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Rivalry is endemic in society and organizations, fueling competitive intentions and behaviors. According to social network theory, rivalry emerges among people who, like siblings, have many of the same connections to others. For this structurally equivalent rivalry to have its effects, the individual must see the other person as a rival. We ask whether, in the context of competition, people seek to identify the knowledge providers of their rivals while striving to hide their own knowledge providers from perceived rivals. We conducted two experiments that showed, for the first time, that structural equivalence does induce feelings of rivalry and does lead people to take action with respect to perceived rivals, namely to hide and seek knowledge providers. Our analysis of time-separated social network and outcome data from all 73 employees in the headquarters of a chemical company found support for these patterns of hiding and seeking in relation to perceived rivals. We also found limited evidence that career outcomes may be influenced by individuals' success in hiding and seeking. Bringing together research on rivalry and network cognition, we provide a new approach to the strategic deployment of deception and detection in social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rise in racism, racial violence, and hate crimes has catalyzed the implementation of workplace allyship initiatives as a mechanism for creating equity and inclusion in organizations. Yet, these allyship initiatives can evoke leader anxiety because they make power dynamics salient. Extant allyship literature has not considered the implications of leader anxiety for allyship and power dynamics that contribute to inequality in the workplace. Thus, in this paper, I reveal how allyship initiatives may trigger different types of leader anxiety (i.e., preventive, promotive, and mixed preventive–promotive) and motivate different leader allyship actions, which I refer to as "LEAP" behavior. As a conceptual framework, LEAP categorizes four broad allyship actions theorized in prior research: Locating oneself, Engaging in discussions, Asking probing questions, and Providing support. LEAP also acknowledges nuances in leader anxiety that can lead to different types of LEAP behavior (i.e., restricted, responsive, or radical). Lastly, I posit that leaders' LEAP behavior can reinforce power imbalances, challenge power imbalances, or change power structures in the workplace. Ultimately, this paper contributes a more nuanced conceptualization of leader allyship behavior to the allyship literature, and provides a foundation for identifying strategies for increasing equity and inclusion in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note addresses a significant gap in the literature regarding the underlying mechanisms of purchase decision-making that lead to unplanned and impulse purchases. Although several papers have highlighted the differences between the two purchase types, recent academic publications continue to use those terms interchangeably. Through a systematic literature review, this study identified six high-level constructs, in line the Theoretical Domains Framework, that effectively differentiate unplanned from impulse purchase types. Overall, impulse (vs. unplanned) purchases have a primary association with automatic (vs. reflective) motivation. With these findings, academic researchers can better define the types of purchase they are investigating, including the main constructs and underlying psychological mechanisms that are associated with these purchases. As a result, this study substantially improves the reliability of knowledge in this domain. Additionally, this study may encourage marketers to expand their existing toolkits with a broader set of activities that can drive these different purchase types. For instance, marketers could appeal to different underlying purchase decision-making mechanisms: for unplanned purchases, they could offer reminders of related products; for impulse purchases, they could focus on immediate gratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drawing on an in-depth study of physicians facing the Covid-19 pandemic in Italy in 2020, we advance theory on how professionals in their workplace respond to knowledge disruptions associated with complex societal challenges that undermine the adequacy of their knowledge base to solve professional problems. We show that, in the context of uncertainty generated by the knowledge disruption and the inability to mitigate this uncertainty through typical knowledge-based strategies, professionals experience a trail of negative epistemic emotions. Despite these negative epistemic emotions, and motivated by a heightened sense of moral duty, professionals engage in service-oriented practices of collegial and humanistic work that depart from the knowledge-centric practices of their usual work. We detail how the repeated development of positive moral emotions when performing such practices leads professionals to ultimately consolidate and embed service-oriented practices in their professional work. Our study contributes to the literature on professions and organizations by theorizing the distinctive category of knowledge disruptions of unmitigable uncertainty and by uncovering the microlevel dynamics and mechanisms that sustain professionals' responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the potential of the Gamified Metaverse as a platform for promoting library services. The study compares the effectiveness of a traditional library program with a Metaverse- based library program in terms of knowledge acquisition and library anxiety. The research also examines students' perceptions of implementing gamification within the context of the Gamified Metaverse platform. