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Abstract An animal’s ability to sense odors declines during aging, and its olfactory drive is tuned by internal states such as satiety. However, whether internal states modulate an age-dependent decline in odor sensation is unknown. To address this issue, we utilized the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and compared their chemotaxis abilities toward attractive odorants when aged under different dietary conditions. Feeding with the standard laboratory diet, Escherichia coli attenuated the chemotaxis ability toward diacetyl, isoamyl alcohol, and benzaldehyde when aged. On the other hand, feeding with either the lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus reuteri or food deprivation selectively maintained the chemotaxis ability toward diacetyl. Our results suggest that ingestion of E. coli causes age-dependent chemotaxis decline. The changes in the chemotaxis behavior are attributed to the different expressions of diacetyl receptor odr-10, and the chemotaxis behavior of aged animals under food deprivation is shown to be dependent on daf-16. Our study demonstrates the molecular mechanism of how diet shapes the trajectory of age-dependent decline in chemosensory behaviors.

Abstract It is well‐known that muscle regeneration declines with aging, and aged muscles undergo degenerative atrophy or sarcopenia. While exercise and acute injury are both known to induce muscle regeneration, the molecular signals that help trigger muscle regeneration have remained unclear. Here, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is used to show that injured muscles induce a specific subset of prostanoids during regeneration, including PGG1, PGD2, and the prostacyclin PGI2. The spike in prostacyclin promotes skeletal muscle regeneration via myoblasts, and declines with aging. Mechanistically, the prostacyclin spike promotes a spike in PPARγ/PGC1a signaling, which induces a spike in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) to control myogenesis. LC–MS/MS and MSI further confirm that an early FAO spike is associated with normal regeneration, but muscle FAO became dysregulated during aging. Functional experiments demonstrate that the prostacyclin‐PPARγ/PGC1a‐FAO spike is necessary and sufficient to promote both young and aged muscle regeneration, and that prostacyclin can synergize with PPARγ/PGC1a‐FAO signaling to restore aged muscles’ regeneration and physical function. Given that the post‐injury prostacyclin‐PPARγ‐FAO spike can be modulated pharmacologically and via post‐exercise nutrition, this work has implications for how prostacyclin‐PPARγ‐FAO might be fine‐tuned to promote regeneration and treat muscle diseases of aging.

ObjectiveTo investigate the epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance of foodborne diseases in Jinnan District by monitoring and drug resistance analysis of foodborne diseases from 2018 to 2020, so as to provide basis for prevention and control of foodborne diseases.MethodsThe stool samples of 607 cases of foodborne diseases in sentinel hospitals of Jinnan District from 2018 to 2020 were detected for Salmonella, diarrheogenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Shigella, and the drug sensitivity of positive strains was analyzed.ResultsA total of 124 positive strains were detected in 607 stool samples, with a positive detection rate of 20.43% (124/607). There were 74 strains of Salmonella, 31 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 19 strains of diarrheogenic Escherichia coli, and no Shigella was detected. The ratio of male to female was 4∶3 (347/260). The highest detection rate in Salmonella was Salmonella enteritidis(62.16%, 46/74), and the highest detection rate in diarrheogenic Escherichia coli was enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). In drug sensitivity test, Salmonella and diarrheogenic Escherichia coli were significantly resistant to ampicillin (AMP), up to 72.04% (67/93), and multiple drug resistance was common. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was most resistant to cefazolin (CFZ) (77.42%, 24/31).ConclusionSalmonella enteritidis and EPEC are the main pathogens of foodborne diseases in Jinnan District of Tianjin from 2018 to 2020. Strains are resistant to AMP with multi-drug resistance. It suggested that the relevant departments should strengthen the supervision of food processing industry, and strengthen the monitoring of drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria, so as to provide the basis for food safety and clinical treatment in Jinnan District.

