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Acknowledging the pivotal role of ports and dry ports in shaping a nation’s economic landscape, this study explores the economic impact of port development in East Java, specifically Bangil Dry Port in Pasuruan over at least 30 years of business operational process. This study pioneers the quantification of gross value added, investment multiplier effect, tax contribution, and Creating Shared Value (CSV) resulting from dry port investment. The method used for calculating multiplier investment is Keynesian multiplier approach and for labor absorption is Incremental Labor Output Ratio (ILOR). Field surveys were conducted to determine the condition of Bangil, and secondary data on the growth of container flows at Port of Tanjung Perak was used as a reference for growth in Bangil. Overall, these results show that Bangil Dry Port investment will generates positive impact both for government and society in general, but also the economy of East Java and Pasuruan District in particular. These results offer practical guidance for decision-makers in optimizing public funds allocation, while also laying the groundwork for future scholars to conduct comprehensive societal-scale cost-benefit analyses of strategic port investments, contributing to a deeper understanding of the economic implications.

ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer adalah sebuah bot obrolan kecerdasan buatan berupa model bahasa generatif yang menggunakan teknologi transformer untuk memprediksi probabilitas kalimat atau kata berikutnya dalam suatu percakapan ataupun perintah teks. ChatGPT dibuat menggunakan model bahasa besar (LLM) GPT-3.5 dan GPT-4 dan telah disetel (pendekatan pembelajaran transfer) menggunakan teknik pembelajaran terarah dan penguatan. ChatGPT dikembangkan oleh OpenAI yaitu sebuah laboratorium penelitian kecerdasan buatan yang berpusat di Ohio, Amerika Serikat. Model ini dapat digunakan tujuan yang beragam, seperti membuat obrolan otomatis di aplikasi percakapan, membantu dalam pembuatan konten, atau bahkan membantu dalam penerjemahan berbagai bahasa dengan tingkat akurasi yang berbeda-beda untuk tiap bahasa. ChatGPT diluncurkan sebagai prototipe pada 30 November 2022, dan cepat menarik perhatian untuk respons yang detail dan artikulasi jawaban yang baik dengan domain pengetahuan yang banyak. ChatGPT dilatih dengan menggunakan milyaran kalimat dari berbagai sumber, sehingga model ini dapat menangkap berbagai gaya bahasa dan konteks percakapan. Selain itu, ChatGPT juga dapat dioptimalkan melalui fine-tuning dengan cara menambahkan data latih yang spesifik untuk tugas tertentu, sehingga hasilnya lebih akurat. Pelatihan ini juga akan membahas tentang: pengenalan informasi revolusi industri 5.0 dengan literasi baca tulis menggunakan chat GPT kepada siswa SMK PGRI 4 Jakarta. Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PkM) yang dilakukan oleh dosen dan mahasiswa sebagai salah satu Tridharma Perguruan Tinggi.

Studies on interactions between national parks and Indigenous Peoples in Indonesia have gained much attention in recent years, which mainly examine eviction, boundary disputes, and remediation. This research focuses on changing institutions since the establishment of Kelimutu National Park, foregrounding socio-cultural and livelihood impacts over time. This study involves in-depth interviews, FGDs, and observations from April to May 2019 and revisiting in November 2021. Findings highlight changing traditional institutions (Mosalaki) uprooted by the formal National Park governing authority. Such transitions also shift governing authority over natural resources access and control in ways that negatively affect the livelihoods of the Lio people of Kelimutu.

Container Terminals in Tanjung Perak Port is a trading center in the Eastern Indonesia Region (KTI) with a total throughput of 3.6 million TEUs in 2020. The utility/level of use of terminal facilities, consisting of the pier/berth occupancy ratio (BOR), has reached 60%. The field/yard occupancy ratio (YOR) is 65%, while the maximum utility is 70% (UNCTAD). It is necessary to explore the technical efficiency of each container terminal using the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) because it can also capture the inefficiency effects. This study is built from the analysis of production factors in the period of 2009-2020, where the variables used are capital (k) using company asset data, labor variable (l) using data on the number of human resources, energy variable (e) using energy cost data (fuel oil/fuel, electricity, and water). The inefficiency variables are port draught (d) and loading and unloading productivity (p). The container terminal in Tanjung Perak has a relatively high technical efficiency value of 0.94. This shows that the terminal operation is quite optimum and is approaching the maximum point. The overall average elasticity is 2.01, which can be categorized as an increasing return to scale. The elasticity of assets has the most significant proportion, so it can be concluded that the port is capital intensive. Next, it’s found that the higher productivity 1% increase in loading and unloading productivity, the more inefficiency with a relatively minimal value of 0.11%. Finally, an increase of 1% in depth will increase efficiency by 10.89%.

