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Abstract Background We aimed to study the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients treated according to low-normal or high-normal mean arterial pressure (MAP) targets. Methods A post hoc analysis of the COMACARE (NCT02698917) and Neuroprotect (NCT02541591) trials that randomized patients to lower or higher targets for the first 36 h of intensive care. Kidney function was defined using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) classification. We used Cox regression analysis to identify factors associated with AKI after OHCA. Results A total of 227 patients were included: 115 in the high-normal MAP group and 112 in the low-normal MAP group. Eighty-six (38%) patients developed AKI during the first five days; 40 in the high-normal MAP group and 46 in the low-normal MAP group (p = 0.51). The median creatinine and daily urine output were 85 μmol/l and 1730 mL/day in the high-normal MAP group and 87 μmol/l and 1560 mL/day in the low-normal MAP group. In a Cox regression model, independent AKI predictors were no bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (p

Background: We aimed to study the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients treated according to low-normal or high-normal mean arterial pressure (MAP) targets. Methods: A post hoc analysis of the COMACARE (NCT02698917) and Neuroprotect (NCT02541591) trials that randomized patients to lower or higher targets for the first 36 h of intensive care. Kidney function was defined using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) classification. We used Cox regression analysis to identify factors associated with AKI after OHCA. Results: A total of 227 patients were included: 115 in the high-normal MAP group and 112 in the low-normal MAP group. Eighty-six (38%) patients developed AKI during the first five days; 40 in the high-normal MAP group and 46 in the low-normal MAP group (p = 0.51). The median creatinine and daily urine output were 85 μmol/l and 1730 mL/day in the high-normal MAP group and 87 μmol/l and 1560 mL/day in the low-normal MAP group. In a Cox regression model, independent AKI predictors were no bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (p < 0.01), non-shockable rhythm (p < 0.01), chronic hypertension (p = 0.03), and time to the return of spontaneous circulation (p < 0.01), whereas MAP target was not an independent predictor (p = 0.29). Conclusion: Any AKI occurred in four out of ten OHCA patients. We found no difference in the incidence of AKI between the patients treated with lower and those treated with higher MAP after CA. Higher age, non-shockable initial rhythm, and longer time to ROSC were associated with shorter time to AKI. Clinical trial registration: COMACARE (NCT02698917), NEUROPROTECT (NCT02541591). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery. Lack of valid early biomarkers for predicting AKI has hampered the ability to take therapeutic measures for preventive cause. Hyperphosphatemia that occurs in AKI due to renal excretion defect was not studied in this context and could be simple marker of AKI. Therefore, we tested role of serum phosphorus in prediction of AKI as a biomarker after cardiac surgery in children. Methodology: We prospectively evaluated 51 children aged between 3 weeks and 12 years undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Serum creatinine and phosphorus were measured preoperatively and postoperatively at 24 and 48 h. As per the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria, patients were grouped into AKI and non-AKI on the basis of the development of AKI within 48 h postsurgery. The postoperative diagnostic performance of phosphorus thresholds was analyzed by the area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC-ROC). Results: From 51 children included, 10 developed AKI. In AKI group, serum phosphorus increased significantly from 4.47 ± 0.43 baseline to 6.29 ± 0.32 at 24 h postsurgery (P = 0.01) while serum creatinine increased from baseline 0.33 (0.24–0.46) to 0.49 (0.26–0.91) at 24 h which is statistically insignificant (P = 0.16). ROC analysis showed that serum phosphorus at 24 h, the AUC was 0.84 with sensitivity 0.75 and specificity 0.93 for a cutoff value of 6.4 mg/dl. Whereas serum phosphorus at 48 h, the AUC was 0.86 with sensitivity 66.67% and specificity 97.62% for a cutoff value of 5.4 mg/dl. Conclusion: Serum phosphorus can be an alternative biomarker as early as 24 h for early prediction of AKI in pediatric cardiac surgery.