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, including pre- and post-test analysis, statistical analysis, and qualitative data collection. The results indicate that both the traditional and Metaverse-based library programs effectively increased the participants' knowledge, with no significant difference between the two approaches. However, the Metaverse-based program was found to be less effective in facilitating interaction with librarians and reducing library anxiety. Additionally, students expressed positive perceptions of implementing gamification in the Gamified Metaverse platform, finding it engaging and motivating. These findings contribute to the understanding of the effect of the Metaverse as a tool for promoting library services and enhancing knowledge acquisition. However, it is not as effective in reducing library anxiety, particularly in terms of interaction with librarians and staff. It should be noted that the platform may have limitations such as high costs and potential side effects of virtual reality, making it more suitable as an additional tool for promoting library services, taking into account its feasibility and potential benefits for specific student populations and larger libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a rigorous and in-depth systematic review of the literature on Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT) and its applications in marketing research. Despite the widespread use of conventional models and theories in marketing research, motivational theories, such as BPNT, which have demonstrated significant effectiveness in driving motivation, have been relatively neglected. BPNT proposes that fulfilling basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness (ACR) leads to intrinsic motivation, emotional stability, and strong attachment. Our systematic review identifies how the constructs underpinned by BPNT have been utilized, as well as what research designs, contexts, and methodologies have been applied in marketing research. By integrating BPNT into marketing research, the authors aim to provide researchers with much-needed directions for future research and advocate for its continued growth. Specifically, the review notes tensions in terms of contradictory findings, identifies major gaps, and operationalizes BPNT in marketing research by establishing a set of marketing priorities (provided in the form of testable propositions) in seven major domains under the lens of BPNT. As the first systematic literature review of its kind, this theoretical study serves as an essential reference and valuable resource for scholars and practitioners aiming to explore and integrate BPNT into their research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral intervention techniques leveraging reactive responses have gained popularity as tools for promoting ethical behavior. Choice architects, for example, design and present default opt-out options to nudge individuals into accepting preselected choices deemed beneficial to both the decision-maker and society. Such interventions can also employ mild financial incentives or affective triggers, including joy, fear, empathy, social pressure, and reputational rewards. We argue, however, that ethical competence is achieved via reflection, and that heavy reliance on reactive behavioral interventions can undermine the development of ethical competence over the long term. Specifically, drawbacks may occur through motivational displacement, dependency, moral crowding out, loss of personal autonomy, and reactance. We introduce complementary cognitive boosting techniques designed to stimulate reflective cognition, as a more promising long-term strategy for instilling ethical behavior. One such approach is the moral self-awareness motivational construct, which incrementally leads agents to increasing levels of ethical reflection. We explain why ethical boosting approaches present more edifying and durable alternatives to reactive behavioral interventions, and offer suggestions for social and organizational policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the classical concept of Newhouse domains (an open set of diffeomorphisms having a dense set of systems with homoclinic tangencies), we introduce formally the novel notion of Berger domains. Namely, a Berger domain is an open set of parametric families of diffeomorphisms having a dense set of families with persistent homoclinic tangencies. The original construction of Berger provides examples of such domains such that the tangencies are of codimension one and associated with sectional dissipative periodic points with real multipliers. We show that Berger domains can be constructed associated with homoclinic tangencies of arbitrarily large codimension and any type of hyperbolic periodic points. As an application, we find new Kolmogorov locally typical phenomena in dimension three or greater. Namely, we prove that generic families in a certain class of Berger domains have the phenomenon of coexistence of infinitely many attracting invariant circles for any parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this note, I present two variations of the principle of stationary action in order to provide alternative ways for students to think about the action that they may find more intuitive than the traditional approach. These methods involve Lagrange multiplier techniques and are, therefore, best suited for students who are encountering the stationary action principle for a second or third time, perhaps in an advanced