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2. Acceleration and Enrichment of 3He in Impulsive Solar Flares by Electron Firehose Waves

Author

Paesold, G., Kallenbach, R., and Benz, A. O.

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

A new mechanism for acceleration and enrichment of 3He during impulsive solar flares is presented. Low-frequency electromagnetic plasma waves excited by the Electron Firehose Instability (EFI) can account for the acceleration of ions up to 1 MeV/amu energies as a single stage process. The EFI arises as a direct consequence of the free energy stored in a temperature anisotropy (T_parallel>T_perp) of the bulk energized electron population during the acceleration process. In contrast to other mechanisms which require special plasma properties, the EFI is an intrinsic feature of the acceleration process of the bulk electrons. Being present as a side effect in the flaring plasma, these waves can account for the acceleration of 3He and 4He while selectively enhancing 3He due to the spectral energy density built up from linear growth. Linearized kinetic theory, analytic models and test-particle simulations have been applied to investigate the ability of the waves to accelerate and fractionate. As waves grow in both directions parallel to the magnetic field, they can trap resonant ions and efficiently accelerate them to the highest energies. Plausible models have been found that can explain the observed energies, spectra and abundances of 3He and 4He., Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures in 9 named figure environments

Published
2002
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3. Isotopic Composition of Solar Wind Calcium: First in Situ Measurement by CELIAS/MTOF on Board SOHO

Author

Kallenbach, R., Ipavich, F. M., Bochsler, P., Hefti, S., Wurz, P., Aellig, M. R., Galvin, A. B., Geiss, J., Gliem, F., Gloeckler, G., Grunwaldt, H., Hilchenbach, M., Hovestadt, D., and Klecker, B.

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

We present first results on the Ca isotopic abundances derived from the high resolution Mass Time-of-Flight (MTOF) spectrometer of the charge, element, and isotope analysis system (CELIAS) experiment on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). We obtain isotopic ratios 40Ca/42Ca = (128+-47) and 40Ca/44Ca = (50+-8), consistent with terrestrial values. This is the first in situ determination of the solar wind calcium isotopic composition and is important for studies of stellar modeling and solar system formation since the present-day solar Ca isotopic abundances are unchanged from their original isotopic composition in the solar nebula., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures

Published
1998
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8. 30 Years of Progress toward Increased Biomass Yield of Switchgrass and Big Bluestem

Author

Casler, Michael D., Vogel, Kenneth P., Lee, D. K., Mitchell, R. B., Adler, P. R., Sulc, R. M., Johnson, K. D., Kallenbach, R. L., Boe, A. R., Mathison, R. D., Cassida, K. A., Min, D. H., Crawford, J., Moore, K. J., Casler, Michael D., Vogel, Kenneth P., Lee, D. K., Mitchell, R. B., Adler, P. R., Sulc, R. M., Johnson, K. D., Kallenbach, R. L., Boe, A. R., Mathison, R. D., Cassida, K. A., Min, D. H., Crawford, J., and Moore, K. J.

Abstract

Breeding to improve biomass production of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) for conversion to bioenergy began in 1992. The purpose of this study was (i) to develop a platform for uniform regional testing of cultivars and experimental populations for these species, and (ii) to estimate the gains made by breeding during 1992 to 2012. A total of 25 switchgrass populations and 16 big bluestem populations were planted in uniform regional trials at 13 locations in 2012 and 2014. The reference region was USDA Hardiness Zones 3 through 6 in the humid temperate United States. Significant progress toward increased biomass yield was made in big bluestem and within upland-ecotype populations, lowland-ecotype populations, and hybrid-derived populations of switchgrass. Four mechanisms of increasing biomass yield were documented: (i) increased biomass yield per se, (ii) later flowering to extend the growing season, (iii) combined later flowering from the lowland ecotype with survivorship of the upland ecotype in hybrid-derived populations, and (iv) increased survivorship of late-flowering lowland populations in hardiness zones that represent an expansion of their natural adaption zone. Switchgrass exhibited all four mechanisms in one or more improved populations, whereas improved populations of big bluestem were likely influenced by two of the four mechanisms. The uniform testing program was successful at documenting increases in biomass yield, identifying the mechanisms for increased yield, and determining adaptation characteristics and limitations of improved populations.

Published
2018

9. Isotopic Composition of the Solar Wind Inferred from In-Situ Spacecraft Measurements

Author

Kallenbach, R., Bamert, K., Hilchenbach, M., Kallenbach, R., Bamert, K., and Hilchenbach, M.

Abstract

The Sun is the largest reservoir of matter in the solar system, which formed 4.6Gyr ago from the protosolar nebula. Data from space missions and theoretical models indicate that the solar wind carries a nearly unfractionated sample of heavy isotopes at energies of about 1keV/amu from the Sun into interplanetary space. In anticipation of results from the Genesis mission's solar-wind implanted samples, we revisit solar wind isotopic abundance data from the high-resolution CELIAS/MTOF spectrometer on board SOHO. In particular, we evaluate the isotopic abundance ratios 15N/14N, 17O/16O, and 18O/16O in the solar wind, which are reference values for isotopic fractionation processes during the formation of terrestrial planets as well as for the Galactic chemical evolution. We also give isotopic abundance ratios for He, Ne, Ar, Mg, Si, Ca, and Fe measured in situ in the solar wind

Published
2018

11. Wave-Particle Interaction in the Bastille Shock of Year 2000

Author

五十嵐, 功一, 寺沢, 敏夫, 向井, 利典, 齋藤, 義文, Bamert, K., Kallenbach, R., Klecker, B., Igarashi, K., Terasawa, T., Mukai, Toshifumi, Saito, Yoshifumi, 五十嵐, 功一, 寺沢, 敏夫, 向井, 利典, 齋藤, 義文, Bamert, K., Kallenbach, R., Klecker, B., Igarashi, K., Terasawa, T., Mukai, Toshifumi, and Saito, Yoshifumi

