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DNA replication is essential to successful cell proliferation. Inheritance of traits during cell propagation relies on the accurate duplication of the parental double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) to form two identical daughter copies. This process is carried out by a multi-protein complex referred to as the replisome. Decades of investigations using the model Escherichia coli (E. coli) replisome have provided an overall picture of the process of DNA replication initiation, elongation and termination. However, DNA replication in cells occurs on template DNA coated in DNA-binding proteins that can act as roadblocks and stall the replisome, often resulting in drastic effects on the chromosome. However, the fate of the replisome at these sites remains poorly understood. Stalled DNA replication has been linked to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in prokaryotes, and the development of severe physical disorders and diseases in eukaryotes. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of stalled DNA replication can inform future investigations into the maintenance of genome integrity. This thesis focuses on the development and use of single-molecule tools to investigate stalled replication and the resolution of protein roadblocks. Single-molecule tools provide the ability to watch one molecule at a time. Extensive use of these techniques has revealed the heterogeneity that exists within complex biological pathways. Specifically, this thesis highlights the myriad of previously unknown behaviors of proteins on DNA as revealed by single-molecule tools.

This paper examines the interconnections between gender, class, food security, sustainable food waste, and values. We link feminist economics and ecofeminism in the context of grocery shopping in the United Kingdom. As an environmental and economic issue, food waste is emerging as a global threat, with developed nations grossly contributing to the squander cycle of resources. Such contextualization allows us to both explore the feminist economics perspective, as well as examine routine decision-making by placing it within the larger value system, and connecting it with the sustainability and environmental protection debates. Data were collected on a purchased Smart Survey sample of a UK-wide population, using an approximately 20-minute online questionnaire. A data set of 792 complete responses was included in the analysis. The findings present a dual narrative on grocery shopping. Reduced-priced shopping is often evaluated by women as socially responsible and environmentally friendly. However, women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds demonstrate a resentment towards price-reduced shopping and evaluate it negatively. We argue that these different attitudes reflect relative perceptions of agency and control, which the data suggest are connected to the propensity for food waste and a worsening of the squander cycle., Ovaj rad analizira međupovezanost roda, klase, sigurnosti opskrbe hranom, održivog odnosa prema otpadu od hrane i vrijednosti. Pri tome povezujemo feminističku ekonomiju s ekofeminizmom kako bismo kontekstualizirali kupnju namirnica u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu. Hrana kao otpad ekološko je i ekonomsko pitanje, te danas predstavlja globalnu prijetnju, pri čemu razvijene države najznačanije doprinose svakoj fazi „rasipanja hrane“ (engl. „squander cycle“) kao resursa. Ovakva nam analiza istodobno omogućuje propitivanje feminističke ekonomije, kao i bolje razumijevanje procesa donošenja odluka o kupnji, smještajući ih u širi kontekst sustava vrijednosti, koji povezujemo i s raspravama o održivom razvoju i zaštiti okoliša. U prikupljenju podataka korištena je metoda online ankete u trajanju od 20-ak minuta, provedena na kupljenom uzorku populacije Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva putem sustava „Smart Survey“. Analizirano je N=792 potpuno ispunjenih anketa. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na postojanje dvojnog narativa o kupnji namirnica. Žene kupnju namirnica na sniženju ocjenjuju kao društveno odgovorno i okolišno orijentirano ponašanje. Međutim, žene iz nižih socioekonomskih slojeva iskazuju zadršku i negativno ocjenjuju namirnice po sniženoj cijeni. Shodno tome, zaključujemo da ove razlike u stavovima reflektiraju razlike u relativnoj percepciji individualnog djelovanja i kontrole, za koje podaci pokazuju da su povezani s većom sklonosti prema stvaranju otpada od hrane i njezinog rasipanja., Diese Arbeit analysiert die gegenseitigen Verbindungen unter Geschlecht, Klasse, Sicherheit der Nahrungsmittelversorgung, nachhaltigem Essen und Werten. Dabei bringen wir feministische Wirtschaft mit dem Ökofeminismus in Verbindung, um den Einkauf von Lebensmitteln im VK zu kontextualisieren. Die Lebensmittelverschwendung iste eine sowohl ökologische als auch ökonomische Frage und sie stellt heute eine globale Drohung dar, wobei entwickelte Staaten am erheblichsten in jeder Phase der Verschwendung von Lebensmitteln als Ressourcen (engl. „squander sequence“) beitragen. Eine solche Analyse ermöglicht uns gleichzeitig eine Infragestellung der feministischen Ökonomie, sowie ein besseres Verständnis des Prozesses der Entscheidungsfindung beim Einkaufen, indem sie im Kontext des Wertesystems in Verbindung mit Diskussionen über die nachhaltige Entwicklung und den Umweltschutz betrachtet werden. Bei der Sammlung von Daten wurde die Methode der Onlineumfrage von ca. 20 Minuten angewandt, am gekauften Muster der Population von VK mit Hilfe des Systems „Smart Survey“. Es wurden N=792 völlig ausgefüllte Umfragebogen analysiert. Die Forschungsergebnisse weisen auf zweierlei Schilderungen des Lebensmitteleinkaufs hin. Frauen bewerten den Kauf von Lebensmitteln zum reduzierten Preis als sozialverantwortliches und umweltfreundliches Benehmen. Die Frauen aus neidrigeren sozialökonomischen Schichten jedoch zeigen sich reserviert und bewerten die reduzierten Lebensmittel negativ. Dementsprechend schließen wir, dass diese Unterschiede in Stellungnahmen die Unterschiede reflektieren in der verhältnismäßigen Wahrnehmung des individuellen Handelns und der Kontrolle, wofür die Daten zeigen, dass sie eher zur Lebensmittelverschwendung und zum Wegwerfen von Nahrungsmitteln geneigt sind.