undergraduate mathematical methods course or a graduate classical mechanics course. Editor's Note: Students of advanced dynamics encounter the principle of stationary action, wherein the time-integral of the Lagrangian L = T - U is extremized; T and U are the kinetic and potential energies of a system. At first glance, extremizing the difference between T and U may seem strange; the usual justification is that it works in the sense of being equivalent to Newton's second law. In this paper, the author offers two alternative approaches to the least-action principle: extremizing the time-averaged kinetic energy or the product of the time-averaged kinetic and potential energies. The stationary paths are established, and it is shown how these include the customary energy-conserving paths and how they can be isolated. The motivation is to offer instructors options for ''deriving'' the principle of stationary action. Appropriate for upper/graduate-level dynamics students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous work highlighted a critical role for top–down goals in shifting memory organization, namely, through studying the downstream influences of event segmentation and task switching on free recall. Here, we extend these frameworks into the realm of motivation, by comparing how threat motivation influences memory organization by capturing free recall dynamics. In Study 1, we manipulated individuals' motivation to successfully encode information by the threat of exposure to aversive sounds for forgetting. In Study 2, we conducted a parallel study manipulating motivation via instruction rather than threat, allowing us to examine changes directly related to threat motivation. Our findings showed that motivation to avoid threat broadly enhances memory for items presented within a threatening context, regardless of whether items were directly associated with the threat or not. Concurrently, these memory enhancements coincide with a decrease in the organization of memory around motivationally relevant features. These results highlight the importance of considering motivational valence when conceptualizing memory organization within adaptive memory frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recommender systems are currently a suitable alternative for providing easy and appropriate access to information for users in today's digital information-overloaded world. However, an important drawback of these systems is the inconsistent behavior of users in providing item preferences. To address this issue, several natural noise management (NNM) approaches have been proposed, which positively influence recommendation accuracy. However, a major limitation of such previous works is the disregarding of the time-related information coupled to the rating data in RSs. Based on this motivation, this paper proposes two novel methods, named SeqNNM and SeqNNM-p for NNM focused on an incremental, time-aware recommender system scenario that has not yet been considered, by performing a classification-based NNM over specific preference sequences, driven by their associated timestamps. Such methods have been evaluated by simulating a real-time scenario and using metrics such as mean absolute error, root-mean-square error, precision, recall, NDCG, number of modified ratings, and running time. The obtained experimental results show that in the used settings, it is possible to achieve better recommendation accuracy with a low intrusion degree. Furthermore, the main innovation associated with the overall contribution is the screening of natural noise management approaches to be used on specific preferences subsets, and not over the whole dataset as discussed by previous authors. These proposed approaches allow the use of natural noise management in large datasets, in which it would be very difficult to correct the entire data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a unique family archive from early modern Transylvania. The archive’s distinctiveness lies in the self-documentation efforts of successive generations of the Pataki family – intellectuals, primarily doctors – who produced numerous introspective and chronicle-like ego documents. Above all, it highlights the “loving care” with which the Pataki family preserved the written memory of their ancestors over three centuries. I will explore the construction and curation of the family archive through an inclusive examination of the Pataki family archives and the personal legacy of Jenõ Pataki, which is inextricably linked to it. By approaching the archive not only as an object but also as a subject of enquiry, this paper focuses on the motivations of the family members involved in its creation. It examines how and why these repositories came into being, as well as the reasons later generations restructured, reshaped, and refashioned family memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates how compulsory citizenship behaviors (CCB) affect employees' energy and motivation to engage in other voluntary behaviors, such as service-oriented citizenship behavior and creativity. Specifically, we explore how employees' perceptions of job overload mediate this relationship, based on their generational differences. Design/methodology/approach: This study employed a time-lagged survey design to collect data from 265 frontline employees and their supervisors in Pakistani-based organizations. The data was collected in three rounds, with a three-week gap between each round. Findings: The findings suggest that role overload, resulting from compulsory citizenship pressure, undermines millennial employees' service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and creativity. However, these