Published
2015

12. Triple F--a comet nucleus sample return mission

Author

Küppers, Michael, Keller, H. U., Kührt, E., A'Hearn, M. F., Altwegg, K., Bertrand, R., Busemann, H., Capria, M. T., Colangeli, L., Davidsson, B., Ehrenfreund, P., Knollenberg, J., Mottola, S., Rathke, A., Weiss, P., Zolensky, M., Akim, E., Basilevsky, A., Galimov, E., Gerasimov, M., Korablev, O., Lomakin, I., Marov, M., Martynov, M., Nazarov, M., Zakharov, A., Zelenyi, L., Aronica, A., Ball, A. J., Barbieri, C., Bar-Nun, A., Benkhoff, J., Biele, J., Biver, N., Blum, J., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Botta, O., Bredehöft, J. H., Capaccioni, F., Charnley, S., Cloutis, E., Cottin, H., Cremonese, G., Crovisier, J., Crowther, S. A., Epifani, E. M., Esposito, F., Ferrari, A. C., Ferri, F., Fulle, M., Gilmour, J., Goesmann, F., Gortsas, N., Green, S. F., Groussin, O., Grün, E., Gutiérrez, P. J., Hartogh, P., Henkel, T., Hilchenbach, M., Ho, T. M., Horneck, G., Hviid, S. F., Ip, W. H., Jäckel, A., Jessberger, E., Kallenbach, R., Kargl, G., Kömle, N. I., Korth, A., Kossacki, K., Krause, C., Krüger, H., Li, Z. Y., Licandro, J., Lopez-Moreno, J. J., Lowry, S. C., Lyon, I., Magni, G., Mall, U., Mann, I., Markiewicz, W., Martins, Z., Maurette, M., Meierhenrich, U., Mennella, V., Ng, T. C., Nittler, L. R., Palumbo, P., Pätzold, M., Prialnik, D., Rengel, M., Rickman, H., Rodriguez, J., Roll, R., Rost, D., Rotundi, A., Sandford, S., Schönbächler, M., Sierks, H., Srama, R., Stroud, R. M., Szutowicz, S., Tornow, C., Ulamec, S., Wallis, M., Waniak, W., Weissman, P., Wieler, R., Wurz, P., Yung, K. L., Zarnecki, J. C., Schonbachler, Maria, Observatoire de Paris - Site de Meudon (OBSPM), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse (CSNSM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Solar System, Cosmic Vision, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], sample return, Sample return, space mission, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Space mission, Astrobiology, Interplanetary dust cloud, Sample return mission, Comet nucleus, 0103 physical sciences, Comets, comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Spacecraft, business.industry, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmogony, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, cosmogony, Formation and evolution of the Solar System, business
Abstract

The Triple F (Fresh From the Fridge) mission, a Comet Nucleus Sample Return, has been proposed to ESA's Cosmic Vision program. A sample return from a comet enables us to reach the ultimate goal of cometary research. Since comets are the least processed bodies in the solar system, the proposal goes far beyond cometary science topics (like the explanation of cometary activity) and delivers invaluable information about the formation of the solar system and the interstellar molecular cloud from which it formed. The proposed mission would extract three sample cores of the upper 50cm from three locations on a cometary nucleus and return them cooled to Earth for analysis in the laboratory. The simple mission concept with a touch-and-go sampling by a single spacecraft was proposed as an M-class mission in collaboration with the Russian space agency ROSCOSMOS. © The Author(s) 2008.

Published
2009
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13. Solar and heliospheric sources of suprathermal and energetic particle populations

Author

Kiraly, P., Axford, W. I., Daibog, E. I., Heber, B., Kallenbach, R., Kecskemety, K., Mason, G. M., Logacheb, Y. I., Mewaldt, R. A., Posner, A., Rodriguez-Pacheco, J., Treumann, R., Zeldovich, M. A., Sripathi Acharya, B., Gupta, Sunil, Jagadeesan, P., Jain, Atul, Karthikeyan, S., Morris, Samuel, and Tonwar, Suresh

Subjects
Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Objectives and some preliminary findings of an ongoing international team project carried out at ISSI, Bern will be presented. Suprathermal and energetic particle s in interplanetary space have a multitude of origins, i.e. acceleration and propagation hi stories. Solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs), the heliospheric termination shock, planetary bow shocks and magnetospheres have all been recognized as energetic particle sources. Less energetic (suprathermal) particles of solar origin and pick-up ions have also a vital role both in their own right and as seeds of energetic particles accelerated in interplanetary disturbances. The relative contributions of various particle populations vary with energy and with the phase of the solar cycle. Particular attention will be given in our project to quiet periods and to large events. While quiet-time fluxes are expected to shed light on some base-line features of coronal and interplanetary acceleration processes, relatively large events dominate bot h the long-term fluence levels and the statistical properties of cumulative fluence plots. The importance of energetic and suprathermal particles that mostly cannot escape into interplanetary space, but contribute to co ronal heating and possibly also to solar wind composition, will also be discussed. B. Sripathi Acharya, Sunil Gupta, P. Jagadeesan, Atul Jain, S. Karthikeyan, Samuel Morris, and Suresh Tonwar