Effluent from palm oil mills is one of the main sources of pollution that seriously affects the physicochemical parameters in water bodies. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a potential hazard to the general environment. Regularly monitoring effluent is important to ensure industry compliance with effluent quality limits based on national and international regulations to safeguard human life, aquatic organisms, and other living organisms. This research focused on analyzing the physicochemical parameters of wastewater palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) from palm oil mills in Rokan Hulu, Riau. The assessed physicochemical parameters included pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen, oil and fat, turbidity, and odor. The results indicated significant differences in characteristics in some of the observed parameters. Our findings were: pH (6.03−8.42); BOD (36.7−2,136.0 mg/L); COD (26.33−4,753.00 mg/L); TSS (30-5,438 mg/L); total nitrogen (361-830 mg/L); oil and fat (4−23 mg/L). The physicochemical characteristics of the effluent in the last treatment pond before being discharged through the liquid waste sewage have met the wastewater standards of the palm oil industry.

Introduction: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are artificial light sources that have been widely used in indoor farming systems. The light quality of red and blue LEDs plays a role in plant growth and diverse physiological responses. The right ratio of red and blue LEDs is expected to increase the growth, yield and physiology of Pakchoy plants. Experiments on the effect of LED light quality on growth, yield and physiology of Pakchoy plants have been carried out at the Grow Box. Methods: The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 types of LED light quality, with the ratio of Red and Blue light (R:B), namely: (R10), (B10), (R5:B5), (R3:B7) , and (R7:B3). Each treatment was repeated 3 times, so there were 15 experimental units. Parameters observed included growth, yield and physiological components related to photosynthesis, namely: plant height (cm), plant length (cm), number of leaves (plant-1), leaf area (cm2), plant fresh weight (g plants -1), content of chlorophyll a, b and total (mg g-1), leaf carotenoids content (mg g-1), chlorophyll content of SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development), and DCGI (Dark Color Green Index). Results: The light quality of monochromatic blue LEDs (B10) and the combination of red and blue (R3:B7, R5:B5 and R7:B3) significantly improves vegetative growth, chlorophyll content, carotenoids and fresh weight than monochromatic red light (R10). Monochromatic red light R10 decreased growth, chlorophyll component and yield in Pakchoy plants. Conclusion: Red and blue LEDs with a ratio of R3:B7 showed the best results on all observation parameters.

The government is required to manage the government system to achieve the state’s goals as guaranteed by the Republic of Indonesia’s constitution. The management of a government system requires fundamental changes through the Government Revolution 4.0 approach. One form of the government revolution is the District Integrated Administration Service (DIAS) in Cibitung District of Bekasi Regency. However, not all DIAS has made fundamental changes with the Government Revolution 4.0 approach. This research aimed to find out and analyze the government revolution in DIAS in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency. The study used a mixed-method between quantitative and qualitative methods. The data collection used is closed questionnaires and open questionnaires with a total sample of 49 respondents. The data analysis used is Structure Equation Model (SEM) of Lisrel and Microsoft Excel. The research found that the District Integrated Administration Service in the Government Revolution 4.0 has an average value of 6.80 for positive factors and 5.20 for negative factors. The results are due to weaknesses, namely recurring problems, system failures, complaints, and delays in service. Moreover, the government revolution had a positive impact of 74.83% and a negative impact of 25.17%, hence categorized as “good”. The study concludes that the District Integrated Administration Service acquire the category of “not yet star service”, thus requires a solution for weakness factors.

Thirteen years ago, PAYOPAYO Peasant School Network, an Indonesian community organizing network based in Sulawesi, facilitated Participatory Action Research (PAR) that eventually culminated in a creation of a common resource management regime around an irrigation system for agricultural use in Tompobulu, a village within a national park in upland South Sulawesi. This note from the field presents a reflection on collective action experiences of a community in building the commons in 2008 to 2009, and revisits the extent to which the commons has been managed, how management regimes changed over time, and how it survives as a commons today. The initial factors allowing for establishment of the commons, understood here as a social practice toward common goals, were a shared need for water (local needs & conditions), and the success to make use of the irrigation commons as a means to initiate other collective actions. Drawing from concerted engagement and analysis conducted in 2021, this note revisits the key factors and highlights different ways the commons continues to persist, namely due to the distinct benefits felt by participants, the existence of institutions that regulate the use and maintenance of the commons, the existence of a monitoring system among members, participation of members in formulating and modifying the rules, and the recognition of National Park authorities on the commons and its rules.

