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Lung disease is broadly divided into obstructive lung disease (OLD) and restrictive lung disease (RLD). The latter is a disorder of the parenchyma, pleura, thorax, or neuromuscular walls of the lungs, characterized by decreased total lung capacity due to reduced lung distensibility. Meanwhile, OLD causes increased resistance to flow due to the blockage of part or all of the respiratory tract from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles. These two diseases' initial symptoms and signs are common, such as shortness of breath, coughing, cyanosis, respiratory muscle retractions, snoring, and fever. Early detection is needed to recognize differences in symptoms and signs, establish a diagnosis, and carry out appropriate treatment. It is essential to differentiate between RLD and OLD because they have different therapeutic management. This review aims to discuss the management of restrictive and obstructive lung disease in intensive care unit It is drawn upon various sources, including case reports, literature reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, to provide an overview of the difference between RLD and OLD to help clinicians differentiate between RLD and OLD and provide appropriate therapeutic management. Although RLD and OLD have similar signs and symptoms, they have different pathologic processes. The leading cause of RLD is a pathological condition that causes a decrease in lung compliance. Meanwhile, the primary pathological process of OLD is an increase in airway resistance, which causes typical obstructive symptoms. Addressing this area of interest can help clinicians to provide appropriate management of both pharmacotherapy and mechanical ventilation and monitoring of respiratory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the role of exercise in managing obesity has been suggested, little is known about the effect of caffeine supplementation in the exercise program on body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (%BF), and cholesterol. This research compared the effect of aerobic exercise with and without caffeine on BMI, %BF, and cholesterol level in obese Asian women. Twenty-seven participants were randomly allocated into three groups, which were an aerobic exercise without caffeine (A; n = 9), an aerobic exercise with 3 mg/body weight—caffeine (AC; n = 9), and a control group (C; n = 9). The exercise was a 45-min exercise training at 60%–75% maximum heart rate conducted three times weekly for 8 weeks. The mixed-method repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of treatments and time (i.e., pretest and posttest) on the outcome measures, followed by simple effect analyses with Bonferroni correction. While there was a significant improvement in BMI and %BF from the pretest to posttest, this was superseded by a time-by-treatment interaction effect. For the time-by-treatment interaction, the cholesterol levels in the A and AC groups were significantly lower than in C, suggesting that the benefit of the exercise program is most evident in controlling cholesterol. In conclusion, the 3 mg/kg body weight caffeine does not appear to provide additional benefit in the 8-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise session in improving BMI, %BF, and cholesterol among obese Asian women. Further research with higher caffeine dosage and larger and more heterogenous sample sizes is recommended to confirm the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]