Published
2005

14. Triple F-a comet nucleus sample return mission

Author

Kueppers, Michael, Keller, H. U., Kuehrt, E, A'Hearn, M. F., Altwegg, K, Bertrand, R, Busemann, H, Capria, T, Colangeli, L, Davidsson, Björn, Ehrenfreund, P, Knollenberg, J, Mottola, S, Rathke, A, Weiss, P, Zolensky, M, Akim, E, Basilevsky, A, Galimov, E, Gerasimov, M, Korablev, O, Lomakin, I, Marov, M, Martynov, M, Nazarov, M, Zakharov, A, Zelenyi, L, Aronica, A, Ball, J, Barbieri, C, Bar-Nun, A, Benkhoff, J, Biele, J, Biver, N, Blum, J, Bockelee-Morvan, D, Botta, O, Bredehoeft, J.-H., Capaccioni, F, Charnley, S, Cloutis, E, Cottin, H, Cremonese, G, Crovisier, J, Crowther, S. A., Epifani, M, Esposito, F, Ferrari, C, Ferri, F, Fulle, M, Gilmour, J, Goesmann, F, Gortsas, N, Green, F, Groussin, O, Gruen, E, Gutierrez, P. J., Hartogh, P, Henkel, T, Hilchenbach, M, Ho, T.-M., Horneck, G, Hviid, F, Ip, W.-H., Jaeckel, A, Jessberger, E, Kallenbach, R, Kargl, G, Koemle, I, Korth, A, Kossacki, K, Krause, C, Krueger, H, Li, Z.-Y., Licandro, J, Lopez-Moreno, J, Lowry, C, Lyon, I, Magni, G, Mall, U, Mann, I, Markiewicz, W, Martins, Z, Maurette, M, Meierhenrich, U, Mennella, V, Ng, C, Nittler, R, Palumbo, P, Paetzold, M, Prialnik, D, Rengel, M, Rickman, Hans, Rodriguez, J, Roll, R, Rost, D, Rotundi, A, Sandford, S, Schoenbaechler, M, Sierks, H, Srama, R, Stroud, M, Szutowicz, S, Tornow, C, Ulamec, S, Wallis, M, Waniak, W, Weissman, P, Wieler, R, Wurz, P, Yung, L, Zarnecki, C, Kueppers, Michael, Keller, H. U., Kuehrt, E, A'Hearn, M. F., Altwegg, K, Bertrand, R, Busemann, H, Capria, T, Colangeli, L, Davidsson, Björn, Ehrenfreund, P, Knollenberg, J, Mottola, S, Rathke, A, Weiss, P, Zolensky, M, Akim, E, Basilevsky, A, Galimov, E, Gerasimov, M, Korablev, O, Lomakin, I, Marov, M, Martynov, M, Nazarov, M, Zakharov, A, Zelenyi, L, Aronica, A, Ball, J, Barbieri, C, Bar-Nun, A, Benkhoff, J, Biele, J, Biver, N, Blum, J, Bockelee-Morvan, D, Botta, O, Bredehoeft, J.-H., Capaccioni, F, Charnley, S, Cloutis, E, Cottin, H, Cremonese, G, Crovisier, J, Crowther, S. A., Epifani, M, Esposito, F, Ferrari, C, Ferri, F, Fulle, M, Gilmour, J, Goesmann, F, Gortsas, N, Green, F, Groussin, O, Gruen, E, Gutierrez, P. J., Hartogh, P, Henkel, T, Hilchenbach, M, Ho, T.-M., Horneck, G, Hviid, F, Ip, W.-H., Jaeckel, A, Jessberger, E, Kallenbach, R, Kargl, G, Koemle, I, Korth, A, Kossacki, K, Krause, C, Krueger, H, Li, Z.-Y., Licandro, J, Lopez-Moreno, J, Lowry, C, Lyon, I, Magni, G, Mall, U, Mann, I, Markiewicz, W, Martins, Z, Maurette, M, Meierhenrich, U, Mennella, V, Ng, C, Nittler, R, Palumbo, P, Paetzold, M, Prialnik, D, Rengel, M, Rickman, Hans, Rodriguez, J, Roll, R, Rost, D, Rotundi, A, Sandford, S, Schoenbaechler, M, Sierks, H, Srama, R, Stroud, M, Szutowicz, S, Tornow, C, Ulamec, S, Wallis, M, Waniak, W, Weissman, P, Wieler, R, Wurz, P, Yung, L, and Zarnecki, C

Abstract

The Triple F (Fresh From the Fridge) mission, a Comet Nucleus Sample Return, has been proposed to ESA's Cosmic Vision program. A sample return from a comet enables us to reach the ultimate goal of cometary research. Since comets are the least processed bodies in the solar system, the proposal goes far beyond cometary science topics (like the explanation of cometary activity) and delivers invaluable information about the formation of the solar system and the interstellar molecular cloud from which it formed. The proposed mission would extract three sample cores of the upper 50 cm from three locations on a cometary nucleus and return them cooled to Earth for analysis in the laboratory. The simple mission concept with a touch-and-go sampling by a single spacecraft was proposed as an M-class mission in collaboration with the Russian space agency ROSCOSMOS.

Published
2009
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15. Latitudinal and Longitudinal Adaptation of Switchgrass Populations

Author

Casler, Michael D., Vogel, Kenneth P., Taliaferro, C. M., Ehlke, N. J., Berdahl, J. D., Brummer, E. C., Kallenbach, R. L., West, C. P., Mitchell, R. B., Casler, Michael D., Vogel, Kenneth P., Taliaferro, C. M., Ehlke, N. J., Berdahl, J. D., Brummer, E. C., Kallenbach, R. L., West, C. P., and Mitchell, R. B.

Abstract

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warmseason native grass, used for livestock feed, bioenergy, soil and wildlife conservation, and prairie restoration in a large portion of the USA. The objective of this research was to quantify the relative importance of latitude and longitude for adaptation and agronomic performance of a diverse group of switchgrass populations. Six populations, chosen to represent remnant prairie populations on two north–south transects, were evaluated for agronomic traits at 12 locations ranging from 36 to 47°N latitude and 88 to 101°W longitude. Although the population × location interactions accounted for only 10 to 31% of the variance among population means, many significant changes in ranking and adaptive responses were observed. Ground cover was greater for northern-origin populations evaluated in hardiness zones 3 and 4 and for southern-origin populations evaluated in hardiness zones 5 and 6. There were no adaptive responses related to longitude (ecoregion). Switchgrass populations for use in biomass production, conservation, or restoration should not be moved more than one hardiness zone north or south from their origin, but some can be moved east or west of their original ecoregion, if results from field tests support broad longitudinal adaptation.

Published
2007

16. Origin, Injection, and Acceleration of CIR Particles: Theory Report of Working Group 7

Author

Dept. of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany, Institute for Problems of Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Dept. of Astronomy and IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, Depts. of Planetary Sciences and Astronomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA, International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland, Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany, Extraterrestrische Physik, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA, Space Science Dept. of ESA ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Physics and Astronomy Dept., University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany, Ann Arbor, Simnett, G.M., Kóta, J., Kallenbach, R., Scholer, M., Mann, G., Chalov, S., Desai, M.I., Fisk, Len A., Jokipii, J.R., Keppler, E., Kunow, H., Lee, M.A., Sanderson, T.R., Dept. of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany, Institute for Problems of Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Dept. of Astronomy and IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, Depts. of Planetary Sciences and Astronomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA, International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland, Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany, Extraterrestrische Physik, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA, Space Science Dept. of ESA ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Physics and Astronomy Dept., University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany, Ann Arbor, Simnett, G.M., Kóta, J., Kallenbach, R., Scholer, M., Mann, G., Chalov, S., Desai, M.I., Fisk, Len A., Jokipii, J.R., Keppler, E., Kunow, H., Lee, M.A., and Sanderson, T.R.