Land use conflict's visibility assessments are often reserved to descriptive reports in their measurement of a conflict depth. The existing literature has limited the ability to measure the degree of the conflict visibility. In light of this deficiency, we establish a technique to measure the degree of both latent and manifest conflicts using the actor-centered framing. This heuristics approach is focused on the gradation of interaction between conflicted actors by juxtaposing state and local community actors in defending their interest. We measure how state actors deploy policy instruments, mobilizing resources and interventions, and vice versa observing local actors that seek to internalize their issues and interests and getting public attention by building alliances and advocacy. This paper proposes a novel framework for exploring what is implied by latent and manifest tensions between local community and land use government institutions in greater depth. Practitioners will be able to get a better understanding of the conflict visibility, and to develop suitable intervention in conflict in order to reach a manageable situation. This paper also generates possible hypotheses for future research by examining how actors develop and utilize policy instruments for their interest in managing land use conflict.• Juxtaposing powerless and dominant actors.• The gradation points of latent and manifest in conflict visibility continuum.• Actors’ tendencies toward the conflict

This article describes the ways in which the Nuri Talaud, a small colorful bird located on an island at the northern reaches of Indonesia, first became a hunted commodity and evolved into a thriving protected species. Told from the life history of Om Zaka, a local hunter turned bird conservationist, this article describes the background that shaped the shifting values placed on the Nuri Talaud. The bird initially gained value as a symbol of the state through its selection for inclusion in Indonesia’s national theme park. As a result of its newfound prominence, local hunters emerged to systematically hunt the bird for sale through a network of international species trade. Nearly facing extinction, various actors and initiatives came together to protect the Nuri Talaud. This paper shows the ways in which a species can be targeted to almost extinction, and the processes that can take shape to ensure its protection.

This study explains how kewang, a traditional institution that deals with social affairs and natural resource management, maintains traditional ecological knowledge and practices in Maluku. This study focuses on two comparative villages (negeri): Haruku and South Buano. The study adopts a historically situated new institutionalism approach to analyzing the dynamic developments of kewang and how it affects community members in the context of conservation and natural resource management of the petuanan customary areas of the two negeri. By examining institutional change including history, ideology, organization and authority of kewang with other institutional forms such as soa, government, church, and NGOs the study shows the path-dependence of the two respective kewangs. In Haruku, the kewang has long stayed intact because the institution is still practiced as a cultural principle, maintaining itself through the tradition-based leadership succession mechanisms and by continuing to carry out its functions, as well as pursuing innovations within kewang education for future generations. In South Buano however, due to the long absence of a kewang, efforts at revival show the strong influence of rational choice thinking principles, dependent on the formal authority of the negeri government. The study concludes that historical junctures shape the role and authority of kewangs in performing natural resource functions, and which can have longnstanding generational impacts on conservation possibilities. Meanwhile, kewang also rely on both its continued endogenous acceptance among local community members, and depend on its relations with other key institutions in society.

The main objective of this research is to study the chances and obstacles of bilateral trade of China and Indonesia by using the Autoregressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) model approach. The time series data is used to estimate and evaluate empirical results based on annual data from 1987 to 2014. This is also to test the chances and obstacles of bilateral trade between Indonesia and China. The results show those market size and currency exchange rates are bilateral trade opportunities of Indonesia – China where the factors have significant influence in bilateral trade between Indonesia and China.