negative effects are less salient among non-millennials. Practical implications: The findings of this study provide valuable insights for managers, emphasizing the importance of exercising caution when imposing excessive citizenship pressures on employees against their will. In addition, organizations and human resource (HR) managers should consider devising policies for formal recognition of voluntary behaviors that contribute to organizational effectiveness. Originality/value: This study contributes to existing CCB research by unraveling the previously unexplored mediating role of role overload and the contingency role of generational difference in explaining how and when coerced citizenship demands hinder employees' propensity to engage in service-oriented OCB and creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a persistent metabolic illness causing elevated glucose levels due to insulin resistance. Social media has been found to positively impact diabetes management by boosting motivation, adherence, emotional support, and sharing evidence-based information, thereby enhancing patients' glycemic control efforts and achieving HbA1c targets. Primarily to examine the influence of social media within a random sample Iraqi population of T2DM patients on the control of diabetes, as measured by HbA1c levels. Methods: A multicentric cross-sectional study involves patients diagnosed with T2DM recruited between December 30, 2019 and November 8, 2023. Patients diagnosed with T2DM, who visited the outpatient clinic at least twice during the study period, were included. The sample size comprised 2921 patients. Various social media platforms available including, Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Telegram, X (formerly known as Twitter), and Viber, were reported. Results: The study involves 2921 participants with a mean age of 53.3 years, 56% of them successfully reached their HbA1c target within a mean of 18.17 months. A significant correlation was found between achieving the target and using social media (P =.0001), with a shorter average duration among social media users compared to non-users. A family history of diabetes also significantly correlated with achieving the desired outcome, suggesting a probable positive correlation (P =.019). Conclusion: The study reveals a significant association between social media usage and glycemic control, introducing the importance of technology-based interventions in enhancing diabetes self-management, highlighting the relationships between social media engagement and HbA1c target achievement. Plain Language Summary: This study looked at how using social media might help people with Type 2 Diabetes in Iraq manage their blood sugar levels better. The researchers found that there is a strong connection between using social media and better blood sugar control. This means that people who engage more with social media tend to manage their diabetes more effectively. The study suggests that social media and other technology-based tools could be important for helping people with diabetes take better care of their health. This is especially important for patients and those who support them, as it highlights a new way to improve diabetes management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study investigated the perceived barriers and potential facilitators for culturally sensitive care among general practitioners in Flanders. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for improving healthcare quality and equity. Methodology: Twenty-one in-depth interviews were conducted with Flemish GPs. Braun and Clarke's reflexive thematic analysis was employed to develop and interpret themes that elucidate shared underlying meanings and capture the nuanced challenges and strategies related to cultural sensitivity in healthcare. Results: Two core themes were generated: GPs' uncertainty and opposition. These themes manifest in emotional responses such as frustration, miscomprehension, and feelings of helplessness, influencing relational outcomes marked by patient disconnect and reduced motivation for cultural sensitivity. The barriers identified are exacerbated by resource scarcity and limited intercultural contact. Conversely, facilitators include structural elements like interpreters and individual strategies such as engagement, aimed at enhancing GPs' confidence in culturally diverse encounters. A meta-theme of perceived lack of control underscores the challenges, particularly regarding language barriers and resource constraints, highlighting the critical role of GPs' empowerment through enhanced intercultural communication skills. Conclusion: Addressing GPs' uncertainties and oppositions can mitigate related issues, thereby promoting comprehensive culturally sensitive care. Essential strategies include continuous education and policy reforms to dismantle structural barriers. Moreover, incentivizing culturally sensitive care through quality care financial incentives could bolster GP motivation. These insights are pivotal for stakeholders—practitioners, policymakers, and educators—committed to advancing culturally sensitive healthcare practices and, ultimately, for fostering more equitable care provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that the effects of leader narcissism can be complex and context dependent, causing a lack of clarity about the conditions under which leader narcissism affects follower perceptions. We posit that the organizational climate plays an important moderating role in the relationships between leader narcissism, leader self‐serving behaviour and follower trust. Based on trait activation theory, we argue that organizational‐level cues