Abstract

On the basis of the observational picture established in the report of Mason, von Steiger et al. (1999) the status of theoretical models on origin, injection, and acceleration of particles associated with Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) is reviewed. This includes diffusive or first-order Fermi acceleration at oblique shocks, adiabatic deceleration in the solar wind, stochastic acceleration in Alfvén waves and oblique propagating magnetosonic waves, and shock surfing as possible injection mechanism to discriminate pickup ions from solar wind ions.

Published
2006

17. The Solar Origin of Corotating Interaction Regions and Their Formation in the Inner Heliosphere

Author

Dept. of Atmosph., Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA, Dept. of Physics and IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; Dept. of Atmosph., Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA, Science Applications International Corporation, San Diego, California, USA, International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland, Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, Extraterrestrische Physik, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany, Astrophysikalisches Institut, Potsdam, Germany, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA; Dept. of Physics and IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland, E.O. Hulburt Center for Space Research, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA, Ann Arbor, Crooker, N.U., Balogh, A., Bothmer, V., Forsyth, R.J., Gloeckler, George, Hewish, A., Hilchenbach, M., Kallenbach, R., Klecker, B., Linker, J.A., Lucek, E., Mann, G., Marsch, E., Posner, A., Richardson, I.G., Schmidt, J.M., Scholer, M., Wang, Y.-M., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.F., Aellig, M.R., Bochsler, P., Hefti, S., Mikić, Z., Dept. of Atmosph., Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA, Dept. of Physics and IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; Dept. of Atmosph., Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA, Science Applications International Corporation, San Diego, California, USA, International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland, Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, Extraterrestrische Physik, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany, Astrophysikalisches Institut, Potsdam, Germany, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA; Dept. of Physics and IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland, E.O. Hulburt Center for Space Research, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA, Ann Arbor, Crooker, N.U., Balogh, A., Bothmer, V., Forsyth, R.J., Gloeckler, George, Hewish, A., Hilchenbach, M., Kallenbach, R., Klecker, B., Linker, J.A., Lucek, E., Mann, G., Marsch, E., Posner, A., Richardson, I.G., Schmidt, J.M., Scholer, M., Wang, Y.-M., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.F., Aellig, M.R., Bochsler, P., Hefti, S., and Mikić, Z.

Abstract

Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) form as a consequence of the compression of the solar wind at the interface between fast speed streams and slow streams. Dynamic interaction of solar wind streams is a general feature of the heliospheric medium; when the sources of the solar wind streams are relatively stable, the interaction regions form a pattern which corotates with the Sun. The regions of origin of the high speed solar wind streams have been clearly identified as the coronal holes with their open magnetic field structures. The origin of the slow speed solar wind is less clear; slow streams may well originate from a range of coronal configurations adjacent to, or above magnetically closed structures. This article addresses the coronal origin of the stable pattern of solar wind streams which leads to the formation of CIRs. In particular, coronal models based on photospheric measurements are reviewed; we also examine the observations of kinematic and compositional solar wind features at 1 AU, their appearance in the stream interfaces (SIs) of CIRs, and their relationship to the structure of the solar surface and the inner corona; finally we summarise the Helios observations in the inner heliosphere of CIRs and their precursors to give a link between the optical observations on their solar origin and the in-situ plasma observations at 1 AU after their formation. The most important question that remains to be answered concerning the solar origin of CIRs is related to the origin and morphology of the slow solar wind.

Published
2006

18. Pick-up Ion Measurements in the Heliosphere - A Review

Author

Dept. of Physics and IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, U.S.A.; Dept. of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, U.S.A., International Space Science Institute, Hallerstrasse 6, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland, Ann Arbor, Kallenbach, R., Geiss, Johannes, Gloeckler, George, Von Steiger, R., Dept. of Physics and IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, U.S.A.; Dept. of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, U.S.A., International Space Science Institute, Hallerstrasse 6, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland, Ann Arbor, Kallenbach, R., Geiss, Johannes, Gloeckler, George, and Von Steiger, R.

Abstract

Measurements of the composition and spatial distribution of pick-up ionsinside the heliosphere are reviewed. The first interstellar 4 He + pick-up ions were detected with the SULEICA instrument on the AMPTEspacecraft near Earth's orbit. Most data on pick-up ions were taken in thesolar-wind and suprathermal energy range of SWICS on Ulysses while thespacecraft cruised from 1.4 to 5.4 AU and explored the high-latitudeheliosphere and solar wind from the ecliptic to ± 80 ° heliolatitude. This includes the discovery of H +, 4 He ++, 3 He +, N +, O +, and Ne + pick-up ions that originate from the interstellar neutralgas penetrating the heliosphere. From their fluxes properties of theinteraction region between the heliosphere and the Local Interstellar Cloudsuch as the limits on filtration and the strength of the interstellar magneticfield have been revealed. Detailed analysis of the velocity distributions ofpick-up ions led to 1) the discovery of a new distinct source, the so-calledInner Source, consisting of atoms released from interstellar and interplanetarydust inside the heliosphere, 2) the determination of pick-up ion transportparameters such as the long mean free path for pitch-angle scattering of order1 AU, and 3) detailed knowledge on the very preferential injection andacceleration of pick-up ions during interplanetary energetic particle eventssuch as Co-rotating Interaction Regions and Coronal Mass Ejections. SWICSmeasurements have fully confirmed the theory of Fisk, Koslovsky, and Ramatythat pick-up ions derived from the interstellar gas are the dominant sourceof the Anomalous Cosmic Rays; they are pre-accelerated inside the heliosphereand re-accelerated at the solar-wind Termination Shock according to Pesses, Eichler, and Jokipii. The data indicate that the Inner Source of pick-up ionsis largely responsible for the occurence of C + in the Anomalous Cosmic Rays. The abundances of recently discovered Inner-Source Mg + and Si + aresolar-wind like and consistent wi

Published
2006

19. Solar and heliospheric sources of suprathermal and energetic particle populations

Author

Sripathi Acharya, B., Gupta, Sunil, Jagadeesan, P., Jain, Atul, Karthikeyan, S., Morris, Samuel, Tonwar, Suresh, Kiraly, P., Axford, W. I., Daibog, E. I., Heber, B., Kallenbach, R., Kecskemety, K., Mason, G. M., Logacheb, Y. I., Mewaldt, R. A., Posner, A., Rodriguez-Pacheco, J., Treumann, R., Zeldovich, M. A., Sripathi Acharya, B., Gupta, Sunil, Jagadeesan, P., Jain, Atul, Karthikeyan, S., Morris, Samuel, Tonwar, Suresh, Kiraly, P., Axford, W. I., Daibog, E. I., Heber, B., Kallenbach, R., Kecskemety, K., Mason, G. M., Logacheb, Y. I., Mewaldt, R. A., Posner, A., Rodriguez-Pacheco, J., Treumann, R., and Zeldovich, M. A.

