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透析患者の末梢血リンパ球 (PBL) 機能について検討した. 対象は透析開始3年以内の透析導入および透析安定群, 10年以上の長期透析群, そして腎機能正常な対照群である. 検討項目は, PBLまたはLymphokine-activated killer (LAK) 細胞によるサイトカイン (IFN-γとTNF-α) 産生能と, 末梢血モノサイトのInterleukin-1 (IL-1) 産生能, そしてLAK細胞活性である. 透析開始3年以内の群では, 対照群に比して, LAK活性とIL-1産生能が有意に低下し, LAK細胞によるIFN-γ産生能も低下傾向を示した. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) 刺激PBLのIFN-γおよびTNF-αの産生量に関しては症例によりバラツキが大きく, 透析患者の両群いずれにおいても, 対照群との間に有意な差は見られなかった. 両サイトカインのともに産生量の低下した症例の割合が対照群に比べ3年以内の群で多かったが, 統計学的には有意な差は認められなかった. 一方TNFとIFNの産生量の多寡に関して相関が認められた. 従ってIL-2刺激により誘導されるLAK活性が低下している等の結果から, 透析3年以内の群において, IL-2に対するPBLの反応性の低下した症例の存在が示唆された.以上より, 我々の測定した免疫のパラメータに関するかぎり, 透析導入3年以内の患者においては免疫能の低下が認められるが, 10年以上の長期透析患者の免疫能は改善し, 健腎対象群のそれとに差異が認められなかった.

Low diastolic blood pressure, hypoalbuminemia, and risk of death in a cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients. In a previous report, we showed that nutritional status and especially serum albumin had great predictive value for death in chronic hemodialysis patients, whereas blood pressure did not. In the present study, we analyzed the causes of death in consideration of the relationship between serum albumin and blood pressure. A total of 1,243 Okinawan patients (719 males, 524 females) undergoing hemodialysis in January 1991 were followed up through the end of 1995. Three hundred forty-two of the patients died, 45 received transplants, and 12 were transferred by the end of the follow-up period. The total duration of observation was 5,110.3 patient-years. Blood pressure as well as clinical and laboratory variables were determined immediately prior to the first dialysis session in January 1991. The crude death rate was 40.0% when the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) < 70mm Hg, 35.0% at 70 to 79mm Hg, 25.0% at 80 to 89mm Hg, 25.0% at 90 to 99mm Hg, and 13.0% at >100mm Hg. The death rate showed an inverse correlation with DBP. DBP showed a significant positive correlation with serum albumin (r = 0.137, P < 0.001) and age (r = -0.325, P < 0.0001). The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of death was 0.84 (0.71 to 0.99) with 10mm Hg increments in DBP when the reference DBP was less than 69mm Hg. Low DBP may be a manifestation of malnutrition and/or cardiovascular disease in chronic hemodialysis patients. Target DBP levels may be higher levels in chronic hemodialysis patients than the general population.

The problem of reconstructing the spectrum from the multiple-beam interferogram given by the Fabry-Perot interferometer or from the intensity distribution by a diffraction grat ing is reduced to solving Fredholm's integral equation of the first kind. This equation being solved by the method of Hilbert and Schmidt, the following conclusions are obtained.1) In Fourier spectroscopy the resolution is one half of the reciprocal of the maximum optical path difference.2) The resolution of the Fabry-Perot interferometer is infinite because the maxmum optical path difference is infinite.3) The diffraction grating is, with respect to resolution, similar to the Fabry-Perotinterferometer giving finite number of beams. This number is equal to 2Ns-1, where Ns is the number of slits, and accordingly the resolution is finite.4) Fourier spectroscopy is equivalent to the grating spectpscopy when Ns=1.

Two methods of reconstructing spectrum of any radiation are described which are based on the intensity distribution measurement of Fraunhofer diffraction patterns by a single slit and an array of slits. Mathematically they consist of solving integral equations. The apparatus for the measurement is simple compared with the Fourier spectrometer for the Fabry-Perot interferometer. While these methods retain the Fellgett advantage, they lose the Jacquinot advantage. The procedure of calculation and the results by the computer experiment are presented for the far infrared spectrum.

Using the theory of Hilbert and Schmidt, spectrum can be reconstructed from the multiplebeam interferogram obtained with the Fabry-Perot interferometer . The resolution of this spectroscopic method is studied by the computer simulation. The effect of noise involved in the interferogram can be reduced by discarding the high frequency terms in eigenf unction expansion. The resolving power of this method turned out to be several millions and is about ten times larger than that obtained with conventional method . Results obtained by the method of Hilbert and Schmidt are compared with those obtained with the direct method. In the direct method, reconstructed spectrum using the interferogram involving noise is usually distorted. But it can be improved to some extent by applying the Fourier analysis.

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In this article we first construct the input cost and input productivity price index for the Japanese construction industry and note the significant difference between the two. Next, we obtain, together with the two indexes, the output price index for government apartments and find that the input productivity index gives a much better approximation. Our output price index is the hedonistic price index. In the last section we compute capital stock for several industries and briefly discuss the bias in the growth rate of capital in using the input cost index.

In this paper, economic relations between Japan and the countries of Southeast Asia are discussed from three aspects: trade, economic aid, and private investment. This paper is intended both to present an overall view of this relationship and to help understand it analytically. Since detailed discussion of specific aspects of the economic relation is not our purpose, facts are presented but not in burdensome detail.