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Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas skaitmeninės kūrybos dovanojimo pasauliui fenomenas, dovanų ekonomika, laisvųjų kūrinių kūrimo bei platinimo prielaidos. Atskleidžiama laisvosios muzikos, laisvųjų knygų, fotografijų, kaip socialinio reiškinio atsiradimo istorija, laisvosios programinės įrangos įtaka laisvosios kultūros fenomenui. Analizuojama patentų ir turtinių autorių teisių įtaka kūrybinių industrijų plėtrai, naujų verslo modelių taikymas programinės įrangos ir skaitmeninės kūrybos srityse. The article examines the issues of digital creation gifts to the world phenomenon of gift economy, assumptions of making and distribution of free works. The concept of free music, free books, free photos was disclosed as well as the influence of free software movement on the free culture phenomenon. The influence of patent and copyright applications on the development of creative industries was analysed, new business models for software and digital creativity were presented

The article ‘Grain Storage Licensing as Administrative Legal Regime in The Agricultural Field’ consists of three parts. In the first part the author analyses the system of legal acts regulating licensing process of grain warehouse activities, reveals the compatibility of the legislation with the European Union legislation. In addition, in this section redundant and dubbing regulation of the Lithuanian laws governing licensing process of grain warehouses is identified. The second section describes the requirements for entities wishing to engage in licensed grain storage activities, specifies how entities are parties to engage in these activities and the gaps of legislation defining the status of such entities. In the third part the author gives the best practice examples of the foreign grain warehouse licensing that could be successfully applied in Lithuania. The author provides the following conclusions: 1. Secondary legal acts not only overlap with the main document – the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Licensed Warehouses and Storage Documents – but also with each other. 2. Validity, suspension and revocation of licenses should be removed from The Grain Warehouse Licensing Rules as contrary to constitutional doctrine, thus preventing the conflict of laws and secondary legislation. 3. The Law provides that a licensed warehouse may be set up as an entity of the Republic of Lithuania, as an entity the European Union Member States. However, The Grain Warehouse Licensing Rules unduly narrow the range of subjects. Section II, Item 8 of these Rules states that only persons registered in the Republic of Lithuania must have the license. 4. According to the U.S. experience, an additional requirement should be introduced for a licensed warehouse operator pursuing activity, namely not to engage in bad business practices, and penalties for false business records. In addition, the U.S. legislation governing licensed grain warehouses provides for stricter requirements for grain warehouses, high level technical and financial requirements, compared to those in Lithuania. More stringent requirements provide depositors’ confidence that their goods will be protected, by ensuring the quality and quantity of the warehoused goods. Mokslinis straipsnis susideda iš trijų dalių. Pirmoje darbo dalyje analizuojama grūdų sandėlių licencijavimą Lietuvoje reglamentuojanti teisės aktų sistema, atskleidžiamas šių teisės aktų suderinamumas su Europos Sąjungos teisės aktais. Taip pat šioje dalyje identifikuojamas Lietuvos teisės aktų, reglamentuojančių grūdų sandėlių licencijavimą, perteklinis reguliavimas bei tarpusavio reguliavimo dubliavimo problemos. Antroje dalyje pateikiami reikalavimai subjektams, pageidaujantiems verstis licencijuota grūdų sandėliavimo veikla, nurodoma, kokių šalių subjektai gali verstis šia veikla, bei teisės aktų, apibrėžiančių tokių subjektų statusą, spragos. Trečioje dalyje autorius pateikia užsienio šalių grūdų sandėlių licencijavimo gerosios praktikos pavyzdžius, kurie galėtų būti sėkmingai taikomi ir Lietuvos sąlygomis.