Permintaan (demand) energi di Indonesia cenderung meningkat pesat sejalan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pertambahan penduduk. Sebagian besar kebutuhan tenaga listrik di Indonesia masih dipasok dari pembangkit listrik berbahan bakar fosil (tidak dapat diperbaharui), perlu pemanfaatan energi terbarukan sebagai solusi memenuhi kebutuhan listrik nasional, salah satunya PLTAL (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Arus Laut). Pada penelitian ini dilakukan studi desain dan analisa pemilihan turbin untuk PLTAL dengan membandingkan kelebihan dan kekurangan turbin jenis H-Rotor dengan beberapa variasi. Penelitian ini memvariasikan jumlah blade dan sudut serang blade dengan kecepatan arus laut masing-masing 2,5 m/detik, 2,75 m/detik dan 3,1 m/detik. Turbin yang digunakan adalah turbin dengan profil foil NACA 0015, panjang span 1600 mm, diameter turbin 1600 mm dan panjang chord turbin 300 mm. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode CFD dan perhitungan menngunakan empiris. Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh turbin yang paling optimum untuk digunakan pada pembangkit listrik tenaga arus ialah turbin H-Rotor dengan jumlah blade 4 yang memiliki sudut serang 50. Nilai Output yang dimiliki sebesar 8,024 kW (pada 2,5 m/s), 10,632 kW (pada 2,75 m/s), dan 15,142 kW (pada 3,1 m/s). Nilai Cp (Power Coeffcient) terbesar tiap kecepatan arus laut dimiliki oleh turbin dengan variasi jumlah blade 3 buah dengan sudut serang 5° sebesar 0,273 (pada 2,5 m/s), 0,271 (pada 2,75 m/s), dan 0,270 (pada 3,1 m/s). Sedangkan nilai Efisiensi (%) terkecil tiap kecepatan inlet dimiliki oleh turbin dengan variasi jumlah blade 2 buah dengan sudut serang 0° sebesar 12,4 % (pada 2,5 m/s), 12,237 % (pada 2,75 m/s), dan 12,04 % (pada 3,1 m/s).

The objective of this research was to analyze the value chain and efficiency of gedong gincu mango agribusiness in Majalengka Regency. The data collection was conducted by interview techniques, using questionnaire. The samples of this study were: 88 farmers gedong gincu mango taken by using proportional random sampling, 28 sellers taken by snowball sampling, consisted of 15 local collectors, 3 big traders and 10 retailers. Value chain was analyzed using R/C ratio. Marketing efficiency was analyzed by calculating the marketing margin, profit margin, farmer's share and marketing efficiency. The results showed that R/C ratio of farmers, small collectors, big collectors and retailers were >1. Highest profit level was achieved by farmers. Based on marketing margins, farmer's share and marketing efficiency, all marketing channels were categorized as efficient.

This research was aimed to determine growth and production of two different growth types of soybean (Glycine max L.) influenced by salinity stress at various levels. This research used Factorial Design based on Completely Randomized Design 2x4 with ten replications. Two soybean growth types were used as the first factor (G1 = Determinate ; G2 = Indeterminate). The second factor was the various levels of soil salinity (S0 = 0.42 dS∙m-1; S1 = 2.93 dS∙m-1; S2 = 4.74 dS∙m-1; S3 = 6.03 dS∙m-1). Data were subjected to analysis of variance and tested further using Tukey’s Honestly Significant Differences (HSD). Parameters observed were plant height (cm), shoot weight (g), shoot dry weight (g), root length (cm), root weight (g), root dry weight (g), and total pod number. Results showed that indeterminate soybean is the best growth type to be planted in salinity stress based on plant height, shoot weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root weight, root dry weight, and total pod number, significantly different from determinate soybean. Salinity stress under 2.93 dS∙m-1 had the better results in plant height, root weight, and root dry weight.

Background The gross domestic product (GDP) of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states can be used to determine their overall economic growth. In order to increase GDP, all emerging nations in Southeast Asia are stating to depend on foreign direct investment (FDI), the tourism industry, international visitors visiting ASEAN member nations banking credit, and low inflation rates. High inflation is a problem that developed and developing countries will definitely face. One of the problems faced by ASEAN member countries is that most of the member countries are in the developing country category. For ASEAN member countries, high inflation levels will encourage economic instability. GDP is less than optimal because of these classic problems in developing countries so that economic growth is not as planned. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), which ASEAN established, is seen as a way to reduce unemployment, alleviate poverty by boosting the travel and tourism industry and increasing investment, as well as to offer or distribute credit to businesses at low interest rates in order to boost GDP. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze how the GDP of ASEAN member nations is affected by FDI, foreign visitors, bank credit, and inflation. s: We analyzed panel data for seven ASEAN members from 2002 to 2020. FDI, foreign tourists, banking credit, and inflation are the research factors examined as independent variables that have an impact on GDP, the dependent variable. Results The study’s findings indicate that while inflation has a large negative impact on GDP, FDI, foreign tourism, and bank credit have a considerable positive impact on GDP. Conclusions FDI, foreign tourists, bank credit, and inflation have a significant influence on GDP in ASEAN member countries.