Background: Mineral bone disease (MBD) is a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Bone disease in CKD is due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level estimation is a potential noninvasive method for the diagnosis of MBD at early stage. Aim: Treating renal bone disease should be one of the primary aims of therapy for CKD. Evaluation of the biochemical parameters of CKD-MBD (primarily phosphorus, calcium, parathyroid hormone, and Vitamin D levels) as early as CKD stage 3, and an assessment of bone status (by the best means available), should be used to guide treatment decisions. The adverse effects of high phosphorus intake relative to renal clearance (including stimulation of hyperparathyroidism) precede hyperphosphatemia, which presents late in CKD. Early reduction of phosphorus load may ameliorate these adverse effects. Evidence that calcium load may influence progression of vascular calcification with effects on mortality, should also be considered when choosing the type and dose of phosphate binder to be used. MBD in CKD has high morbidity and mortality and hence it is important to detect it at an early stage. iPTH levels can be highly sensitive and it is one of the useful noninvasive biochemical parameters to detect MBD in CKD. Materials and Methods: This was an observational study carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital. The study involved 60 patients of CKD. Detailed history, physical examination, and biochemical parameters were assessed in all of them. Results: There was a significant association between hypertension, diabetes with nephropathy, and highly significant association between serum iPTH and raised blood urea levels in MBD group, however there was no significant association between duration of CKD, hemoglobin, creatinine, uric acid, phosphorous, calcium, and alkaline phosphatase with MBD. Conclusions: MBD in CKD can be detected at early stage by the use of noninvasive methods of estimation of serum iPTH levels.

Background: Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CAAKI) is defined as acute kidney injury (AKI) occurring within 72 hours of administration of contrast media (CM) and is linked to adverse outcomes including longer hospital stay, increased hospital mortality, and a higher risk of chronic kidney disease in later life. Risk factors for the development of CAAKI in the Zambian pediatric population have not been well studied., Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the burden of CAAKI, ascertain its risk factors, and describe short-term outcomes in hospitalized children at the University Teaching Hospitals (UTH) undergoing contrast-enhanced radiological investigations., Methods: This was a prospective observational study of in-patients undergoing contrast-enhanced radiological procedures, between September 2020 and September 2021. The participants were recruited from the Children's Hospital, the Cancer Diseases Hospital, and the Pediatric Surgical Ward at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. The primary outcome variable was occurrence of AKI at 48 hours post CM administration. We used 2 criteria to define CAAKI in our study-the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) and the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 criteria. Multivariable logistic regression models were formulated to assess for risk factors of CAAKI., Results: Of the 201 enrolled participants, 123 (61.2%) were male and the median age of the participants was 5 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 3-10). The mean hemoglobin was 103 g/L (standard deviation [SD] = 26), median creatinine was 30.9 µmol/l (IQR = 22.6-43), and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 102.5 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (IQR = 76.2-129.4). Forty-six (22.9%) developed CAAKI using the ESUR compared with 4.5% (9/201) using the KDIGO criteria. Independent risk factors of CAAKI were receiving a higher dose of CM (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.54; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.12-5.74]), prematurity (aOR = 4.6; 95% CI = [1.05-16.7]), and a higher eGFR (aOR= 1.01; 95% CI = [1.01-1.02]). Females had higher odds of CAAKI (aOR = 2.48; 95% CI = [1.18-5.18]) when compared with males. One CAAKI participant (2.2%) died; none of the participants who developed CAAKI and survived required dialysis and most of them (90%) were discharged before day 7. Day 7 eGFR results had returned to or near baseline values for those whose creatinine results were available., Conclusions: Using the ESUR criteria, a significant proportion (22.9%) of children undergoing contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans at the UTH developed CAAKI. In contrast, using the KDIGO criteria only 4.5% had CAAKI. Being born as a preterm baby, being female, having a higher eGFR at baseline, and receiving a higher dose of CM were found to be independent risk factors for CAAKI development in Zambian children. Most of the cases of CAAKI in children were transient and of little clinical significance as only a minority of patients developing CAAKI required kidney replacement therapy and all resolved by day 7 post administration of CM., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), has become a public health concern as it has been reported to cause adverse outcomes such as kidney failure and premature death. This cross sectional study compared the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) and Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines in assessing the prevalence of CKD in Type 2 diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. We consecutively sampled a cross-section of 202 T2DM patients from the Ho municipality in the Volta region (Ghana). Structured pre-tested questionnaires were administered to obtain information on gender, age, body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, medication used, duration on medication, and duration of diabetes. Serum creatinine and urine protein were estimated using standard protocols and