Abstract

Objectives and some preliminary findings of an ongoing international team project carried out at ISSI, Bern will be presented. Suprathermal and energetic particle s in interplanetary space have a multitude of origins, i.e. acceleration and propagation hi stories. Solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs), the heliospheric termination shock, planetary bow shocks and magnetospheres have all been recognized as energetic particle sources. Less energetic (suprathermal) particles of solar origin and pick-up ions have also a vital role both in their own right and as seeds of energetic particles accelerated in interplanetary disturbances. The relative contributions of various particle populations vary with energy and with the phase of the solar cycle. Particular attention will be given in our project to quiet periods and to large events. While quiet-time fluxes are expected to shed light on some base-line features of coronal and interplanetary acceleration processes, relatively large events dominate bot h the long-term fluence levels and the statistical properties of cumulative fluence plots. The importance of energetic and suprathermal particles that mostly cannot escape into interplanetary space, but contribute to co ronal heating and possibly also to solar wind composition, will also be discussed. B. Sripathi Acharya, Sunil Gupta, P. Jagadeesan, Atul Jain, S. Karthikeyan, Samuel Morris, and Suresh Tonwar

Published
2005

20. Treasure Chest

Author

Kallenbach, R.

Subjects
Multifunction I/O device, Treasure Chest of Software -- Evaluation, Multifunction I/O devices -- Evaluation -- Product/service Evaluations, Office automation
Abstract

You no longer have to exit from your favorite spreadsheet or word-processing program to take notes on a phone conversation, search for a phone number, use a calculator or read […]

Published
1984

24. Synopsis of the interstellar He parameters from combined neutral gas, pickup ion and UV scattering observations and related consequences

Author

Möbius, E., primary, Bzowski, M., additional, Chalov, S., additional, Fahr, H.-J., additional, Gloeckler, G., additional, Izmodenov, V., additional, Kallenbach, R., additional, Lallement, R., additional, McMullin, D., additional, Noda, H., additional, Oka, M., additional, Pauluhn, A., additional, Raymond, J., additional, Ruciński, D., additional, Skoug, R., additional, Terasawa, T., additional, Thompson, W., additional, Vallerga, J., additional, von Steiger, R., additional, and Witte, M., additional

Published
2004
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30. Detection of 55–80 keV Hydrogen Atoms of Heliospheric Origin by CELIAS/HSTOF onSOHO

Author

Hilchenbach, M., primary, Hsieh, K. C., additional, Hovestadt, D., additional, Klecker, B., additional, Grunwaldt, H., additional, Bochsler, P., additional, Ipavich, F. M., additional, Burgi, A., additional, Mobius, E., additional, Gliem, F., additional, Axford, W. I., additional, Balsiger, H., additional, Bornemann, W., additional, Coplan, M. A., additional, Galvin, A. B., additional, Geiss, J., additional, Gloeckler, G., additional, Hefti, S., additional, Judge, D. L., additional, Kallenbach, R., additional, Laeverenz, P., additional, Lee, M. A., additional, Livi, S., additional, Managadze, G. G., additional, Marsch, E., additional, Neugebauer, M., additional, Ogawa, H. S., additional, Reiche, K.‐U., additional, Scholer, M., additional, Verigin, M. I., additional, Wilken, B., additional, and Wurz, P., additional

Published
1998
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31. Elemental composition of the January 6, 1997, CME

Author

Wurz, P., primary, Ipavich, F. M., additional, Galvin, A. B., additional, Bochsler, P., additional, Aellig, M. R., additional, Kallenbach, R., additional, Hovestadt, D., additional, Grünwaldt, H., additional, Hilchenbach, M., additional, Axford, W. I., additional, Balsiger, H., additional, Bürgi, A., additional, Coplan, M. A., additional, Geiss, J., additional, Gliem, F., additional, Gloeckler, G., additional, Hefti, S., additional, Hsieh, K. C., additional, Klecker, B., additional, Lee, M. A., additional, Managadze, G. G., additional, Marsch, E., additional, Möbius, E., additional, Neugebauer, M., additional, Reiche, K.-U., additional, Scholer, M., additional, Verigin, M. I., additional, and Wilken, B., additional

Published
1998
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32. Isotopic Composition of Solar Wind Calcium: First in Situ Measurementby CELIAS/MTOF on board [ITAL]SOHO[/ITAL]

Author

Kallenbach, R., primary, Ipavich, F. M., additional, Bochsler, P., additional, Hefti, S., additional, Wurz, P., additional, Aellig, M. R., additional, Galvin, A. B., additional, Geiss, J., additional, Gliem, F., additional, Gloeckler, G., additional, Grünwaldt, H., additional, Hilchenbach, M., additional, Hovestadt, D., additional, and Klecker, B., additional

Published
1998
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33. Venus tail ray observation near Earth

Author

Grünwaldt, H., primary, Neugebauer, M., additional, Hilchenbach, M., additional, Bochsler, P., additional, Hovestadt, D., additional, Bürgi, A., additional, Ipavich, F. M., additional, Reiche, K.‐U., additional, Axford, W. I., additional, Balsiger, H., additional, Galvin, A. B., additional, Geiss, J., additional, Gliem, F., additional, Gloeckler, G., additional, Hsieh, K. C., additional, Kallenbach, R., additional, Klecker, B., additional, Livi, S., additional, Lee, M. A., additional, Managadze, G. G., additional, Marsch, E., additional, Möbius, E., additional, Scholer, M., additional, Verigin, M. I., additional, Wilken, B., additional, and Wurz, P., additional

Published
1997
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35. Symplify Helps Novices while Adding Features to Symphony

Author

Kallenbach, R.