The research was conducted to evaluate the effect of mulch and mixed cropping grass – legume at saline soil on growth, forage yield and nutritional quality of guinea grass. Saline soil used in this research was classified into strongly saline soil with low soil fertility. The research was arrranged in randomized complete block design with 3 blocks. The treatments were : M1 = guinea grass monoculture, without mulch; M2 = guinea grass monoculture, 3 ton/ha mulch; M3 = guinea grass monoculture, 6 ton/ha mulch, M4 = mixed cropping grass with Sesbania grandiflora, without mulch; M5 = mixed cropping grass with Sesbania grandiflora, 3 ton/ha mulch; M6 = mixed cropping grass with Sesbania grandiflora, 6 ton/ha mulch. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, then followed by Duncans Multiple Range Test. The highest soil moisture content was achieved at mixed cropping grass-legume with 6 ton/ha of mulch. The effect of mulch at saline soil significantly increased plant growth, forage yield and nutritional quality of guinea grass. Application of 3 ton/ha mulch increased plant growth, forage yield and nutritional quality of guinea grass. Plant growth, forage yield and nutritional quality of guinea grass were not affected by monoculture or mixed cropping with Sesbania at saline soil.

Peralihan fungsi lahan pertanian menjadi wilayah pemukimam dan industri menyebabkan semakinberkurangnya lahan pertanian.Hal tersebut menyebabkan pengembangan pertanian perlu diarahkan padalahan-lahan marginal seperti tanah salin.Tanah salin adalah tanah yang mengandung garam terlarut netraldalam jumlah tertentu yang berpengaruh buruk terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman.Penelitian yangdilaksanakan bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh perbaikan tanah salin secara kimia dan biologi terhadap karakterfisiologis Calopogonium mucunoides. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3ulangan. Perbaikan tanah salin dilakukan melalui penambahan gipsum (P1), pupuk kandang (P2), abu sekampadi (P3), tanaman halofita (P4), gipsum dan pupuk kandang (P5), gipsum dan abu sekam padi (P6), gipsumdantanamanhalofita (P7), pupuk kandang dan abu sekam padi (P8), pupuk kandang dan tanaman halofita(P9), abusekam padi dan tanaman halofita (P10) dan tanpa penambahan sebagai kontrol (P0). Parameter yangdiamati adalah kandungan klorofil a, kandungan klorofil b, kandungan total klorofil, aktivitas nitrat reduktase,luas daun dan laju fotosintesis.Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan sidik ragam dan uji lanjut dengan ujiwilayah ganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kandungan klorofil a, klorofil b, total klorofil, aktivitasnitrat reduktase dan laju fotosintesis calopo berbeda nyata (P

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as one of legume forage crops for ruminant livestock is very sensitive to the phosphorus deficiency. Phosphorus fertilizers have been used widely to overcome those problem. However, the high cost of superphosphate (SP) is now focusing attention on cheaper rock phosphate (RP) fertilizer. A field experiment was conducted on a latosolic soil (low pH, and low available Bray II extractable P). The objective of the research is to evaluate the effect of phosphorus fertilizer from difference sources on dry matter production, and in vitro dry matter digestibility of alfalfa. Completely randomized block design with 7 treatments in 3 replicates was used in this field experiment. The treatments were T0 (control), T1 (SP, 100 kg P2O5/ha), T2 (SP, 200 kg P2O5/ha), T3 (SP, 300 kg P2O5/ha), T4 (RP, 100 kg P2O5/ha), T5 (RP, 200 kg P2O5/ha), T6 (RP, 300 kg P2O5/ha). Size of each plot was 2 m x 2 m, and fertilized with P fertilizer (SP, RP) according to the assigned treatment. All plot received basal fertilizer of urea (50 kg N/ha), KCl (100 kg K2O/ha) and poultry manure (2 ton/ha). Medicago sativa was defoliated on 12 weeks after planting and analyzed for dry matter (DM) production and in vitro DM digestibility. Result showed that DM production significantly influenced by the treatments. Superphosphate fertilization resulted DM production significantly higher compared to control and RP, except on RP 300 kg P2O5/ha was non-significant difference. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of alfalfa was not affected by the treatment. There was non-significant difference in IVDMD between the treatments. Therefore, RP (300 kg P2O5/ha) could replace SP to increased DM production and not affected for IVDMD of Medicago sativa in acid latosolic soil.

