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Researchers around the world use histological analysis to provide the most detailed morphological information of articular cartilage repair and it predominantly relies on the use of histological scoring systems which are important tools for valid evaluations. Due to hyaline cartilage complex structure and avascular nature, damaged cartilage does not heal spontaneously and it is still a challenge to regenerate and restore its tissue function. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of regenerated cartilage by using three different histological scoring systems; O’Driscoll, Pineda and Wakitani which are all classic scores described for such animal studies. We used an in vivo ovine model in which a full thickness chondral defect was created and then implanted with the biomaterial (polyhydroxybutyrate/chitosan; PHB/ CHIT). The results of this histological analysis demonstrated that the cartilage repaired tissues received scores indicating that the majority of the regenerated tissue resembled hyaline-like cartilage. After six months of repair the regenerated cartilage showed characteristics like good surface continuity, uniformed stained extracellular matrix, clearly visible zones and cellular proliferation. In conclusion, this study may be used to investigate and improve the regenerative capacity of hyaline cartilage in preclinical models and it also sheds further light on both the evaluation and methods used for the regeneration of damaged cartilage.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of eggs stored with and without pre-incubation on chick embryos with emphasis on: embryo body, heart weight, malformations, and mortality. For this study, a total of 120 chick embryos were divided into three groups, based on the length of storage before hatching (3, 7 and 10 days). Observations of the weight of chick embryo bodies, chick embryo hearts, and the level of mortality and appearance of malformations were noted. With an increase in days stored, the chick embryo’s weight decreased. The pre-incubation period had a positive effect on the weight of chick embryo, and chick hearts. Malformations, including: hydrocephalus, open body cavity and underdeveloped wings, were observed in all three groups, with the highest proportion seen in the pre-incubated hatching eggs stored for 10 days; this group also displayed the highest level of mortality. Non-pre-incubated eggs showed the most promise with better results in all experimental groups. In conclusion, the research suggests the optimal storage for chick embryos to be 3 days, with lowest levels of mortality, malformations and limited effects on the body and heart weight.