(M), and 0.22 mPa•s and 0.90 for WBV(H). Results indicated high prediction accuracy, with prediction values similar to the clinically measured values. Overall, the findings confirmed the feasibility of whole blood viscosity quantification based on Vis-NIR spectroscopy with MW-PLS. The proposed rapid and simple technique is a promising tool for surveillance, control, and treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in large populations.

The moving-window bis-correlation coefficients (MW-BiCC) was proposed and employed for the discriminant analysis of transgenic sugarcane leaves and [Formula: see text]-thalassemia with visible and near-infrared (Vis–NIR) spectroscopy. The well-performed moving-window principal component analysis linear discriminant analysis (MW-PCA–LDA) was also conducted for comparison. A total of 306 transgenic (positive) and 150 nontransgenic (negative) leave samples of sugarcane were collected and divided to calibration, prediction, and validation. The diffuse reflection spectra were corrected using Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing with first-order derivative ([Formula: see text]), third-degree polynomial ([Formula: see text]) and 25 smoothing points ([Formula: see text]). The selected waveband was 736–1054[Formula: see text]nm with MW-BiCC, and the positive and negative validation recognition rates ([Formula: see text]_REC[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]_REC[Formula: see text] were 100%, 98.0%, which achieved the same effect as MW-PCA–LDA. Another example, the 93 [Formula: see text]-thalassemia (positive) and 148 nonthalassemia (negative) of human hemolytic samples were collected. The transmission spectra were corrected using SG smoothing with [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Using MW-BiCC, many best wavebands were selected (e.g., 1116–1146, 1794–1848 and 2284–2342[Formula: see text]nm). The [Formula: see text]_REC[Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]_REC[Formula: see text] were both 100%, which achieved the same effect as MW-PCA–LDA. Importantly, the BiCC only required calculating correlation coefficients between the spectrum of prediction sample and the average spectra of two types of calibration samples. Thus, BiCC was very simple in algorithm, and expected to obtain more applications. The results first confirmed the feasibility of distinguishing [Formula: see text]-thalassemia and normal control samples by NIR spectroscopy, and provided a promising simple tool for large population thalassemia screening.

Liquid–liquid equilibrium tie line data were determined for three quaternary systems water + ethanol + diethyl carbonate+n-heptane, water + ethanol + 1,1-dimethylethyl methyl ether + diethyl carbonate, and water + 1,1-dimethylethyl methyl ether + diethyl carbonate+n-heptane at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The experimental liquid–liquid equilibria results have been correlated using a modified UNIQUAC model and an extended UNIQUAC model, both with multicomponent interaction parameters in addition to the binary ones.

Starches from a variety of Sake-rice (Yamadanishiki, Gohyakumangoku, Miyamanishiki, Kitanishiki and Wakamizu) which are suitable for Sake brewing were investigated by comparing them with Koshihikari starch to recognize their structural properties of amylopectins. The partial hydrolysate (about 15% hy drolysis) of starch with isoamylase was fractionated into three fractions (fr.1, fr.2 and fr.3) by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with a Toyopearl HW-50S, and then the short-amylose chains derived mainly from the outer portion of the amylopectin collected in the fr.3 were analyzed by a HPAEC-system equipped with a pulsed amperometric detector (HPAEC-PAD). From comparison of the chain-length distributions between Sake-rice starches and that of Koshihikari, it was found that Sake-rice amylopectins were plentiful in longish chains around DP 13-23 and scarce in shortish chains around DP 6-12, suggesting a structural property susceptible to retrogradation. The pasting properties of Sake-rice starches analyzed by Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) showed higher pasting temperature (PT), higher setback (SB), and lower breakdown (BD) than Koshi hikari starch, suggesting the outer portions of amylopectin had abundant longish debranched short side chains. These results suggested that rice starches with amylopectins susceptible to retrogradation are adequate for Sake-rice.

Teicoplanin (TCP) is an important lipoglycopeptide antibiotic produced by fermenting Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. The change in TCP concentration is important to measure in the fermentation process. In this study, a reagent-free and rapid quantification method for TCP in the TCP–Tris–HCl mixture samples was developed using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy by focusing our attention on the fermentation process for TCP. The absorbance optimization (AO) partial least squares (PLS) was proposed and integrated with the moving window (MW) PLS, which is called AO–MW–PLS method, to select appropriate wavebands. A model set that includes various wavebands that were equivalent to the optimal AO–MW–PLS waveband was proposed based on statistical considerations. The public region of all equivalent wavebands was just one of the equivalent wavebands. The obtained public regions were 1540–1868[Formula: see text]nm for TCP and 1114–1310[Formula: see text]nm for Tris. The root-mean-square error and correlation coefficient for leave-one-out cross validation were 0.046[Formula: see text]mg mL[Formula: see text] and 0.9998[Formula: see text]mg mL[Formula: see text] for TCP, and 0.235[Formula: see text]mg mL[Formula: see text] and 0.9986[Formula: see text]mg mL[Formula: see text] for Tris, respectively. All the models achieved highly accurate prediction effects, and the selected wavebands provided valuable references for designing specialized spectrometers. This study provided a valuable reference for further application of the proposed methods to TCP fermentation broth and to other spectroscopic analysis fields.

A reagent-free determination method for the thalassemia screening indicators hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular Hb (MCH), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was developed based on Fourier transform infrared spectrometers equipped with an attenuated total reflection accessory. A random and stability-dependent rigorous process of calibration, prediction, and validation was conducted. Appropriate wavebands were selected using the improved moving window partial least squares method with stability and equivalence. The obtained optimal wavebands were 1722 to 1504 cm−1 for Hb, 1653 to 901 cm−1 for MCH, and 1562 to 964 cm−1 for MCV. A model set equivalent to the optimal model was proposed for each indicator; the public waveband of Hb equivalent wavebands was 1717 to 1510 cm−1, and the public equivalent waveband for MCH and MCV was 1562 to 901 cm−1. All selected wavebands were within the MIR fingerprint region and achieved high validation effects. The sensitivity and specificity were 100.0% and 96.9% for the optimal wavebands and 100.0% and 95.3% for the equivalent wavebands, respectively. Thus, the spectral prediction was highly accurate for determining negative and positive for thalassemia screening. This technique is rapid and simple in comparison with conventional methods and is a promising tool for thalassemia screening in large populations.

The selection of stable wavebands for the near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis of total nitrogen (TN) in soil was accomplished by using an improved moving window partial least squares (MWPLS) method. A new modeling approach was performed based on randomness, similarity and stability, which produced an objective, stable and practical model. Based on the MWPLS method, a search was in the overall scanning region from 400 to 2498 nm, and the optimal waveband was identified to be 1424 to 2282 nm. A model space that includes 41 wavebands that are equivalent to the optimal waveband was then proposed. The public range of the 41 equivalent optimal wavebands was 1590 to 1870 nm, which contained sufficient TN information. The wavebands of 1424 to 2282 nm, 1590 to 1870 nm, and the long-NIR region 1100 to 2498 nm all achieved satisfactory validation effects. However, the public waveband of 1590 to 1870 nm had only a minimum number of wavelengths, which significantly reduced the method complexity. Various equivalent wavebands serve as guidelines for designing spectroscopic instruments. These wavebands could address the restrictions of position and the number of wavelengths in instrument design.