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This paper proposes a diamond‐shaped high step‐up switched‐capacitor based basic multilevel inverter topology. The basic switched‐capacitor (SC) stage consists of 2 active switches, 2 diodes, and 2 capacitors. Using a single DC source with the unfolding circuit (10 switches, 5 capacitors, and 5 diodes) results in the production of 17 voltage‐steps at the output with the gain of up to 8 times of the input voltage. By extending the diamond‐shaped switched‐capacitor stages, higher voltage levels and voltage gains can be possible. The suggested topology employs two half‐bridges (instead of a full‐bridge) to produce positive, zero, and negative steps, which reduces the Voltage Stress (VS) on two output switches and consequently reduces Total Voltage Stress (TVS). In addition, the natural voltage balancing of capacitors eliminates the need to an additional control circuitry and consequently reduces the total converter size, complexity, and cost. In addition, modularity, scalability, low voltage ripple on capacitors, low total voltage stress, high power quality, and capability of supplying low/medium power factor (R‐L) loads are some of the merits of the proposed topology. The low Cost Function (CF) obtained in the comparison section as well as experimental results verifies the advantages of the proposed topology.

In this paper, a developed structure is proposed for high step-up nonisolated noncoupled inductor based multiport dc–dc converters. The voltage gain per number of devices of the proposed topology is higher than that of similar topologies. This means that, by using the same number of devices, the proposed topology can generate higher gains than other structures. In other words, the proposed topology utilizes less number of devices for producing the same voltage gain, which leads to less total cost, size, weight, and complexity. Despite high voltage gain, the normalized peak inverse voltage (NPIV) on switches/diodes is low. Higher number of input ports leads to higher gains and lower NPIVs on devices. The load energy can be absorbed and stored in first input unit. Modularity, simple structure, continuous input currents, and low input current ripple are the other profits of proposed topology. Low/medium power applications are suggested for the proposed structure. Proposed topology has been explained and operational modes along with steady-state analysis have been discussed. For better verification, the proposed topology has been compared with several multiport high gain converters. Comparison results confirm the advantages of the proposed topology. Finally, the proper performance of the proposed topology has been validated by experimental results.

This study proposes a modular high voltage gain structure for non-isolated non-coupled inductor based multi-input (NINCIBMI) dc-dc converters. Proposed topology can produce higher voltage gains per number of components (switch, diode, capacitor and inductor) than other NINCIBMI topologies. In other words, the proposed topology uses less number of components for achieving the same voltage gain. This property can lead to reduced cost, size, weight and complexity of topology. Also, proposed topology benefits from continuous input current. Despite the high voltage gain of proposed topology, it has considerably low normalised voltage stress (NVS) on its switches/diodes. Another important advantage of proposed topology is that, as the number of input units increase, the voltage gain increases too, but the NVS on switches/diodes decreases. The proposed topology is suggested for low and medium power applications. The 2-input version of proposed topology has been studied in detail and different operational modes and steady-state analyses have been presented. For a better evaluation, proposed topology has been compared with recently presented novel multi-input high step-up structures. The 2-input version has also been experimentally implemented. Obtained results confirm appropriate performance of proposed topology.

This study proposes an improved non-isolated single-inductor multiple-input buck DC–DC converter, with reduced number of components. Less component count can reduce the size, mass and cost of converter. Simultaneous or independent power transfer capability has been provided for input sources. The bidirectional power flow capability has also been provided through usage of a battery without any additional switches. This makes the topology very suitable for hybrid energy systems or hybrid electric vehicle/electric vehicle applications. Different operational modes of proposed topology have been presented. Then, a generalised relationship has been proposed for calculation of critical inductance (as an important design parameter) of proposed n-input buck topology. To make a better judgement, the proposed topology has been compared with recently presented novel topologies. Also, a simple proportional–integral based controller has been applied to regulate output voltage and assign the portion of power that each input source should provide. To confirm the validity of proposed topology and theoretical concepts, the three-input version has been modelled and simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC software and implemented experimentally. Simulation and experimental results validate proper performance of proposed topology.

This study investigates a multiple input buck dc–dc converter. Different operational modes of the converter for two-, three- and four-input sources are studied then, for each item the relation of critical inductance between continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode is calculated. Finally, a generalised relationship is proposed for calculation of critical inductance of n-input topology, which is true for any number of input sources. Experimental and simulation results in power systems computer-aided design/EMTDC are presented to validate the theoretical concepts and proposed generalised relation of converter critical inductance.