This paper presents the preliminary findings of an empirical study into a specific and novel form of contemporary consumption: ‘yellow sticker shopping’. This type of consumption involves the active targeting for purchase of food products that have been reduced in price because they are approaching their expiry date. Given the complexities of food provisioning in austerity Britain, that include both non-conventional sites like markets and food banks as well as conventional ‘discounters’ and high street supermarkets the analysis reveals how this form of food provisioning goes far beyond the ‘cost-saving’ accounts that might be expected. The research uses autoethnographic material in the form of vignette, constructed around research conducted in the North of England, together with analysis of an online discussion forum. Data are thematically analysed using literature on shopping and supermarkets and then organised according to the three dimensions of social practice: materials, competences and meanings. The paper makes three key contributions in relation to the practice of yellow sticker shopping. Firstly, that it has distinct spatial and temporal qualities and the role played by the space of the supermarket and its associated fixtures and technologies is important. Secondly, that the uncertain supply of yellow sticker goods results in unpredictability. Successful shopping is celebrated and characterised in ways other than the drudgery often associated with the weekly shop. Thirdly, it reveals an assemblage of competences, skills and knowledge not only in relation to grocery shopping but that take place in the home, around food, its storage and preparation and cooking and recipe knowledge. The paper concludes by outlining further planned research associated with the practice of yellow sticker shopping that will contribute to ongoing study into the alternative modes of food provisioning and their spatialities that are characteristic of life in contemporary Britain.

This paper presents the preliminary findings of an empirical study into a specific and novel form of contemporary consumption: ‘yellow sticker shopping’. This type of consumption involves the active targeting for purchase of food products that have been reduced in price because they are approaching their expiry date. Given the complexities of food provisioning in austerity Britain, that include both non-conventional sites like markets and food banks as well as conventional ‘discounters’ and high street supermarkets the analysis reveals how this form of food provisioning goes far beyond the ‘cost-saving’ accounts that might be expected. The research uses autoethnographic material in the form of vignette, constructed around research conducted in the North of England, together with analysis of an online discussion forum. Data are thematically analysed using literature on shopping and supermarkets and then organised according to the three dimensions of social practice: materials, competences and meanings. The paper makes three key contributions in relation to the practice of yellow sticker shopping. Firstly, that it has distinct spatial and temporal qualities and the role played by the space of the supermarket and its associated fixtures and technologies is important. Secondly, that the uncertain supply of yellow sticker goods results in unpredictability. Successful shopping is celebrated and characterised in ways other than the drudgery often associated with the weekly shop. Thirdly, it reveals an assemblage of competences, skills and knowledge not only in relation to grocery shopping but that take place in the home, around food, its storage and preparation and cooking and recipe knowledge. The paper concludes by outlining further planned research associated with the practice of yellow sticker shopping that will contribute to ongoing study into the alternative modes of food provisioning and their spatialities that are characteristic of life in contemporary Britain.

