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17. A hardware-efficient H.264/AVC motion-estimation design for high-definition video

Author

Lin, Yu-Kun, Lin, Chia-Chun, Kuo, Tzu-Yun, and Chang, Tian-Sheuan

Subjects
Circuit design -- Evaluation, Digital electronics -- Standards, High-definition television -- Design and construction, Image coding -- Methods, Signal processing -- Technology application, Circuit designer, Integrated circuit design, High-definition television, Digital signal processor, Technology application, Business, Computers and office automation industries, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

Motion estimation (ME) in high-definition H.264 video coding presents a significant design challenge for memory bandwidth, latency, and cost because of its large search range and various modes. To conquer this problem, this paper presents a low-latency and hardware-efficient ME design with three design techniques. The first technique on integer-pel ME (IME) adopts parallel instead of serial multiresolution search so that we can process 1080 p @ 60 fps videos with [+ or -] 128 search range within just 256 cycles, 5.95-KB buffers, and 213.7K gates. The second technique on fractional-pel ME (FME) uses a single-iteration six-point search to reduce the cycle count by half with similar gate count and negligible quality loss. The third technique applies a mode-filtering approach to further reduce the bandwidth and cycles and share the buffer of IME and FME. The final ME implementation with 0.13-[micro]m process can support processing of 1080 p @ 60 fps with just 128.8 MHz, 282.6 K gates, and 8.54-KB buffer, which saves 60% gate count, and 68.9% SRAM buffers when compared with the previous design. Index Terms--Digital circuits, high-definition television (HDTV), H.264, motion estimation (ME), video coding, video signal processing.

Published
2008

32. Simplified ZrTiO-based RRAM cell structure with rectifying characteristics by integrating Ni/n + -Si diode.

Author

Lin, Chia-Chun, Wu, Yung-Hsien, Chang, You-Tai, and Sun, Cherng-En

Subjects
TITANIUM oxides, RANDOM access memory, SILICON diodes, SCHOTTKY barrier diodes, SEMICONDUCTORS, RECORDS management
Abstract

A simplified one-diode one-resistor (1D1R) resistive switching memory cell that uses only four layers of TaN/ZrTiO/Ni/n-Si was proposed to suppress sneak current where TaN/ZrTiO/Ni can be regarded as a resistive-switching random access memory (RRAM) device while Ni/n-Si acts as an Schottky diode. This is the first RRAM cell structure that employs metal/semiconductor Schottky diode for current rectifying. The 1D1R cell exhibits bipolar switching behavior with SET/RESET voltage close to 1 V without requiring a forming process. More importantly, the cell shows tight resistance distribution for different states, significantly rectifying characteristics with forward/reverse current ratio higher than 10 and a resistance ratio larger than 10 between two states. Furthermore, the cell also displays desirable reliability performance in terms of long data retention time of up to 10 s and robust endurance of 10 cycles. Based on the promising characteristics, the four-layer 1D1R structure holds the great potential for next-generation nonvolatile memory technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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34. Stepwise Evolution of Photocatalytic Spinel-Structured (Co,Cr,Fe,Mn,Ni) 3 O 4 High Entropy Oxides from First-Principles Calculations to Machine Learning.

Author

Lin, Chia-Chun, Chang, Chia-Wei, Kaun, Chao-Cheng, and Su, Yen-Hsun

Subjects
MACHINE learning, ENTROPY, LATTICE constants, STABILITY constants, SPINEL group, NICKEL-chromium alloys, SPINEL, OXIDES
Abstract

High entropy oxides (HEOx) are novel materials, which increase the potential application in the fields of energy and catalysis. However, a series of HEOx is too novel to evaluate the synthesis properties, including formation and fundamental properties. Combining first-principles calculations with machine learning (ML) techniques, we predict the lattice constants and formation energies of spinel-structured photocatalytic HEOx, (Co,Cr,Fe,Mn,Ni)3O4, for stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric structures. The effects of site occupation by different metal cations in the spinel structure are obtained through first-principles calculations and ML predictions. Our predicted results show that the lattice constants of these spinel-structured oxides are composition-dependent and that the formation energies of those oxides containing Cr atoms are low. The computing time and computing energy can be greatly economized through the tandem approach of first-principles calculations and ML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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35. In vitroand in vivoMethods to Measure the Ceftriaxone Distribution into the Rat Tail Intervertebral Disc

Author

Lin, Chia-Chun, Wu, Yu-Tse, Yen, Jiin-Cherng, Chiang, Chang-Jung, Tsuang, Yang-Hwei, and Tsai, Tung-Hu

Abstract

To characterize the pathway of ceftriaxone penetration into intervertebral discs, rat-tail discs were collected and immersed in a ceftriaxone solution for an in vitrostudy. For this in vivoexperiment, plasma and tail discs were collected 30 min after ceftriaxone administration (463.2 mg/kg, equal to 500 mg/kg disodium salt, iv). The ceftriaxone levels in the plasma and discs were determined with HPLC by a reversed-phase C18 column and a mobile phase of methanol and a 10 mM K2HPO4solution (pH 6.7) (21:79, v/v). The results indicate that ceftriaxone was undetectable by the in vitromodel. The concentrations of ceftriaxone in plasma and in intervertebral discs were 147.4 ± 21.2 and 4.0 ± 1.7 μg/mL (as disodium salt), respectively. Our results suggest that a sufficient blood supply is required for the passive diffusion of ceftriaxone into intervertebral discs. The concentration ratio of ceftriaxone in intervertebral disc-to-plasma was about 2.7% at 30 min after ceftriaxone disodium administration (500 mg/kg, iv).

Published
2010
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36. Microbiological Characteristics of Community-Associated Staphylococcus aureusCausing Uncomplicated Bacteremia and Infective Endocarditis

Author

Chi, Chia-Yu, Wang, Shih-Min, Lin, Chia-Chun, and Liu, Ching-Chuan

Abstract

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusis an important cause of community-associated bacteremia (SAB) and infective endocarditis (IE). No significant differences in distribution or frequency of genes encoding virulence factors, including genes encoding adhesins, were found between isolates from the IE and SAB groups (12 IE and 10 SAB patients).

Published
2010
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