can spark or smother narcissistic leaders' self‐serving behaviour with downstream consequences for followers' trust. Our focus lies on motivational climates in organizations, encompassing both performance climate and mastery climate, as providers of trait‐relevant cues. A multilevel and multisource survey of 546 leaders and 1718 followers supports the hypothesized relationships. We find a negative effect of leader narcissism on trust in the leader via leader self‐serving behaviour when the performance climate is high (vs. low). We also find a negative effect of leader narcissism on trust in the leader via leader self‐serving behaviour when the mastery climate is low (vs. high). We discuss how leader self‐serving behaviour as a quintessential behavioural expression of leader narcissism is sensitive to specific cues from the organizational context, how motivational climates help to inform the understanding of leader narcissism, and the practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Community nurses (CNs) play an important role in supporting healthy lifestyles, including healthy eating behaviour of patients. However, many CNs do not incorporate healthy eating support in their daily routines to the fullest extent possible. This study aimed to explore (1) the associations between nurse-related behavioural determinants and self-reported healthy eating support practices of Dutch CNs and (2) CNs' need for additional knowledge. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey design, 244 Dutch CNs completed an online, self-administered questionnaire in October-November 2021. The 60 questionnaire items were related to CNs' characteristics, nurse-related determinants, healthy eating support practices (observing problems, having a conversation about patients' dietary behaviour, motivating patients to eat and drink healthier and supporting patients in goal setting) and the need for additional knowledge. The items on determinants and practices used a 5-point Likert scale. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PRadjusted) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were obtained for the associations between determinants and practices, using adjusted Poisson regression with robust variance estimations. Results: More CNs practiced observing problems (75%) and having a conversation (70%) than did motivating patients (45%) and supporting goal setting (28%) at least often. A more positive attitude (PRadjusted 1.8; 95%CI 1.5–2.2), greater self-efficacy (PRadjusted 1.3; 95%CI 1.1–1.5), greater motivation (PRadjusted 1.5; 95%CI 1.3–1.7) and better abilities (PRadjusted 1.4; 95%CI 1.2–1.6) were associated with a greater prevalence of supporting healthy eating at least often (vs. never to sometimes). Barriers were not associated with healthy eating support (PRadjusted 1.1; 95%CI 1.0-1.2). CNs especially desired more knowledge on diet in relation to cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, severe psychiatric diseases and dementia; methods for motivating patients to start and for supporting patients to sustain healthy eating; and dealing with patient autonomy. Conclusions: This study suggests that nurse-related behavioural determinants such as attitude, self-efficacy, motivation and ability should be addressed to improve CNs' competences in healthy eating support. In addition, based on self-reported need for additional knowledge, it is recommended to pay attention to evidence-based behaviour change techniques, dealing with patient autonomy, and diet in relation to cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, severe psychiatric diseases and dementia. Reporting method: The STROBE Statement was followed for reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underlying motivation behind corporate philanthropy (CP) is subject to multiple interpretations. For emerging markets, traditional interpretations based on a perspective of interest exchange often fall short. The institutional environment in China is characterized by uncertainty, particularly in the field of environmental protection, where the government's attention, a scarce institutional resource, can influence the behaviors of heavily polluting companies. The government's environmental attention (GEA) may be subject to campaign-style investment, which provides an opportunity for research. This study attempts to use institutional theory to construct a difference-in-differences model using the Central Inspection of Environmental Protection as an exogenous shock. It examines the causal impact of GEA on CP, observing that GEA has a positive effect on CP, especially for large companies, companies in less competitive industries, companies located in high-pollution areas, and companies with high environmental expenditure. The results indicate that campaign-style institutional changes provide a non-transactional political motivation for CP. In addition, we discuss the mechanism, which is the expectation change. Campaign-style institutional changes work by altering corporations' expectations of the future institutional environment. We verify this mechanism from two perspectives, namely, the intensity of changes caused by uncertainty and corporate sensitivity to changes. Our results remain robust when subject to several tests based on different identification hypotheses and alternative measures. Unlike the existing literature on the political connections driving CP in China, this study, based on the institutional theory framework, reveals that campaign-style institutional changes constitute a non-transactional, unidirectional political motivation, which is a significant driving factor for CP in a Chinese context. This study evaluates the