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Background: This study aimed at estimating the incidence, mortality, burden, and geographical distribution of malaria between 2002 and 2015 in Iran. Methods: DALYs index was used to estimate the burden of malaria. DALYs-related malaria was calculated using a method developed by (WHO) for investigating the Global Burden of Disease (GBD); it was calculated through adding Years of Life Lost (YLLs) due to premature death to Years Lived with Disability (YLDs).The data on the incidence and mortality were collected from the malaria surveillance system in the Center for Communicable Diseases Control (CCDC), Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME). Results: The incidence of malaria had a decreasing trend over the studied period and it reduced from 15378 cases in 2002 to 777 cases in 2015. Overall, 28 cases of mortality were observed between 2002 and 2015. In addition, disease burden decreased from 90.78 DALYs in 2002 to 22.38 DALYs in 2015.Overall, there were 949.2 DALYs due to malaria from 2002 to 2015. The incidence and burden of malaria were not equally distributed among all the provinces in Iran and some areas were suffering from the highest burden of the disease. Conclusion: The incidence and burden of malaria have had a decreasing trend over the years of the study and Iran has little to do in order to eradicate malaria. Since the disease is not equally distributed among various provinces of Iran, health policymakers must direct health resources towards specific areas of the country (Sistan and Baluchistan, Kerman, and Hormozgan) with high concentration of cases of malaria.

Background: According to willingness of the Ministry of Health, Iran and presence of appropriate conditions for disease elimination, national malaria control program decided to conduct a research to clarify malaria status in 2007 and to provide required information to perform the elimination program. This review is comprised of the basis of national malaria elimination program in vision of 2025, which was started in 2010.Methods: In this descriptive study, data were analyzed by applications of different variables at district level. All districts in the three south eastern provinces, in which malaria has local transmission, were considered. Malaria cases has been determined and studied based on the national malaria surveillance system.Results: Since vivax malaria is predominant in Sistan & Baluchestan Province, number of vivax cases is equal to malaria positive cases approximately. The important point is that Nikshahr contains the maximum number of local vivax cases in this province and the maximum number of falciparum cases is reported from Sarbaz district. Among all districts of Hormozgan Province, no case of autochthonous falciparum was detected except in Bandar Jask and one case in Minab. There was no case of autochthonous falciparum in Kerman Province, except in Kahnoj and Ghale Ganj that each of them had one case in 2007.Conclusion: It appears that the report of locally transmitted cases in Iran is increasing over the past few years, before starting malaria elimination plan. Since the Afghan refugees started to return to their own country so the main source of reporting of imported malaria cases reduced and local cases would be demonstrated more clearly.

Objective: Evaluation of cochlear function in neonates and children suffering from meningitis according to EOAE results. Matherials & Methods: In this study 40 children and neonates suffering from meningitis ranging from one day to 12 years old were evaluated with EOAE (DP-OAE &TE- OAE) during 7 to14 day after discharge from hospital Results: From our 40 patients, normal cochlear function was observed in35, bilateral abnormal cochlear function in4 and unilateral abnormal cochlear function in 1. In these 5 cases (12.5% of our patients), detected by EOAE tests, sensorineural hearing loss was seen. This result was confirmed by ABR test in hospital. Conclusion: Abnormal cochlear function and sensorineural hearing loss as a complication of meningitis (if present) can be detected in early stages by the EOAE tests.

According to willingness of the Ministry of Health, Iran and presence of appropriate conditions for disease elimination, national malaria control program decided to conduct a research to clarify malaria status in 2007 and to provide required information to perform the elimination program. This review is comprised of the basis of national malaria elimination program in vision of 2025, which was started in 2010.In this descriptive study, data were analyzed by applications of different variables at district level. All districts in the three south eastern provinces, in which malaria has local transmission, were considered. Malaria cases has been determined and studied based on the national malaria surveillance system.Since vivax malaria is predominant in Sistan & Baluchestan Province, number of vivax cases is equal to malaria positive cases approximately. The important point is that Nikshahr contains the maximum number of local vivax cases in this province and the maximum number of falciparum cases is reported from Sarbaz district. Among all districts of Hormozgan Province, no case of autochthonous falciparum was detected except in Bandar Jask and one case in Minab. There was no case of autochthonous falciparum in Kerman Province, except in Kahnoj and Ghale Ganj that each of them had one case in 2007.It appears that the report of locally transmitted cases in Iran is increasing over the past few years, before starting malaria elimination plan. Since the Afghan refugees started to return to their own country so the main source of reporting of imported malaria cases reduced and local cases would be demonstrated more clearly.

Energy has been heavily subsidized in Iranian economy for decades. Due to low oil prices, and, thus, budget limit, fossil fuel prices are under gradual liberalization. This will result in higher cost of production in all fuel consuming activities including agriculture. So it seems that farmers will plan to substitute fossil fuels by non-fossil alternatives. This study aims at modeling and prediction of energy demand (as a key factor of production) in Iranian agriculture. Box–Jenkins methodology is applied to model agricultural consumption of four major sources of energy including: gasoline, kerosene, gasoil and electricity for the period spanning from 1988 to 2014. Also same data are predicted for 2015–2026 in order to check model adequacy and provide information regarding status of energy demand in Iranian agriculture in the future. Main results indicate a downward trend in consumption of four energy types except electricity which is predicted to go up. This implies that, as far as energy consumption is concerned, Iranian agriculture is approaching to a more sustainable situation. Rearrangement of fuel price support policy from nonrenewable to renewable sources and provision of more governmental support for switching to lower-carbon and environment-friendly energy sources is recommended. Keywords: Energy consumption, BJ methodology, Modeling, Agriculture, Iran