This research was purposed to determine the effective dose of meniran and garlic flour in feed by repelleting method for preventive and curative efficacy to the infection of Aeromonas hydrophila in catfish. The treatment tested were eight different dosages of garlic and meniran meals (2:1). Those four dosage used to preventive treatment namely A (0.1%), B (1.1%), C (2.1%), and D (3.1%), the other four used to curative treatment namely E (0.2%), F (2.2%), G (4.2%), and H (6.2%). The preventive treatments were given for two weeks before challenging test. The curative treatment was performed on 2nd–8th day after challenging test. Challenging test was carried out by intramuscularly injecting of 0.1 mL A. hydrophila (108cfu/mL) into the fish. Parameters observed were feeding response, growth rate, survival rate, clinical symptoms, wound healing, and organs morphology. The result showed that the survival rate of preventive treatment was 40±40% for A and B, 60±20% for C, and 20±20% for D. The survival rate of curative treatment was 33.33±11.55% for E, 46.67±11.55% for F, 33.33±11.55% for G, and 26.67±11.55% for H. The results indicated that the preventive treatment was more effective than the curative treatment, presumably because the immunostimulatory activities on preventive was better than curative. Keywords: garlic, meniran, repelleting, Aeromonas hydrophila, catfish

Background The gross domestic product (GDP) of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states can be used to determine their overall economic growth. In order to increase GDP, all emerging nations in Southeast Asia are stating to depend on foreign direct investment (FDI), the tourism industry, international visitors visiting ASEAN member nations banking credit, and low inflation rates. High inflation is a problem that developed and developing countries will definitely face. One of the problems faced by ASEAN member countries is that most of the member countries are in the developing country category. For ASEAN member countries, high inflation levels will encourage economic instability. GDP is less than optimal because of these classic problems in developing countries so that economic growth is not as planned. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), which ASEAN established, is seen as a way to reduce unemployment, alleviate poverty by boosting the travel and tourism industry and increasing investment, as well as to offer or distribute credit to businesses at low interest rates in order to boost GDP. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze how the GDP of ASEAN member nations is affected by FDI, foreign visitors, bank credit, and inflation. s: We analyzed panel data for seven ASEAN members from 2002 to 2020. FDI, foreign tourists, banking credit, and inflation are the research factors examined as independent variables that have an impact on GDP, the dependent variable. Results The study’s findings indicate that while inflation has a large negative impact on GDP, FDI, foreign tourism, and bank credit have a considerable positive impact on GDP. Conclusions FDI, foreign tourists, bank credit, and inflation have a significant influence on GDP in ASEAN member countries.

BackgroundFindings have been mixed as to whether brief intervention (BI) is appropriate and effective for individuals with more severe alcohol use problems. Motivation to change drinking has been supported as a mechanism of behavior change for BI. This exploratory study examined aspects of motivation as mechanisms of clinical response to BI and alcohol problem severity as a moderator of treatment effects.MethodsNon-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers (average age = 35 years; 57% male) were randomized to receive BI (n = 27) or attention-matched control (n = 24). Three indices of motivation to change were assessed at baseline and post-intervention: importance, confidence, and readiness. Moderated mediation analyses were implemented with treatment condition as the focal predictor, changes in motivation as mediator, 1-month follow-up drinks per day as the outcome, and an alcohol severity factor as second-stage moderator.ResultsAnalysis of importance displayed a significant effect of intervention condition on importance (p

IntroductionPrevious studies have highlighted a strong bidirectional relationship between cigarette and alcohol consumption. To advance our understanding of this relationship the present study uses a behavioral economic approach in a community sample (N = 383) of nontreatment seeking heavy drinking smokers.Aims and methodsThe aims were to examine same-substance and cross-substance relationships between alcohol and cigarette use, and latent factors of demand. A community sample of nontreatment seeking heavy drinking smokers completed an in-person assessment battery including measures of alcohol and tobacco use as well as the Cigarette Purchase Task and the Alcohol Purchase Task. Latent factors of demand were derived from these hypothetical purchase tasks.ResultsResults revealed a positive correlation between paired alcohol and cigarette demand indices (eg, correlation between alcohol intensity and cigarette intensity) (rs = 0.18-0.46, p ≤ .003). Over and above alcohol factors, cigarette use variables (eg, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and cigarettes per smoking day) significantly predicted an additional 4.5% (p < .01) of the variance in Persistence values but not Amplitude values for alcohol. Over and above cigarette factors, alcohol use variables predicted cigarette Persistence values (ΔR2 = .013, p = .05), however, did not predict Amplitude values.ConclusionsThese results advance our understanding of the overlap between cigarette and alcohol by demonstrating that involvement with one substance was associated with demand for the other substance. This asymmetric profile-from smoking to alcohol demand, but not vice versa-suggests that it is not simply tapping into a generally higher reward sensitivity and warrants further investigation.ImplicationsTo our knowledge, no study to date has examined alcohol and cigarette demand, via hypothetical purchase tasks, in a clinical sample of heavy drinking smokers. This study demonstrates that behavioral economic indices may be sensitive to cross-substance relationships and specifically that such relationships are asymmetrically stronger for smoking variables affecting alcohol demand, not the other way around.