importance of GEA and reveals the non-transactional political motivations from the institutional theory perspective. This not only enriches existing discussions on the political motivations of CP but also broadens our understanding of the relationship between institutional uncertainty and CP in emerging markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AT 2022cmc is a recently documented tidal disruption event that exhibits a luminous jet, accompanied by fast-declining X-ray and long-lasting radio and millimeter emission. Motivated by the distinct spectral and temporal signatures between the X-ray and radio observations, we propose a multizone model involving relativistic jets with different Lorentz factors. We systematically study the evolution of faster and slower jets in an external density profile, considering the continuous energy injection rate associated with time-dependent accretion rates before and after the mass fallback time. We investigate time-dependent multiwavelength emission from both the forward shock (FS) and reverse shock (RS) regions of the fast and slow jets, in a self-consistent manner. Our analysis demonstrates that the energy injection rate can significantly impact the jet evolution and subsequently influence the lightcurves. We find that the X-ray spectra and lightcurves could be described by electron synchrotron emission from the RS of the faster jet, in which the late-time X-ray upper limits, extending to 400 days after the disruption, could be interpreted as a jet break. Meanwhile, the radio observations can be interpreted as a result of synchrotron emission from the FS region of the slower jet. We also discuss prospects for testing the model with current and future observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study evaluated the impact of self-management interventions based on the COM-B model on peri-implant conditions in older adults with periodontitis. Materials and methods: The patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 (control group) received only an oral health education (OHE) pamphlet. Group 2 (test group) performed a self-management intervention based on the COM-B model. Each patient was examined for the most inflammatory implant. The measurement parameters included self-efficacy, self-management ability, and clinical indicators such as probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), modified gingival index (mGI), modified plaque index (mPI), and peri-implant mucositis severity score (PMSS). The data was collected at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Results: 42 patients underwent testing for 3 months. After 12 weeks, the improvement of self-efficacy, self-management ability, and the reduction of BOP, mPI, and PMSS in the test group was significantly higher than in the control group. Conclusion: The study suggests that self-management interventions based on the COM-B model can enhance the self-management ability of older adults with periodontitis and reduce peri-implant inflammation. This method is more effective than distributing OHE pamphlets. Trial registration: The randomized controlled clinical trial was registered on Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (No. ChiCTR2400082660, Date: 03/04/2024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While the benefits of physiotherapy for hospitalized older patients (HOPs) are well established, these patients are often considered demotivated by healthcare team members (HTMs), which is perceived as a hindrance to their rehabilitation. The quantitative data currently available on the lack of involvement of HOPs are mainly measures of mobility. Motivation as such has, to our knowledge, never been measured. Therefore, this study aims to quantify for the first time the motivation levels of HOPs in their participation in activities of daily living (ADLs) and physiotherapy, and to explore the motivating factors behind their participation in physiotherapy. Methods: The motivation of 60 older patients hospitalized in an acute geriatrics ward was quantified using the Scale of Demotivation Assessment (SDA). Out of these participants, 14 were interrogated through individual semi-structured face-to-face interviews. After transcription, data were analyzed according to Self-Determination Theory, which has been proven effective in the understanding of motivational mechanisms. Results: The prevalence of demotivation was 47% (95% CI: [0.34;0.6]) for ADLs and 35% (95% CI: [0.23;0.48]) for physiotherapy. The main demotivating factors were the feeling of external control (lack of autonomy) and dependance experienced by HOPs, as well as the limited availability of staff during hospitalization. Conversely, feelings of competence, security, respect for limits, and commitment from the HTMs were important motivating factors. Conclusion: A large number of relational factors have an impact on the motivation of HOPs regarding their participation in ADLs and in physiotherapy sessions. Appropriate time and space organizing and the provision of suitable equipment, combined with a genuine caring and respectful attitude from the HTMs, could considerably encourage the expression of intrinsic motivation and thus the involvement of HOPs in their own care program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While multidisciplinary teams with clinical pharmacists improve medication use and outcomes, their integration in South Africa faces limitations. A lack of dedicated positions and healthcare professionals' misunderstanding restrict ward activities and hinder full collaboration, limiting their potential to optimize patient care. This study addresses a gap by exploring how perceived healthcare professionals' understanding of clinical pharmacists' roles impacts their motivation and service implementation. Understanding these dynamics, particularly in resource-constrained settings, is crucial for optimizing integration and healthcare delivery. Methods: Adopting a constructivist approach, this qualitative study was conducted using focus group discussions. Through purposive sampling clinical pharmacists were recruited across South Africa's public healthcare sector. A semi-structured guide based on previous findings explored how the perceived understanding around clinical pharmacy impacts service delivery and work motivation. