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Objectives In the present study, a new engineered bulking agent called lyophilized micronized prepuce was examined as a natural scaffold to compare its safety and efficacy with the Urodex®. Methods For an in vivo study, 12 rabbits were divided into two groups. In the first group (n = 6), 0.2 cc of lyophilized and micronized prepuce, and in the second group, 0.2 cc of Urodex® was injected into the seromuscular wall of the bladder. The biopsy was provided from all animals for histological evaluation in 3 and 6 months' post-surgery and for each timeline 12 animals were assigned. The biopsies were stained with H&E and trichrome Masson. IHC staining was also performed with anti-LCA+, anti-CD34+, and anti-CD68+ antibodies. Resluts Microscopic examination of acellular prepuce compared with normal tissue demonstrated the success of this process, and ECM and collagen fibers were preserved with no evidence of cellular remnants in the acellular tissue, Immunohistochemistry staining with CD68 and LCA revealed a higher inflammation grade in Urodex as compared with Prepuce. However, no significant difference was detected in CD34 staining between Prepuce and Urodex experimental groups SEM analysis detected the micronized particle size varying between 2-5 µm. MTT assay revealed that cell proliferation was similar in the presence of control group and acellular prepuce. Conclusion The results of this study disclosed that lyophilized and micronized prepuce could be an operative alternative to Urodex® as a natural and non-synthetic bulking agent in the treatment of children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in patients following surgical interventions (19-50%). Hospital acquired hyponatremia is often due to using hypotonic solution s and can be lethal. Materials and Methods: Between January and December 2014, 190 children (1 month to 12 years) who were admitted in the urology department of Children's Hospital Medical Center for elective surgical procedures were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: group I received 50 mEq/L sodium and 20 mEq/L potassium in D/W 5% and group II received 154 mEq/l sodium and 20 mEq/L potassium in D/W 5% at the maintenance dose for a period of 6 hours following the operation. The patients did not have any oral fluid intake 6 hours postoperatively. The incidence of hyponatremia before and after maintenance IV fluid therapy was analyzed. Other characteristics of the patients such as age, gender, duration of hospitalization, other concomitant electrolyte disturbances, and symptoms of hypervolemia were also evaluated. The incidence of fluid-IV therapy-induced hyponatremia was investigated and analyzed in different categories of patients. Results: One hundred and ninety patients were enrolled. The mean age was 3.75 years (ranging from 1 month to 12years). One hundred and thirty-three patients (70%) were boys. The incidence of hyponatremia before and after maintenance IV fluid therapy was 9.5% and 36%, respectively. After the therapy, the incidence of hyponatremia was 54% and 17% in hypotonic and isotonic groups, respectively. Final multivariate logistic analysis showed that hyponatremia was common in patients that received hypotonic solution after surgery. Conclusions: Hyponatremia was markedly induced in patients receiving hypotonic solution after surgery. It seems isotonic fluid therapy after surgery protects the patients from hyponatremia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aphallia (total absence of penis) is an extremely rare abnormality that can be part of the urorectal septum malformation sequence. We are reporting a 40-day-old boy who was referred to our nephrology clinic due to the absence of the penis and urinating through the rectum. He was born to a 17-year-old mother and a 24-year-old father, and was delivered term via normal vaginal delivery. The pregnancy was uncomplicated with no maternal toxin or medication exposure. Both parents were healthy and there was no family history of congenital abnormality. The parents were also unrelated. Physical examination revealed agenesis of the penis, a normal scrotum, and bilateral normally positioned testises. Moreover, the heart, lungs, abdomen, head and neck, and spinal column were all normal on examination. The karyotype was 46XY and the gender was male. Initial ultrasonography one week after birth revealed moderate bilateral hydronephrosis but the last ultrasonography 45 days later revealed only mild fullness of both kidneys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human endometrium contains mesenchymal stem cells (eMSC) which have the ability to differentiate into three cell lineages and the potential in therapeutic applications. We hypothesize that using environmental induction in culture media such as dexamethasone, human recombinant insulin and human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) can differentiate endometrial stem cells into myoblast. These agents have a broad range of effects in myoblast differentiation in-vitro. We used immunohystochemistry analysis and RT -PCR to evaluate the presence of skeletal muscle - specific proteins some of which are expressed in the early stage of differentiation including myoD and Desmin which expressed at later stages of differentiation. In conclusion eMSC can differentiate in culture media which contains above mentioned factors and use for therapeutic purpose in muscular degenerative disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human endometrium contains mesenchymal stem cells (eMSC) which have the ability to differentiate into three cell lineages and the potential in therapeutic applications. We hypothesize that using environmental induction in culture media such as dexamethasone, human recombinant insulin and human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) can differentiate endometrial stem cells into myoblast. These agents have a broad range of effects in myoblast differentiation in-vitro. We used immunohystochemistry analysis and RT -PCR to evaluate the presence of skeletal muscle - specific proteins some of which are expressed in the early stage of differentiation including myoD and Desmin which expressed at later stages of differentiation. In conclusion eMSC can differentiate in culture media which contains above mentioned factors and use for therapeutic purpose in muscular degenerative disease.

Introduction: In the second part of this article, congenital urethral anomalies other than posterior urethral valve were reviewed., Materials and Methods: The anomalies considered in the current review were anterior urethral valve, lacuna magna, syringocele, Cobb's collar, duplication of urethra, megalourethra, and prostatic urethral polyps. The literature was extensively reviewed concerning the presentations, diagnosis, different types of treatment modalities, morbidity, mortality, and new concepts for the above disorders., Result: Anterior urethral valves or diverticula are the most prevalent congenital anomalies of anterior urethra. The lacuna magna is the largest depression in the dorsal aspect of the fossa navicularis. It is demonstrable on a well-performed voiding cystourethrography of the distal urethra. The dilated Cowper's gland duct is the other missed diagnosed anomaly of the urethra in boys. The congenital narrowing of the bulbar urethra with a variable clinical presentation and obstruction grade and different types of anterior urethral obstruction are the most common presentation of these anomalies. However, other symptoms or signs including, hematuria, bloody spotting on underwear, discomfort or sever pain in the vicinity of the glance, interrupted voiding, infection, bulging of anterior urethra, enuresis, and postvoiding dribbling are the only nonspecific manifestations of these disorders., Conclusion: All of these disorders are demonstrable on a well-performed voiding cystourethrography of the distal urethra. The urologist must be aware about these uncommon congenital anomalies and the anterior urethra should be carefully evaluated for such anomalies. Diagnosis of these entities is elusive unless the physician is looking for them. Nonspecific symptoms mentioned here besides radiographic findings can be a valuable clue for diagnosis.