AIMS: To test the efficacy of a brief intervention to reduce alcohol or drug use and to promote use of addiction services among patients seeking mental health treatment. DESIGN AND SETTING: A multi-centre, longitudinal, two-group randomized controlled trial with randomization within each of two mental health treatment systems located in Ventura County and Los Angeles County in California, USA. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 718 patients (49.2% female) aged 18 and older with a mental health diagnosis and either a heavy drinking day or any use of cannabis or stimulants in the past 90 days. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: A motivation-based brief intervention with personalized feedback (screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) condition) (n = 354) or a health education session (control condition) (n = 364). MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes included frequency of heavy drinking days, days of cannabis use and days of stimulant use at the primary end-point 3 months post-baseline. Secondary outcomes included frequency and abstinence from substance use out to a 12-month follow-up and the use of addiction treatment services. FINDINGS: Participants in the SBIRT condition had fewer heavy drinking days [odds ratio (OR) = 0.53; 95% credible interval (CrI) = 0.48-0.6] and fewer days of stimulant use (OR = 0.58; 95% CrI = 0.50-0.66) at the 3-month follow-up compared with participants in the health education condition. Participants in the SBIRT condition did not comparatively reduce days of cannabis use at the 3-month follow-up (OR = 0.93; 95% CrI = 0.85-1.01). Secondary outcomes indicated sustained effects of SBIRT on reducing the frequency of heavy drinking days and days of stimulant use. No effects were observed on abstinence rates or use of addiction treatment services. CONCLUSIONS: Screening and brief intervention for unhealthy alcohol and drug use in mental health treatment settings were effective at reducing the frequency of heavy drinking and stimulant use.

Online courses provide flexibility and convenience for students and have become very popular in recent years. With the advance of technology and change of habits for the uses of traditional communication tools among students, there is a need for educators to explore effective ways to communicate with students that fit their social-media life styles. Two communication tools--web-based text messaging via cellular phone and real-time webinar software--were implemented in a fully online preparatory chemistry course with a full-time working student body. The text messaging system allows the instructor to send short text messages directly to all students' cellular phones while keeping the students' phone numbers anonymous. Important announcements and information were texted to the students' phone number throughout the course. In addition, the instructor conducted individual appointments with each student via webinar software. The number of students who contacted the instructor for course-related inquiries increased 25% after the webinars and 96% of the students turned in all the assignments on time. With the implementation of these two communication tools, the drop-out rate of the course was decreased by 42%. It was concluded that these tools enhanced student engagement and increased the retention rate.

This study examines associations between two measures of impulsivity and brain response to alcohol taste cues. Impulsivity is both a risk factor for and a consequence of alcohol use and misuse. Frontostriatal circuits are linked to both impulsivity and addiction-related behaviors, including response to alcohol cues. Non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers (n = 55) completed (i) an fMRI alcohol taste cue-reactivity paradigm; (ii) the monetary choice questionnaire (MCQ), a measure of choice impulsivity where participants choose between smaller, sooner rewards and larger, delayed rewards; (iii) and the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, a self-report measure assessing five impulsivity factors. General linear models identified associations between neural alcohol taste cue-reactivity and impulsivity, adjusting for age, gender, and smoking status. Self-reported sensation seeking was positively associated with alcohol taste cue-elicited activation in frontostriatal regions, such that individuals who reported higher sensation seeking displayed greater neural response to alcohol taste cues. Conversely, delay discounting was negatively associated with activation in frontoparietal regions, such that individuals who reported greater discounting showed less cue-elicited activation. There were no significant associations between other self-reported impulsivity subscales and alcohol taste cue-reactivity. These results indicate that sensation seeking is associated with reward responsivity, while delay discounting is associated with recruitment of self-control circuitry.

BACKGROUND:Brief interventions have empirical support for acutely reducing alcohol use among non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers. Neuroimaging techniques allow for the examination of the neurobiological effect of behavioral interventions, probing brain systems putatively involved in clinical response to treatment. Few studies have prospectively evaluated whether psychosocial interventions attenuate neural cue reactivity that in turn reduces drinking in the same population. This study aimed to examine the effect of a brief intervention on drinking outcomes, neural alcohol cue reactivity, and the ability of neural alcohol cue reactivity to prospectively predict drinking outcomes. METHODS:Non-treatment-seeking heavy drinking participants were randomized to receive a brief interview intervention (n = 22) or an attention-matched control (n = 24). Immediately following the intervention or control, participants underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan comprised of the alcohol taste cues paradigm. Four weeks after the intervention (or control), participants completed a follow-up visit to report on their past-month drinking. Baseline and follow-up percent heavy drinking days (PHDD) were calculated for each participant. RESULTS:There was no significant effect of the brief intervention on PHDD at follow-up or on modulating neural activation to alcohol relative to water taste cues. There was a significant association between neural response to alcohol taste cues and PHDD across groups (Z > 2.3, p