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis, guided by the Self-Determination Theory framework. Thematic analysis employed an inductive approach, following an initial preliminary analysis of open and selective coding to develop a coding framework. Results: Clinical pharmacists (n = 16) reported various challenges impacting service implementation and motivation. Two main themes were identified: (1) Time: Dedicated ward time is crucial for both the proper implementation of clinical services, as well as the clinical pharmacists' motivation; and (2) Trust: Clinical pharmacists experience a lack of trust amongst healthcare professionals in the value of clinical pharmacy services. The themes illustrated mechanisms at work at three levels: systemic (lack of dedicated positions), inter-relational (healthcare professional's misconceptions), and personal (thwarted autonomy). Conclusions: Systemic challenges, like the absence of official positions present the biggest obstacle, affecting support, scope of practice, and healthcare professional interactions. While systemic changes are crucial for full integration of clinical pharmacists, in resource-constrained settings fostering autonomous motivation is equally important. This study emphasizes the need for a multi-faceted approach, including policy changes, international collaboration, interprofessional education, and interventions to empower clinical pharmacists for proactive service delivery. By addressing these interconnected challenges, healthcare systems can leverage the full potential of clinical pharmacists, ultimately improving healthcare delivery and patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to examine the relationship between parental structure, parental chaos, and homework anxiety among elementary school students, as well as the mediating roles of autonomous and controlled motivation in relation to homework. A total of 1,118 elementary school students from grades 4 to 6 completed the Parents as Social Context Questionnaire, Homework Anxiety Scale, and Homework Motivation Scale. Results indicated that parental structure was negatively associated with homework anxiety in elementary school students, while parental chaos exhibited a positive correlation with such anxiety; furthermore, both homework autonomous and controlled motivation mediated the relationship between parental structure and chaos with homework anxiety. Specifically, a structured parenting environment could mitigate homework anxiety by enhancing students' autonomous motivation; conversely, chaotic parenting environments were associated with increased homework anxiety through heightened controlled motivation while simultaneously diminishing autonomous motivation. These findings offer novel insights into alleviating homework-related anxiety among elementary school students and provide empirical support for developing educational interventions focused on parenting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The single-child issue is a significant contributor to population decline, which adversely affects both parents and children. Despite government-approved incentives, the single-child problem remains a major population challenge. This study was conducted to explore the perceptions and experiences of single-child couples regarding childbearing incentives. Methods: This qualitative study used conventional content analysis and was performed on 21 single-child couples in Mashhad, North East Iran, selected through purposive sampling from urban health centers. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews until saturation was reached. The data were analyzed using the Elo and Kyngas (J Adv Nurs 62(1):107-15, 2008. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x) method with MaxQDA10 software. Results: Two generic categories emerged from the data analysis including (1) "Advertising and providing information as an influencing factor to encourage childbearing", which included two subcategories of "Attention to the key lever of advertising" and "Necessity of adopting advertising policies and creating a culture of respecting maternal role", and (2) "Focusing on effective incentive policies", which consisted of three subcategories of "Adopting incentive policies to reduce people's financial problems", "Avoiding punitive policies" and "Need to adopt incentive policies for working women and elites". Conclusions: Incentive policies should focus on the culture building of the general public, implementing effective incentive policies, and addressing economic challenges, particularly for specific groups such as working women and higher education students. In addition, a public mobilization effort is needed to effectively implement population laws. Plain English summary: Single-child issue is a challenge, being a cause of population decline, and poses adverse effects on both parents and children. Various childbearing incentive policies exist, but single-child couples' perceptions regarding these incentives have been less explored. To encourage childbearing, it is