Subjects
Disk/File Management Software, Software, Integrated Software, Shell Programs, Enhancements, Residency, Compatible Software, Productivity Center -- Product introduction, Symplify -- Evaluation
Published
1985

36. IBM EGA Features Rainbows of Color

Author

Kallenbach, R.

Subjects
Graphic Systems, COM Devices, Color, Monitors, Evaluation, Boards/Cards, IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter -- Evaluation
Published
1985

37. MAX-12 Monitor

Author

Kallenbach, R.

Subjects
Monitors, New Product, High Resolution, Monochrome, Princeton MAX 12
Published
1984

39. Soft View

Author

Kallenbach, R.

Subjects
I/O device, Soft View, I/O devices
Abstract

Are you feeling left out because IBM chose to use an amber display in its new Portable PC and you're still staring at a green screen? There is no need […]

Published
1984

40. IBM Portable PC Not All That Compatible

Author

Kallenbach, R.

Subjects
Laptop/portable computer, Floptical disk drive, Floppy disk drive, IBM Portable PC -- Evaluation, Notebook computers -- Evaluation, Laptop computers -- Evaluation -- Product/service Evaluations, Portable computers -- Evaluation -- Product/service Evaluations, Floppy disk drives -- Evaluation -- Product/service Evaluations
Abstract

IBM Portable PC Not All That Compatible Several Programs Won't Run On It; DOS 2.1 Needed The IBM Portable PC and PC Cluster Program are formidable products, but be aware […]

Published
1984

41. SixPakPlus: Documentation Makes This Board a Real Standout

Author

Kallenbach, R.

Subjects
Multifunction I/O device, SixPakPlus -- Evaluation, Multifunction I/O devices -- Evaluation -- Product/service Evaluations, Documentation, Evaluation
Abstract

If you wish you could add more memory, a serial port or a clock/Calendar to your IBM PC, but you have only one slot open, you probably are in the […]

Published
1984

42. 'Desq'

Author

Kallenbach, R.

Subjects
File format conversion software, Desq -- Evaluation, Menus, Evaluation, Systems software -- Evaluation -- Product/service Evaluations
Abstract

As a method for organizing various applications on a hard disk as well as simplifying PC-DOS 2.0, DESQ may be just what the PC expert prescribed. But as a method […]

Published
1984

43. Auditor: Consumer Software Helps Untangle Snarled Spreadsheets

Author

Kallenbach, R.

Subjects
Application installation/distribution software, Spreadsheet add-on, Application development software, Spreadsheet software, The Spreadsheet Auditor 1.05A (program development software) -- Evaluation, Debugging, Spreadsheets -- Evaluation -- Product/service Evaluations, Program development software -- Evaluation -- Product/service Evaluations, Evaluation
Abstract

Reformatting and widening each column in a spreadsheet in order to track down a problem with a formula is time-consuming and tedious. Data-processing professionals say that badly documented spreadsheet programming […]

Published
1984

44. 'MS Project': Provides a Tool to Help Manage People, Projects

Author

Kallenbach, R.

Subjects
Project management software, MS Project -- Evaluation, Project management systems -- Evaluation -- Product/service Evaluations
Abstract

'MS Project' Provides a Tool To Help Manage People, Projects Someone was bound to do it. Someone was bound to combine the micro's quick handling characteristics with the horsepower of […]

Published
1984

45. 'Word' Earns Its Good Reputation

Author

Kallenbach, R.

Subjects
Mouse, Software quality, Word -- Evaluation -- Product/service Evaluations, Mouse devices (Computers), Software -- Evaluation -- Product/service Evaluations, Word processing
Abstract

'Word' Earns Its Good Reputation WP Package Offers Flexibility Through Features Does the word-processing package you use have the following capabilities? Does it display different documents in windows, allowing the […]

Published
1984

46. Triple F—a comet nucleus sample return mission

Author

Küppers, Michael, Keller, H. U., Kührt, E., A’Hearn, M. F., Altwegg, K., Bertrand, R., Busemann, H., Capria, M. T., Colangeli, L., Davidsson, B., Ehrenfreund, P., Knollenberg, J., Mottola, S., Rathke, A., Weiss, P., Zolensky, M., Akim, E., Basilevsky, A., Galimov, E., Gerasimov, M., Korablev, O., Lomakin, I., Marov, M., Martynov, M., Nazarov, M., Zakharov, A., Zelenyi, L., Aronica, A., Ball, A. J., Barbieri, C., Bar-Nun, A., Benkhoff, J., Biele, J., Biver, N., Blum, J., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Botta, O., Bredehöft, J.-H., Capaccioni, F., Charnley, S., Cloutis, E., Cottin, H., Cremonese, G., Crovisier, J., Crowther, S. A., Esposito, F., Ferrari, A. C., Ferri, F., Fulle, M., Gilmour, J., Goesmann, F., Gortsas, N., Green, S. F., Groussin, O., Grün, E., Gutiérrez, P. J., Hartogh, P., Henkel, T., Hilchenbach, M., Ho, T.-M., Horneck, G., Hviid, S. F., Ip, W.-H., Jäckel, A., Jessberger, E., Kallenbach, R., Kargl, G., Kömle, N. I., Korth, A., Kossacki, K., Krause, C., Krüger, H., Li, Z.-Y., Licandro, J., Lopez-Moreno, J. J., Lowry, S. C., Lyon, I., Magni, G., Mall, U., Mann, I., Markiewicz, W., Martins, Z., Maurette, M., Meierhenrich, U., Mennella, V., Ng, T. C., Nittler, L. R., Palumbo, P., Pätzold, M., Prialnik, D., Rengel, M., Rickman, H., Rodriguez, J., Roll, R., Rost, D., Rotundi, A., Sandford, S., Schönbächler, M., Sierks, H., Srama, R., Stroud, R. M., Szutowicz, S., Tornow, C., Ulamec, S., Wallis, M., Waniak, W., Weissman, P., Wieler, R., Wurz, P., Yung, K. L., Zarnecki, J. C., Küppers, Michael, Keller, H. U., Kührt, E., A’Hearn, M. F., Altwegg, K., Bertrand, R., Busemann, H., Capria, M. T., Colangeli, L., Davidsson, B., Ehrenfreund, P., Knollenberg, J., Mottola, S., Rathke, A., Weiss, P., Zolensky, M., Akim, E., Basilevsky, A., Galimov, E., Gerasimov, M., Korablev, O., Lomakin, I., Marov, M., Martynov, M., Nazarov, M., Zakharov, A., Zelenyi, L., Aronica, A., Ball, A. J., Barbieri, C., Bar-Nun, A., Benkhoff, J., Biele, J., Biver, N., Blum, J., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Botta, O., Bredehöft, J.-H., Capaccioni, F., Charnley, S., Cloutis, E., Cottin, H., Cremonese, G., Crovisier, J., Crowther, S. A., Esposito, F., Ferrari, A. C., Ferri, F., Fulle, M., Gilmour, J., Goesmann, F., Gortsas, N., Green, S. F., Groussin, O., Grün, E., Gutiérrez, P. J., Hartogh, P., Henkel, T., Hilchenbach, M., Ho, T.-M., Horneck, G., Hviid, S. F., Ip, W.-H., Jäckel, A., Jessberger, E., Kallenbach, R., Kargl, G., Kömle, N. I., Korth, A., Kossacki, K., Krause, C., Krüger, H., Li, Z.-Y., Licandro, J., Lopez-Moreno, J. J., Lowry, S. C., Lyon, I., Magni, G., Mall, U., Mann, I., Markiewicz, W., Martins, Z., Maurette, M., Meierhenrich, U., Mennella, V., Ng, T. C., Nittler, L. R., Palumbo, P., Pätzold, M., Prialnik, D., Rengel, M., Rickman, H., Rodriguez, J., Roll, R., Rost, D., Rotundi, A., Sandford, S., Schönbächler, M., Sierks, H., Srama, R., Stroud, R. M., Szutowicz, S., Tornow, C., Ulamec, S., Wallis, M., Waniak, W., Weissman, P., Wieler, R., Wurz, P., Yung, K. L., and Zarnecki, J. C.