Background: Brief interventions represent a promising psychological intervention targeting individuals with heavy alcohol use. Motivation to change represents an individual's openness to engage in a behavior change strategy and is thought to be a crucial component of brief interventions. Neuroimaging techniques provide a translational tool to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying potential mediators of treatment response, including motivation to change. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of a brief intervention on motivation to change drinking behavior and neural alcohol taste cue reactivity. Methods: Non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers were randomized to receive a brief drinking intervention (n = 22) or an attention-matched control (n = 24). Three indices of motivation to change were assessed at baseline and after the intervention or control session: importance, confidence, and readiness. Immediately following the intervention or control session, participants also underwent an functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed an alcohol taste cues paradigm. Results: There was a significant effect of the brief intervention on increasing ratings of importance of changing drinking behavior, but not on ratings of confidence or readiness to change. Ratings of importance after the intervention or control session were associated with neural alcohol taste cue reactivity, but notably, this effect was only significant for participants who received the intervention. Individuals in the intervention condition showed a positive association between ratings of importance and activation in the precuneus, posterior cingulate, and insula. Conclusions: The brief drinking intervention was successful at improving one dimension of motivation to change among non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers. The brief intervention moderated the relationship between ratings of importance and brain activation in circuitry associated with interoceptive awareness and self-reflection. Together, findings represent an initial step toward understanding the neurobiological mechanisms through which a brief intervention may improve motivation to change.

This study developed and then tested the feasibility, acceptability and initial efficacy of a 3-session, culturally adapted, intervention combining motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and strengths-based case management (SBCM) delivered by promotoras in Spanish to reduce heavy drinking among male, Latino day laborers. A pilot two-group randomized trial (N=29) was conducted to evaluate the initial efficacy of MET/SBCM compared to brief feedback (BF). Alcohol-related measures were assessed at 6, 12 and 18weeks after baseline. Most intervention group participants (12/14) attended all counseling sessions and most participants (25/29) remained in the study at 18weeks. Alcohol related measures improved in both groups over time with no statistically significant differences observed at any of the time points. However the comparative effect size of MET/SBCM on weekly drinking was in the large range at 6-weeks and in the moderate range at 12-weeks. Post hoc analyses identified a statistically significant reduction in number of drinks over time for participants in the intervention group but not for control group participants. Despite the extreme vulnerability of the population, most participants completed all sessions of MET/SBCM and reported high satisfaction with the intervention. We feel our community partnership facilitated these successes. Additional studies of community-partnered and culturally adapted interventions are needed to reduce heavy drinking among the growing population of Latinos in the U.S.

ObjectiveTo examine associations of alcohol and tobacco use disorders and psychiatric conditions among older U.S. adults.MethodsSample was individuals aged at least 65 years (N = 8,205) who participated in the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Measurements included lifetime and past 12-month Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition alcohol use disorders (AUDs), tobacco use disorders (TUDs), and psychiatric conditions.ResultsAmong older adults, prevalence of lifetime and past 12-month AUDs were 16.1% and 1.5% and lifetime and past 12-month TUDs were 8.7% and 4.0%, respectively. Lifetime TUD was associated with increased odds of both lifetime (odds ratio [OR]: 4.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.30-5.26) and past 12-month (OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.50-4.24) AUDs, and lifetime AUD was associated with increased odds of both lifetime (OR: 4.13; 95% CI: 3.28-5.210 and past 12-month (OR: 3.51; 95% CI: 2.47-4.96) TUDs. Any lifetime mood, anxiety, or personality disorder among older adults was associated with increased odds of lifetime AUD and TUD, any lifetime mood disorder was associated with increased odds of past 12-month AUD and TUD, and any personality disorder was associated with past 12-month TUD.ConclusionThere is a strong association between AUD and TUD among older U.S. adults as well as associations between AUD and TUD with mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. Understanding the psychiatric conditions associated with AUDs and TUDs, especially past 12-month use disorders involving alcohol or tobacco, will enable healthcare providers to target screening and be more aware of symptoms and signs of potential AUDs and TUDs among those at higher risk.