Selection of higher values for Degree of Hybridization (DOH) increases the fuel economy and reduces the emissions in the Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). Previously presented methodologies for deciding about the number of battery modules (as an important factor influencing the vehicle performance), presents poor vehicle performance for higher DOHs. In this paper, a new technique has been proposed for deciding about the number of battery modules in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), by which the high performance of the vehicle is guaranteed for higher DOHs. The proposed methodology is based on satisfying two key designing factors: Maximum charge and discharge capability and satisfaction of the PNGV criteria. The proposed methodology, allows us to choose higher DOHs in HEVs, which leads to lower emissions and higher levels of fuel economy. To evaluate efficiency of proposed methodology, it has been applied on model of a test parallel passenger hybrid car available in the ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR) software. The obtained results have been compared with that of formerly presented techniques. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of proposed methodology.

A 15-level flying capacitor multi-cell based inverter with new control method is proposed. The main benefit of this topology is minimising the number of components (switches, insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBTs), diodes, flying capacitors and DC sources with minimum variety number) that are used for producing the same number of output voltage levels. The proposed novel control strategy is capable of regulating voltage of flying capacitors on desired values, which results in increased number of output voltage levels. Another feature of the proposed control strategy is robustness against the load changes. Moreover, a new algorithm is presented for determining the voltage rating of flying capacitors. Simulations carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC software package and the experimental data were validated against numerical results.

In this paper, a simple but efficient Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) II based technique is proposed for optimizing the Degree of Hybridization (DOH) in parallel passenger hybrid cars. The authors' objective is to improve performance, maximize fuel economy and at the same time, minimize mass and emissions as much as possible, by optimal selection of DOH. The NSGA-II, which is a multi-objective optimization algorithm, is applied to optimize this multiple objective problem. The ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR) software is used as simulation tool. To validate high efficiency of proposed methodology, necessary simulations have been carried out on a small-size test car. The results indicates that the proposed methodology is very fast and efficient and can be well applied to any other types of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)., U radu je predložena jednostavna i efikasna metoda zasnovana na nedominirano-sortirajućem genetičkom algoritmu (NSGA) II u svrhu optimiranja stupnja hibridizacije (DOH) u paralelnim putničkim hibridnim automobilima. Cilj je unaprijediti performanse, maksimizirati ekonomičnost goriva te istovremeno minimizirati emisiju koliko god je moguće uz optimalni odabir DOH. NSGA-II algoritam, koji spada u višekriterijske optimizacijske algoritme, korišten je za optimiranje problema s više ciljeva. Napredni simulator vozila (ADVISOR softver) korišten je kao simulacijski alat. Simulacije su provedene na umanjenom testnom vozilu kako bi se validirala visoka efikasnost predložene metodologije. Rezultati ukazuju da je predložena metoda vrlo brza i efikasna te ju je moguće primijeniti i na bilo koji drugi tip hibridnog električnog vozila (HEV).

In this paper, a new Genetic Algorithm (GA) based methodology is proposed to optimize the Degree of Hybridization (DOH) in a passenger parallel hybrid car. At first step, target parameters for the vehicle are decided and then using ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR) software, the variation pattern of these target parameters, across the different DOHs, is extracted. At the next step, a suitable cost function is defined and is optimized using GA. In this paper, also a new technique has been proposed for deciding the number of battery modules for each DOH, which leads to a great improvement in the vehicle performance. The proposed methodology is so simple, fast and at the same time, so efficient., {"references":["I. J. Albert, E. Kahrimanovic, and A. Emadi, \"Disel Sport Utility\nVehicles With Hybrid Electric Drive Trains,\" Vhicular Technology,\nIEEE Transactions on., vol. 53, No. 4 pp. 1247-1256, July 2004.","S. M. Lukic and A. Emadi, \"Effects of Drivetrain Hybridization on Fuel\nEconomy and Dynamic Performance of Parallel Hybrid Electric\nVehicles,\" Vhicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on., vol. 53, No. 2\npp. 385-389, March 2004.","B. M. Baumann, G. Washington, B. C. Glenn and G. Rizzoni,\n\"Mechatronic Design and Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles,\"\nMechatronics, IEEE/ASME Transactions on, vol. 5, No. 1 pp. 58-72,\nMarch 2000.","D. Buecherl, I. Bolvashenkov and H. -G. Herzog, \"Verification of the\nOptimum Hybridization Factor as Design Parameter of Hybrid Electric\nVehicles,\" Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2009. VPPC-09.\nIEEE, pp. 847-851.","C. Holder and J. Gover, \"Optimizing the Hybridization Factor for a\nParallel Hybrid Electric Small Car,\" Vehicle Power and Propulsion\nConference, 2006. VPPC'06. IEEE, pp. 1-5.","D.E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization & Machine\nLearning, Addison Wesley, 1989.","www.pngv.org"]}