BackgroundStroke is the leading cause of mortality in China, with limited evidence of in-hospital burden obtained from nationwide surveys. We aimed to monitor and track the temporal trends and rural-urban disparities in cerebrovascular risk factors, management and outcomes from 2005 to 2015.MethodsWe used a two-stage random sampling survey to create a nationally representative sample of patients admitted for ischaemic stroke in 2005, 2010 and 2015. We sampled participating hospitals with an economic-geographical region-stratified random-sampling approach first and then obtained patients with a systematic sampling approach. We weighed our survey data to estimate the national-level results and assess changes from 2005 to 2015.ResultsWe analysed 28 277 ischaemic stroke admissions from 189 participating hospitals. From 2005 to 2015, the estimated national hospital admission rate for ischaemic stroke per 100 000 people increased (from 75.9 to 402.7, Ptrend

Osteoimmunology has gained momentum in recent years, focusing on the crosstalk between the skeleton and the immune system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale vesicles that are potential candidates for cell-free tissue regeneration strategies. They may be used for repairing damaged tissues and regulating the body's immune system and bone-related metabolic activities. Because of the ability of EVs to deliver bioactive signals and mediate intercellular communication, they can decipher the complex mechanisms of interaction within the “osteoimmune system” at the molecular level. To address the lack of targeting ability caused by vesicle heterogeneity in the clinical applications of EVs, these nanoscopical entities may be modified by bioengineering techniques to optimize the interaction between bone repair and immunomodulation for improving treatment efficacy, specificity and safety. In the present review, the endogenous properties that make EVs natural delivery agents are outlined. Properties that may be improved by bioengineering are highlighted. The therapeutic applications of EVs in the rehabilitation of bone defects are discussed. The opportunities and challenges that need to be addressed for translating this field of research into clinical practice are brought into perspectives.

Background: Patients with sub-acute cerebral venous sinus thrombosis experience (SA.CVST) severe symptoms compared to two other venous sinus-related diseases, including chronic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (C.CVST) and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Objective: This study aimed to determine whether the different immune reactions in different venous sinuses are related. Methods: Stagnant blood in the cerebral venous sinuses was extracted by passing a microcatheter and CD14 -positive cells were sorted by magnetic beads and subjected to RNA-seq sequencing. Results: Compared to patients with IIH, 128 genes were significantly down-regulated and 373 genes were significantly up-regulated in the sub-acute CVST samples. The functions of these genes were mainly focused on "immune response", "T cell activation" and "plasma membrane". Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed T cell survival and activation-related function significantly unregulated in sub-acute CVST. On the other hand, there were 366 genes down-regulated in chronic CVST and 75 genes up-regulated in chronic CVST. In functional annotation, these differently expressed genes were enriched in the "extracellular region", "chemokine-mediated signaling pathway" and "immune response". GSEA analysis confirmed that chemokine-related functions were all up-regulated in sub-acute CVST and monocyte-macrophage adhesion functions were also significantly up-regulated. Conclusion: This study suggested the CD14 -positive created an activated immune response in sub-acute CVST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to reveal the potential value of dynamin3 (DNM3) in colorectal cancer (CRC) evaluation of clinical diagnosis and prognosis. A total of 100 tissue samples were collected from 50 patients with stages I–IV, CRC tissues (n = 50) paired with non-cancerous adjacent colorectal tissues (n = 50). The expression levels of DNM3 were detected in 50 cases of CRC tissues and 50 cases of non-cancerous adjacent colorectal tissues by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Immunohistochemical method (IHC) was conducted to semi-quantify the expression of DNM3 protein. Results showed that the relative expression of DNM3 mRNA in CRC tissues was 0.634-fold of that in non-cancerous adjacent colorectal tissues. The positive rate of DNM3 protein in CRC tissues (42.0%) was much lower than that in non-cancerous adjacent colorectal tissues (66.0%; P < 0.05). The expression level of DNM3 protein in CRC tissues was dependent on tumor size, degree of histological differentiation, and clinical stage (P < 0.05). The expression level of DNM3 mRNA in CRC tissues was significantly correlated with tumor size and pathology classification (P < 0.05). The research shows that detecting the expression of DNM3 helps in analyzing the tumor size, degree of histological differentiation, and clinical stage. Expression of DNM3 may be associated with good outcome in CRC.