This paper presents the preliminary findings of an empirical study into a specific and novel form of contemporary consumption: ‘yellow sticker shopping’. This type of consumption involves the active targeting for purchase of food products that have been reduced in price because they are approaching their expiry date. Given the complexities of food provisioning in austerity Britain, that include both non-conventional sites like markets and food banks as well as conventional ‘discounters’ and high street supermarkets the analysis reveals how this form of food provisioning goes far beyond the ‘cost-saving’ accounts that might be expected. The research uses autoethnographic material in the form of vignette, constructed around research conducted in the North of England, together with analysis of an online discussion forum. Data are thematically analysed using literature on shopping and supermarkets and then organised according to the three dimensions of social practice: materials, competences and meanings. The paper makes three key contributions in relation to the practice of yellow sticker shopping. Firstly, that it has distinct spatial and temporal qualities and the role played by the space of the supermarket and its associated fixtures and technologies is important. Secondly, that the uncertain supply of yellow sticker goods results in unpredictability. Successful shopping is celebrated and characterised in ways other than the drudgery often associated with the weekly shop. Thirdly, it reveals an assemblage of competences, skills and knowledge not only in relation to grocery shopping but that take place in the home, around food, its storage and preparation and cooking and recipe knowledge. The paper concludes by outlining further planned research associated with the practice of yellow sticker shopping that will contribute to ongoing study into the alternative modes of food provisioning and their spatialities that are characteristic of life in contemporary Britain.

This paper presents the preliminary findings of an empirical study into a specific and novel form of contemporary consumption: ‘yellow sticker shopping’. This type of consumption involves the active targeting for purchase of food products that have been reduced in price because they are approaching their expiry date. Given the complexities of food provisioning in austerity Britain, that include both non-conventional sites like markets and food banks as well as conventional ‘discounters’ and high street supermarkets the analysis reveals how this form of food provisioning goes far beyond the ‘cost-saving’ accounts that might be expected. The research uses autoethnographic material in the form of vignette, constructed around research conducted in the North of England, together with analysis of an online discussion forum. Data are thematically analysed using literature on shopping and supermarkets and then organised according to the three dimensions of social practice: materials, competences and meanings. The paper makes three key contributions in relation to the practice of yellow sticker shopping. Firstly, that it has distinct spatial and temporal qualities and the role played by the space of the supermarket and its associated fixtures and technologies is important. Secondly, that the uncertain supply of yellow sticker goods results in unpredictability. Successful shopping is celebrated and characterised in ways other than the drudgery often associated with the weekly shop. Thirdly, it reveals an assemblage of competences, skills and knowledge not only in relation to grocery shopping but that take place in the home, around food, its storage and preparation and cooking and recipe knowledge. The paper concludes by outlining further planned research associated with the practice of yellow sticker shopping that will contribute to ongoing study into the alternative modes of food provisioning and their spatialities that are characteristic of life in contemporary Britain.

This paper presents the preliminary findings of an empirical study into a specific and novel form of contemporary consumption: ‘yellow sticker shopping’. This type of consumption involves the active targeting for purchase of food products that have been reduced in price because they are approaching their expiry date. Given the complexities of food provisioning in austerity Britain, that include both non-conventional sites like markets and food banks as well as conventional ‘discounters’ and high street supermarkets the analysis reveals how this form of food provisioning goes far beyond the ‘cost-saving’ accounts that might be expected. The research uses autoethnographic material in the form of vignette, constructed around research conducted in the North of England, together with analysis of an online discussion forum. Data are thematically analysed using literature on shopping and supermarkets and then organised according to the three dimensions of social practice: materials, competences and meanings. The paper makes three key contributions in relation to the practice of yellow sticker shopping. Firstly, that it has distinct spatial and temporal qualities and the role played by the space of the supermarket and its associated fixtures and technologies is important. Secondly, that the uncertain supply of yellow sticker goods results in unpredictability. Successful shopping is celebrated and characterised in ways other than the drudgery often associated with the weekly shop. Thirdly, it reveals an assemblage of competences, skills and knowledge not only in relation to grocery shopping but that take place in the home, around food, its storage and preparation and cooking and recipe knowledge. The paper concludes by outlining further planned research associated with the practice of yellow sticker shopping that will contribute to ongoing study into the alternative modes of food provisioning and their spatialities that are characteristic of life in contemporary Britain.