Abstract

The Triple F (Fresh From the Fridge) mission, a Comet Nucleus Sample Return, has been proposed to ESA’s Cosmic Vision program. A sample return from a comet enables us to reach the ultimate goal of cometary research. Since comets are the least processed bodies in the solar system, the proposal goes far beyond cometary science topics (like the explanation of cometary activity) and delivers invaluable information about the formation of the solar system and the interstellar molecular cloud from which it formed. The proposed mission would extract three sample cores of the upper 50 cm from three locations on a cometary nucleus and return them cooled to Earth for analysis in the laboratory. The simple mission concept with a touch-and-go sampling by a single spacecraft was proposed as an M-class mission in collaboration with the Russian space agency ROSCOSMOS.

47. Triple F—a comet nucleus sample return mission

Author

Küppers, Michael, Keller, H. U., Kührt, E., A’Hearn, M. F., Altwegg, K., Bertrand, R., Busemann, H., Capria, M. T., Colangeli, L., Davidsson, B., Ehrenfreund, P., Knollenberg, J., Mottola, S., Rathke, A., Weiss, P., Zolensky, M., Akim, E., Basilevsky, A., Galimov, E., Gerasimov, M., Korablev, O., Lomakin, I., Marov, M., Martynov, M., Nazarov, M., Zakharov, A., Zelenyi, L., Aronica, A., Ball, A. J., Barbieri, C., Bar-Nun, A., Benkhoff, J., Biele, J., Biver, N., Blum, J., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Botta, O., Bredehöft, J.-H., Capaccioni, F., Charnley, S., Cloutis, E., Cottin, H., Cremonese, G., Crovisier, J., Crowther, S. A., Esposito, F., Ferrari, A. C., Ferri, F., Fulle, M., Gilmour, J., Goesmann, F., Gortsas, N., Green, S. F., Groussin, O., Grün, E., Gutiérrez, P. J., Hartogh, P., Henkel, T., Hilchenbach, M., Ho, T.-M., Horneck, G., Hviid, S. F., Ip, W.-H., Jäckel, A., Jessberger, E., Kallenbach, R., Kargl, G., Kömle, N. I., Korth, A., Kossacki, K., Krause, C., Krüger, H., Li, Z.-Y., Licandro, J., Lopez-Moreno, J. J., Lowry, S. C., Lyon, I., Magni, G., Mall, U., Mann, I., Markiewicz, W., Martins, Z., Maurette, M., Meierhenrich, U., Mennella, V., Ng, T. C., Nittler, L. R., Palumbo, P., Pätzold, M., Prialnik, D., Rengel, M., Rickman, H., Rodriguez, J., Roll, R., Rost, D., Rotundi, A., Sandford, S., Schönbächler, M., Sierks, H., Srama, R., Stroud, R. M., Szutowicz, S., Tornow, C., Ulamec, S., Wallis, M., Waniak, W., Weissman, P., Wieler, R., Wurz, P., Yung, K. L., Zarnecki, J. C., Küppers, Michael, Keller, H. U., Kührt, E., A’Hearn, M. F., Altwegg, K., Bertrand, R., Busemann, H., Capria, M. T., Colangeli, L., Davidsson, B., Ehrenfreund, P., Knollenberg, J., Mottola, S., Rathke, A., Weiss, P., Zolensky, M., Akim, E., Basilevsky, A., Galimov, E., Gerasimov, M., Korablev, O., Lomakin, I., Marov, M., Martynov, M., Nazarov, M., Zakharov, A., Zelenyi, L., Aronica, A., Ball, A. J., Barbieri, C., Bar-Nun, A., Benkhoff, J., Biele, J., Biver, N., Blum, J., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Botta, O., Bredehöft, J.-H., Capaccioni, F., Charnley, S., Cloutis, E., Cottin, H., Cremonese, G., Crovisier, J., Crowther, S. A., Esposito, F., Ferrari, A. C., Ferri, F., Fulle, M., Gilmour, J., Goesmann, F., Gortsas, N., Green, S. F., Groussin, O., Grün, E., Gutiérrez, P. J., Hartogh, P., Henkel, T., Hilchenbach, M., Ho, T.-M., Horneck, G., Hviid, S. F., Ip, W.-H., Jäckel, A., Jessberger, E., Kallenbach, R., Kargl, G., Kömle, N. I., Korth, A., Kossacki, K., Krause, C., Krüger, H., Li, Z.-Y., Licandro, J., Lopez-Moreno, J. J., Lowry, S. C., Lyon, I., Magni, G., Mall, U., Mann, I., Markiewicz, W., Martins, Z., Maurette, M., Meierhenrich, U., Mennella, V., Ng, T. C., Nittler, L. R., Palumbo, P., Pätzold, M., Prialnik, D., Rengel, M., Rickman, H., Rodriguez, J., Roll, R., Rost, D., Rotundi, A., Sandford, S., Schönbächler, M., Sierks, H., Srama, R., Stroud, R. M., Szutowicz, S., Tornow, C., Ulamec, S., Wallis, M., Waniak, W., Weissman, P., Wieler, R., Wurz, P., Yung, K. L., and Zarnecki, J. C.