The activation of PMS to produce active species is an attractive technique for antibiotic degradation but is restricted to the low reaction kinetics and high costs. In this work, a cobalt-based catalyst was prepared by in situ electrodeposition to enhance the electrically activated PMS process for the degradation of antibiotics. Almost 100% of pefloxacin (PFX) was removed within 10 min by employing Co(OH)2 as the catalyst in the electrically activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) process, and the reaction kinetic constant reached 0.52 min−1. The redox processes of Co2+ and Co3+ in Co(OH)2 catalysts were considered to be the main pathways for PMS activation, in which 1O2 was the main active species. Furthermore, this strategy could also achieve excellent degradation efficiency for other organic pollutants. This study provides an effective and low-cost strategy with no secondary pollution for pollutant degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Insect-specific negative-sense RNA viruses are widespread, exhibiting a diverse range of characteristics. Leaf beetles within the Chrysomelidae family, known for their chewing mouthparts, are significant agricultural pests. Despite this, reports of negative-sense RNA viruses in leaf beetles are scarce. In this study, we have identified two novel negative-sense RNA viruses in a globally distributed leaf beetle species, Aulacophora indica (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). The complete genomes of two insect-infecting viruses (ISVs) were successfully obtained through metatranscriptome analysis and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), named Aulacophora indica nyami-like virus 1 (AINlV1) and Aulacophora indica chu-like virus 1 (AIClV1). Phylogenetically, AINlV1 falls into an unclassified clade within the Nyamiviridae virus family, while AIClV1 is classified as a member of the Scarabeuvirus genus within the Chuviridae family. Both viruses exhibit typical genome structures associated with their respective families. Additionally, they activate small RNA interference responses, with virus-derived small RNAs (vsiRNAs) from AINlV1 and AIClV1 showing a consistent pattern peaking at 21 nucleotides, biased towards A/U at the 5′-terminal. Our study provides valuable insights into insect-specific viruses (ISVs) affecting leaf beetles. Herbivorous insects harbor a variety of insect-specific viruses (ISVs) some of which are considered to be valuable biological agents for potential applications in biological defense and control strategies. Leaf beetles with chewing mouthparts are particularly known for their capacity to disrupt plant tissue while feeding, often creating openings that can act as entry points for plant pathogens. In this study, we have identified two new negative-sense RNA viruses infecting the leaf beetle Aulacophora indica, an important member of the Chrysomelidae family. These recently discovered viruses belong to the viral families Nyamiviridae and Chuviridae and have been preliminarily named Aulacophora indica nyami-like virus 1 (AINlV1) and Aulacophora indica chu-like virus 1 (AIClV1), respectively. The complete genomic sequences of these viruses were obtained using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) techniques. Detailed analysis of their genomic structures has confirmed their similarity to other members within their respective families. Furthermore, analysis of virus-derived small interfering RNA (vsiRNA) demonstrated a high abundance and typical vsiRNA pattern of AINlV1 and AIClV1, offering substantial evidence to support their classification as ISVs. This research enhances our understanding of viral diversity within insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using silica sol as a binder for titanium investment casting is very attractive due to its good stability and reasonable cost as compared with yttrium sol and zirconium sol. However, the mechanism of interface reaction in the related system remains unclear. In this investigation, the interface reaction between Y2O3-SiO2 (Y-Si) shell mold and titanium alloys was studied. A group of shell molds were prepared by using Y2O3 sand and silica sol with different contents of SiO2. Ti-6Al-4V alloy was cast under vacuum by gravity casting through cold crucible induction melting (CCIM) method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were employed to characterize the micromorphology and composition of the reaction area, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to confirm the valence state of relevant elements. White light interferometer (WLI) was used to obtain the surface topography of Y-Si shells. The results show that the thickness of reaction layers is below 3 μm when the SiO2 content of silica sol is below 20wt.%. Whereas, when the SiO2 content increases to 25wt.%, the thickness of the reaction layer increases sharply to about 15 μm. There is a good balance between chemical inertness and mechanical performance when the SiO2 content is between 15 and 20wt.%. Moreover, it was found that the distribution of SiO2 and the roughness at the surface of the shell are the key factors that determine the level of reaction.