CKD was classified according to KDIGO and KDOQI guidelines. The prevalence of CKD was 63.4% and 58.4% using the KDIGO and KDOQI guidelines respectively. The prevalence of mildly decreased renal function or worse (eGFR < 60/ml/min/1.73 m2) was 10.4% for KDIGO guideline and 7.9% for KDOQI guidelines with an excellent agreement between both definitions showing bias = −0.129, 95%CI = (−0.17 to −0.08) on Bland-Altman analysis. Participants older than 70 years were more likely to have CKD when KDIGO criteria was used (P = 0.018). The prevalence of albuminuria was 47.0% with 21.9% presenting with 1+ and 2+ grades. KDIGO guideline estimates higher prevalence of CKD than KDOQI guidelines in the same study population. KDIGO guideline might help in early detection and proper classification of CKD which will illicit stage-specific treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery. Lack of valid early biomarkers for predicting AKI has hampered the ability to take therapeutic measures for preventive cause. Hyperphosphatemia that occurs in AKI due to renal excretion defect was not studied in this context and could be simple marker of AKI. Therefore, we tested role of serum phosphorus in prediction of AKI as a biomarker after cardiac surgery in children.Methodology: We prospectively evaluated 51 children aged between 3 weeks and 12 years undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Serum creatinine and phosphorus were measured preoperatively and postoperatively at 24 and 48 h. As per the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria, patients were grouped into AKI and non-AKI on the basis of the development of AKI within 48 h postsurgery. The postoperative diagnostic performance of phosphorus thresholds was analyzed by the area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC-ROC).Results: From 51 children included, 10 developed AKI. In AKI group, serum phosphorus increased significantly from 4.47 ± 0.43 baseline to 6.29 ± 0.32 at 24 h postsurgery (P = 0.01) while serum creatinine increased from baseline 0.33 (0.24-0.46) to 0.49 (0.26-0.91) at 24 h which is statistically insignificant (P = 0.16). ROC analysis showed that serum phosphorus at 24 h, the AUC was 0.84 with sensitivity 0.75 and specificity 0.93 for a cutoff value of 6.4 mg/dl. Whereas serum phosphorus at 48 h, the AUC was 0.86 with sensitivity 66.67% and specificity 97.62% for a cutoff value of 5.4 mg/dl.Conclusion: Serum phosphorus can be an alternative biomarker as early as 24 h for early prediction of AKI in pediatric cardiac surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mineral bone disease (MBD) is a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Bone disease in CKD is due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level estimation is a potential noninvasive method for the diagnosis of MBD at early stage. Aim: Treating renal bone disease should be one of the primary aims of therapy for CKD. Evaluation of the biochemical parameters of CKDMBD (primarily phosphorus, calcium, parathyroid hormone, and Vitamin D levels) as early as CKD stage 3, and an assessment of bone status (by the best means available), should be used to guide treatment decisions. The adverse effects of high phosphorus intake relative to renal clearance (including stimulation of hyperparathyroidism) precede hyperphosphatemia, which presents late in CKD. Early reduction of phosphorus load may ameliorate these adverse effects. Evidence that calcium load may influence progression of vascular calcification with effects on mortality, should also be considered when choosing the type and dose of phosphate binder to be used. MBD in CKD has high morbidity and mortality and hence it is important to detect it at an early stage. iPTH levels can be highly sensitive and it is one of the useful noninvasive biochemical parameters to detect MBD in CKD. Materials and Methods: This was an observational study carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital. The study involved 60 patients of CKD. Detailed history, physical examination, and biochemical parameters were assessed in all of them. Results: There was a significant association between hypertension, diabetes with nephropathy, and highly significant association between serum iPTH and raised blood urea levels in MBD group, however there was no significant association between duration of CKD, hemoglobin, creatinine, uric acid, phosphorous, calcium, and alkaline phosphatase with MBD. Conclusions: MBD in CKD can be detected at early stage by the use of noninvasive methods of estimation of serum iPTH levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The exact definition of Acute kidney injury (AKI) for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unknown., Aim: To compare the power of the "Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease" (RIFLE), Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN), Creatinine kinetics (CK), and Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) to determine AKI incidence/stage and their association with the in-hospital mortality rate of patients with TBI., Methods: This retrospective study collected the data of patients admitted to the intensive care unit for neurotrauma from 2001 to 2012, and 1648 patients were included. The subjects in this study were assessed for the presence and stage of AKI using RIFLE, AKIN, CK, and KDIGO. In addition, the propensity score matching method was used., Results: Among the 1648 patients, 291 (17.7%) had AKI, according to KDIGO. The highest incidence of AKI was found by KDIGO (17.7%), followed by AKIN (17.1%), RIFLE (12.7%), and CK (11.5%) ( P = 0.97). Concordance between KDIGO and RIFLE/AKIN/CK was 99.3%/99.1%/99.3% for stage 0, 36.0%/91.5%/44.5% for stage 1, 35.9%/90.6%/11.3% for stage 2, and 47.4%/89.5%/36.8% for stage 3. The in-hospital mortality rates increased with the AKI stage in all four definitions. The severity of AKI by all definitions and stages was not associated with in-hospital mortality in the multivariable analyses (all P > 0.05)., Conclusion: Differences are seen in AKI diagnosis