The purpose of this article is to identify interference that prevents to manage alcohol-related harm. Article analyses the purpose of alcohol control policy and it‘s connection with alcohol-related harm, and alcohol retail licensing. Article is based on scientific literature, law acts and statistical data. The main conclusion is that the definition of alcohol control policy purpose is not clear and the meaning of it is not connected with reduction of alcohol-related harm. It is necessary to revise and redefine the purpose by relating it with criminality prevention, safety in neighbourhoods and roads, reduction of social harm in private sphere. Now, the priority is given to the technical regulation of retail and production. Alcohol control policy obliges local authorities to pursue only the administrative function – retail licensing. Local governments also have powers to form the alcohol control policy, for example, limit the time and places of selling alcohol. This function is recommendatory, so only a few local governments use it. City councils are not obliged to pursue the alcohol control policy and it‘s monitoring. Regulation of retail licensing is related with technical requirements for the quality and safety of alcohol. It‘s also connected with requirements for selling surroundings and debts for budgets of national and local governments. Whether the license will be suspended or abolished depends on violation of technical requirements and conditions that are written in license. It is not connected with criminality, noise or other alcohol-related harm. Prohibition of selling liquor for under-age and intoxicated persons is connected with reduction of alcohol-related harm, but sanctions are only for selling alcohol to under-age persons. Licensing is not used enough to discipline the sellers. More powers must be given to police in order to make bigger influence on retail licensing process because now the police is allowed to control only the criminality and the violation of public order that is made by intoxicated persons. It also controls liquor selling to under-age persons but it has no powers in retail licensing. Straipsnyje, remiantis mokslinės literatūros, teisės aktų bei antrinių statistinių duomenimų analize kritiškai vertina tai, kaip alkoholio kontrolės politikos tikslas susietas su alkoholio keliama žala, kaip mažmeninė prekyba alkoholiu licencijuojama siekiant mažinti prekybos alkoholiniais gėrimais tvarkos pažeidimus ir alkoholio vartojimo keliamą žalą. Atliekant tyrimą, daromos išvados, jog alkoholio kontrolės tikslas ir principai Lietuvoje turi būti iš esmės išnagrinėti ir naujai apibrėžti, susiejant juos su nusikalstamumo prevencija, nesaugumo mažinimu kaimynystėse ir keliuose, socialinės žalos mažinimu privačioje erdvėje. Taikydamos nacionalinę alkoholio kontrolės politiką, savivaldos institucijos turi vykdyti tik administracinę funkciją – mažmeninės alkoholio prekybos licencijavimą, rekomenduojamo pobūdžio alkoholio kontrolės politikos formavimas vykdomas pavienėse savivaldybėse. Licencijos kaip priemonė mažinti alkoholio keliamą žalą visiškai nepanaudojamos, nes nėra ribojamas jų skaičius, o sankcijos, susijusios su licencijomis, per menkai susietos su piktnaudžiavimo alkoholiu keliama žala.

Licensing of energy companies enables to implement state policy in strategical energy sector, where competition does not exist. Licenses are one of the most important instruments used by the independent energy regulator. This instrument not only allows perform the function of regulation under the licensed company’s activities in more efficient way and ensure the established level of service quality, but also ensures effective control over the different markets in energy sector. Licensing and regulation of energy companies is one of the functions established by the Law on Energy and separate laws for the different energy sectors and delegated to the National Control Commission for Prices and Energy (Commission). Licensing of energy companies started a few years ago in Lithuania. Shortly after the practical experience of the Commission revealed that inconcistency of some regulations which where in force, caused a possibility to interpret the same requirements of the legal acts in different ways. This circumstance did not allow the Commission to solve the rising problems quickly and objectively and to ensure proper and effective supervision of the already licensed companies. In addition, analysis of the requirements of the EU legal acts and of other countries experience disclosed that the licensing system which prevailes in Lithuania partially contradicts the competition principles established by the EU and diminishes the possibility of competition in the energy sector in spite... [to full text]

Pastaruoju metu profesionalių nekilnojamojo turto agentų poreikis rinkoje išaugo. Straipsnyje JAV ir Lietuvos nekilnojamojo turto agentų veikla analizuojama pagal pasirinktus kriterijus. Remiantis JAV nekilnojamojo turto agentūrų paslaugų kokybės tyrimais, svarbiausias veiksnys yra agentų profesionalumas. Ši mintis akcentuojama nekilnojamojo turto agentų veikloje ir struktūroje kaip licencijavimo įstatymo problema, taip pat pabrėžiami jo privalumai ir trūkumai bei pateikiami siūlymai nekilnojamojo turto agentų veiklai tobulinti, gerinti. Norint padidinti Lietuvos nekilnojamojo turto agentų profesionalumą ir kvalifikaciją, sureguliuoti turto savininkų ir tarpininkų santykius bei padidinti pasitikėjimą nekilnojamojo turto agentais, būtina licencijuoti nekilnojamąjį turtą. Recently a demand for professional real estate agents has increased in the market. The present paper includes a research into the real estate related activity of the USA and Lithuania carried out in accordance with the chosen criteria. According to real estate agency service quality research in the USA the most important factor is agents professionalism. This thesis places a major emphasis on the activity and structure of real estate agents, law on licence issue as well as advantages and disadvantages; it also presents proposals on improvement and development of real estate agents activity. Real estate licencing is necessary in order to raise the level of professionalism and qualification of real estate agents in Lithuania, to adjust relationship between property owners and middlemen, as well as to increase the level of confidence among real estate agents.