Cotton is an important cash crop and natural raw material for the textile industry. Cultivar is a major restrictive factor for cotton production, which depends on the identification, evaluation, and effective utilization of elite germplasms. In view of this, 141 modern cotton cultivars derived from the three major cotton-growing regions (the Yellow River valley, the Yangtze River valley, and the Northwest Inland cotton-growing areas) in China were used in the present study, and four yield and five fiber quality traits of these varieties were evaluated under different environments. The genetic diversity of these varieties based on KASP and SSR markers was also analyzed. The results showed that the varieties from the Yangtze River valley presented the highest lint percentage and lint index, the varieties from the Yellow River valley displayed the highest boll weight and seed index, while the varieties from the Northwest Inland cotton-growing areas possessed the best fiber quality traits. The analysis of variance showed that the yield and fiber quality traits were significant different among cotton varieties. The coefficient of variation (CV) of lint index was the largest (10.09%) in the yield traits while the CV of fiber strength was the largest (8.81%) in the fiber quality traits, indicating a great improvement potential in these two traits. The clustering result based on phenotypic traits showed that 141 varieties were divided into two groups with different yield and fiber quality traits. Meanwhile, a total of 74 polymorphic binds were amplified by 30 pairs of SSR primers, and 32 KASP markers were clearly classified among the tested varieties. Based on SSR and KASP markers, the average value of genetic similarity coefficient was 0.62, indicating a high genetic diversity in these cotton varieties. The clustering results based on molecular markers showed that 141 varieties were also divided into two groups, which indicating some consistent with the cluster result based on phenotypic traits. Moreover, three elite germplasms with high boll weight (> 7 g), 24 elite germplasms with high lint percentage (> 42%), six elite germplasms with high fiber length and strength (> 30), and two germplasms with multiple elite yield and fiber quality traits were screened out, which provides elite parents for developing new cotton varieties and theoretical basis for the further utilization of these germplasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop root system plays an important role in nitrogen uptake. In this study, two rice varieties, conventional rice variety Huanghuazhan (HHZ) and super hybrid rice variety Yangliangyou 6 (YLY6), were grew hydroponically under high nitrogen (HN) and low nitrogen (LN) treatments to investigate the changes of root characteristics and their relationships with nitrogen accumulation at seedling stage. Compared to HN, LN significantly decreased the total N accumulation in HHZ by 19.7% and had no substantial effect in YLY6. Under LN, root dry weight, the total root length, root surface area, and root tips in YLY6 significantly increased by 41.3%, 57.1%, 74.9%, and 20.6%, respectively. However, these four morphological parameters had no significant change in HHZ. Under LN, root diameter and root cortical area in YLY6 significantly increased by 12.4% and 24.2%, respectively. However, the two parameters and root stele diameter in HHZ significantly reduced by 12.0%, 21.9%, and 11.4%, respectively. In YLY6, LN significantly up-regulated the relative expression level of root ammonium transporter genes (AMT2;1, AMT2;3, AMT3;1, and AMT3;2) by 195.6%, 29.3%, 314.9%, and 388.9%, respectively, and increased the relative expression level of glutamine synthetase gene GS1;1 by 158.2%. However, LN had no effect on the relative expression level of the five genes in HHZ. Total nitrogen accumulation was significantly and positively correlated with the root characteristics (but thickness of root cortical sclerenchyma) and expression of above-mentioned genes under LN. These results indicated that the enhanced positive responses of above-mentioned root characteristics contributed to high nitrogen accumulation in YLY6 seedlings under LN. Developing varieties with root positive responses to nitrogen reduction should be a considerable target for green rice production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populations of Eurasian otters Lutra lutra, one of the most widely distributed apex predators in Eurasia, have been depleted mainly since the 1950s. However, a lack of information about their genomic diversity and how they are organized geographically in East Asia severely impedes our ability to monitor and conserve them in particular management units. Here, we re‐sequenced and analyzed 20 otter genomes spanning continental East Asia, including a population at Kinmen, a small island off the Fujian coast, China. The otters form three genetic clusters (one of L. l. lutra in the north and two of L. l. chinensis in the south), which have diverged in the Holocene. These three clusters should be recognized as three conservation management units to monitor and manage independently. The heterozygosity of the East Asian otters is as low as that of the threatened carnivores sequenced. Historical effective population size trajectories inferred from genomic variations suggest that their low genomic diversity could be partially attributed to changes in the climate since the mid‐Pleistocene and anthropogenic intervention since the Holocene. However, no evidence of genetic erosion, mutation load, or high level of inbreeding was detected in the presumably isolated Kinmen Island population. Any future in situ conservation efforts should consider this information for the conservation management units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]