Abstract

The Triple F (Fresh From the Fridge) mission, a Comet Nucleus Sample Return, has been proposed to ESA’s Cosmic Vision program. A sample return from a comet enables us to reach the ultimate goal of cometary research. Since comets are the least processed bodies in the solar system, the proposal goes far beyond cometary science topics (like the explanation of cometary activity) and delivers invaluable information about the formation of the solar system and the interstellar molecular cloud from which it formed. The proposed mission would extract three sample cores of the upper 50 cm from three locations on a cometary nucleus and return them cooled to Earth for analysis in the laboratory. The simple mission concept with a touch-and-go sampling by a single spacecraft was proposed as an M-class mission in collaboration with the Russian space agency ROSCOSMOS.

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48. Isotopic Composition of the Solar Wind Inferred from In-Situ Spacecraft Measurements

Author

Kallenbach, R., Bamert, K., Hilchenbach, M., Kallenbach, R., Bamert, K., and Hilchenbach, M.

Abstract

The Sun is the largest reservoir of matter in the solar system, which formed 4.6Gyr ago from the protosolar nebula. Data from space missions and theoretical models indicate that the solar wind carries a nearly unfractionated sample of heavy isotopes at energies of about 1keV/amu from the Sun into interplanetary space. In anticipation of results from the Genesis mission's solar-wind implanted samples, we revisit solar wind isotopic abundance data from the high-resolution CELIAS/MTOF spectrometer on board SOHO. In particular, we evaluate the isotopic abundance ratios 15N/14N, 17O/16O, and 18O/16O in the solar wind, which are reference values for isotopic fractionation processes during the formation of terrestrial planets as well as for the Galactic chemical evolution. We also give isotopic abundance ratios for He, Ne, Ar, Mg, Si, Ca, and Fe measured in situ in the solar wind

49. Liming Requirement for Nitrogen Fertilizer-Induced Soil Acidity: A New Examination of AOAC Guidelines.

Author

Chien, S. H. (Norman), Kallenbach, R. L., and Gearhart, M. M.

Subjects
LIMING of soils, NITROGEN fertilizers, NITROGEN in soils, SOIL acidity, AMMONIUM sulfate
Abstract

Liming is a routine crop management practice on many agricultural soils and is partly a consequence of soil acidification by nitrification of N fertilizers. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) in 1934 adopted soil acidification values that suggest ammonium sulfate (AS) requires three times more lime to neutralize resultant soil acidity compared to ammonium nitrate (AN) or urea. This article reports on a critical examination of the value and discusses results of laboratory and 3-year greenhouse experiments with wheat-corn-wheat-corn-wheat grown to maturity in which the liming requirement for AS compared to urea and AN was approximately 25 to 47% less than the AOAC value. This report also discusses results from field trials where soils treated with AS, urea, or AN for tall fescue growth did not significantly decrease soil pH compared to the control over a 2- to 3-year period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010

50. Optimizing irrigation and nitrogen fertilization for seed yield in western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Á. Löve] using a large multi-factorial field design.

Author

Chen Z, Liu X, Niu J, Zhou W, Zhao T, Jiang W, Cui J, Kallenbach R, and Wang Q

Subjects
Algorithms, Biomass, Models, Theoretical, Agricultural Irrigation, Crop Production, Fertilizers, Nitrogen, Seeds
Abstract

It is crucial for agricultural production to identify the trigger that switches plants from vegetative to reproductive growth. Agricultural sustainability in semiarid regions is challenged by nitrogen (N) fertilizer overuse, inadequate soil water, and heavy carbon emissions. Previous studies focused on the short-term effects of a single application of N and water but have not investigated the long-term effects of different irrigation and N fertilizer regimens on crop yields and yield components. N application is routinely coupled with water availability, and crop yields can be maximized by optimizing both. We examined the growth of western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Á. Löve], a temperate-region forage and turf grass, using multiple different combinations of N fertilizer [(NH4)2·CO3] and irrigation levels over 3 years to determine optimal field management. We conducted multifactorial, orthogonally designed field experiments with large sample sizes, and measured fertile tillers m-2 (Y1), spikelets/fertile tillers (Y2), florets/spikelet (Y3), seed numbers/spikelet (Y4), seed weight (Y5), and seed yield (Z) to study factors associated with the switch between vegetative and reproductive growth. Fertilization had a greater effect on seed yield and yield components than irrigation. Y1 had the strongest positive effect on Z, whereas Y5 had a negative effect on Z. Irrigation and fertilization affected Z, Y1, and Y5. Fertilizer concentrations were positively correlated with Z, Y1, and Y5, whereas irrigation levels were negatively correlated. The ridge regression linear model results suggested N application rate and irrigation had antagonistic effects on Y1 (X3 = 867.6-4.23×X2; R2 = 0.988, F = Infinity, P<0.0001). We conclude that the optimal amount of N fertilizer and irrigation was 156 kg ha-1 + 115 mm for seed yield, 120 kg ha-1 + 146 mm for spikelets/fertile tillers, and 108 kg ha-1 + 119 mm for seed numbers/spikelets. These results will improve yield and reduce agricultural inputs for P. smithii in semiarid and arid regions, thereby reducing fertilizer pollution and conserving water., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Published
2019
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