and in-hospital mortality among the four AKI definitions or stages. This study revealed that KDIGO is the best method to define AKI in patients with TBI., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is known to contribute towards the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and peri-operative morbidity and mortality. There are several patient, anaesthetic and surgical factors that contribute to its occurrence. It is imperative to know the profile of a patient who is likely to develop this complication to mitigate for modifiable risks. This study aimed at describing a profile of AKI in an adult patient (over the age of 18 years) following cardiac surgery on CPB. Factors associated with the development of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) are described, as well as the relationship between CSA-AKI and in-hospital mortality., Methods: This was a contextual, descriptive and retrospective single-centre study with data of 476 adult patients admitted post cardiac surgery between January 2016 and December 2017. Data were collected from Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH) in South Africa. All adult patients who presented for elective cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass graft), valvular, aortic and other cardiac surgery on CPB were included. Peri-operative factors such as patient demographics, baseline renal function, co-morbid factors, length of CPB and aortic cross-clamp time, degree of hypothermia, use of assist devices, and post-operative serum creatinine (SCr) levels were collected. Incomplete essential peri-operative data and data for patients who presented on renal replacement therapy (RRT) already were excluded. AKI was defined by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria., Results: One hundred and thirty-five (28%) patients developed CSA-AKI and 20, 5 and 3% were in KDIGO 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Older age ( p = 0.024), female gender ( p = 0.015), higher serum creatinine level ( p = 0.025), and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ( p = 0.025) were associated with the development of CSA-AKI, while a history of hypertension was predictive. Forty-six of the 476 patients died. Mortality rates were significantly higher in those with AKI compared to those without [28 (21%) vs 18 (5%), respectively ( p = 0.001)]. The incidence was significantly worse in those with severe kidney injury, as evidenced by mortality rates of 44 versus 5% between KDIGO 3 and KDIGO 1 ( p < 0.001). Pre-operative eGFR and CSA-AKI requiring RRT were significantly associated with mortality, while pre-operative eGFR was an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval: 0.97-0.99, p = 0.019)., Conclusions: A history of hypertension was predictive of the development of CSA-AKI, and pre-operative eGFR was an independent predictor of mortality in this cohort. Both factors are modifiable.

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants., Methods: In this retrospective study of VLBW infants, we analyzed the prevalence of AKI, as defined by changes in serum creatinine and urine output, associated risk factors and outcomes., Results: A total of 293 VLBW infants (mean gestational age 28.7 wk) were included, of whom 109 weighed less than 1000 g at birth. The overall prevalence of AKI was 11.6% (22% in infants with a birth weight under 1000 g and 5.4% those heavier). A total of 19 (55%) affected infants died, with a mortality rate of 58% in infant less than 1000 g and 50% in those heavier. After adjusting for confounding variables, only necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remained associated with AKI, with odds ratio of 4.9 (95%CI: 1.9-18.6). Blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were not different between affected infants and the others upon discharge from hospital. A normal GFR was documented in all affected infants at one year of age., Conclusion: Using Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes definition of AKI, it occurred in over 10% of VLBW infants, more commonly in infants with lower birth weight. NEC was an independent associated risk factor. Renal function, as defined by GFR, was normal in all surviving affected infants 10 to 12 mo later., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: None to declare.

Background/aims: An updated chronic kidney disease (CKD) definition and classification were proposed by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), with adoption of a new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria to evaluate kidney structural damage. This study was performed to estimate the prevalence of CKD in the Korean adult population as defined and classified by the KDIGO guidelines., Methods: Cross-sectional samples of the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2011 to 2012 were examined for adults aged ≥ 19 years. CKD prevalence was determined based on decreased GFR and albuminuria. The GFR was estimated using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation, and albuminuria was evaluated using the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in spot urine., Results: Of the 16,576 subjects participating in the survey, 10,636 (4,758 men, 5,878 women) were included in the present study. The prevalence of CKD was estimated as 7.9% (7.8% in 2011 and 8.0% in 2012, p = 0.770). The prevalence of low, moderately increased, high, and very high CKD risk prognosis was 92.0%, 6.3%, 1.1%, and 0.6%, respectively. The prevalence of albuminuria (ACR ≥ 30 mg/g) in individuals with GFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 has reached 5.7%. The odds ratios of hypertension and diabetes to CKD were 3.4 and 3.1 in men, and 2.9 and 2.0 in women (all p < 0.001), respectively., Conclusions: A large percentage of CKD patients had albuminuria prior to a decrease in GFR. Regular laboratory tests for albuminuria for the high-risk group, and especially for hypertensive or diabetic patients, might improve detection of CKD at an early stage., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.