crucial to implement effective advertising and information release among the target groups, based on respecting the maternal role and addressing conflicting attitudes towards the influence of employment and education on maternal role. Avoiding punitive policies, using financial incentive policies to reduce people's financial burdens and being ensured of their implementation, and adopting incentives to support working women and elites (female students in higher education), would be among the effective fertility incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As individuals near a desired goal, they become more motivated, and happier. When thwarted in their goal pursuit, frustration and negative affect ensue. Slot-machine research indicates that near-misses (being one symbol away from a jackpot) are highly arousing, frustrating, yet motivating outcomes. We used the popular game Wordle to illustrate goal gradient and near-miss effects. In Wordle, an individual tries to guess a five-letter word in six attempts. Wordle gives feedback — letters turn green, orange, or grey depending on how closely guesses match the target word. By analyzing feedback across guesses, players can gauge whether they are approaching or thwarted in their goal pursuit. Wordle also contains near-misses (guesses only one letter away from the target). When feedback indicated players were approaching their goal, positive affect and motivation significantly increased compared to thwarted outcomes which increased frustration. Near-misses were significantly more subjectively arousing than other outcomes. The first appearance of a near-miss (an "approaching" outcome) led to higher motivation and positive affect and less frustration than if the next guess revealed the same four green letters (a "thwarted" near-miss). These findings shed new light on erroneous cognitions among slot-machine players who misinterpret slots games as having goal gradient properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical students experience high levels of stress and related mental health problems. Students' autonomous and controlled motivation and their mental well-being are interconnected. This study aimed to investigate whether an innovative teaching concept based on self-determination theory (SDT) could improve students' motivation and thereby reduce their stress levels, ultimately providing a healthier framework for learning. Methods: In a week-long practical psychiatry course for medical students, a new didactic concept was implemented in half the groups (n = 73) and compared with the preexisting concept (n = 75) as a randomized controlled trial (RCT). To promote the SDT-target factors of perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness, the methods used included team building, exclusively positive feedback, group discussions, and choice in task distribution. Significant group differences in motivation, stress, performance, and their relationships were analyzed through t-tests, multiple linear regression analyses, mediation analyses, and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) using questionnaires collected before (t0) and after (t1) the course, and students' exam results (t2). Results: In the innovation group (n = 53), intrinsic motivation/interest (d = 0.41; p =.019) and perceived choice/autonomy (d = 0.33; p =.048) were greater than in the control group (n = 52). While autonomous regulation remained stable, the innovation group showed reduced controlled regulation (d = -0.36; p =.033) and reported significantly lower stress (d = -0.55; p =.003). The observed changes in motivation collectively mediated the stress reduction. However, students in the innovation group achieved lower exam scores, which seemed to result from the absence of critical feedback, but not from the observed differences in motivation or stress. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that enhancing intrinsic motivation through SDT-based teaching can effectively reduce stress in medical students. Exclusively strengths-based positive feedback may have hindered exam performance, but optimizing educational concepts to promote motivation and reduce stress will be a valuable step toward improving medical students' mental well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When defending against hostile enemies, individual group members can benefit from others staying in the group and fighting. However, individuals themselves may be better off by leaving the group and avoiding the personal risks associated with fighting. While fleeing is indeed commonly observed, when and why defenders fight or flee remains poorly understood and is addressed here with three incentivized and preregistered experiments (total n = 602). In stylized attacker-defender contest games in which defenders could stay and fight or leave, we show that the less costly leaving is, the more likely individuals are to abandon their group. In addition, more risk-averse individuals are more likely to leave. Conversely, individuals more likely stay and fight when they have pro-social preferences and when fellow group members cannot leave. However, those who stay not always contribute fully to group defense, to some degree free-riding on the efforts of other group members. Nonetheless, staying increased intergroup conflict and its associated costs. When individuals meet hostile groups, they can choose whether to defend themselves or flee and leave others behind. Here, the authors show that pro-social preferences predict staying and defense, while leaving is predicted by concerns for personal costs and risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This randomized clinical trial evaluated the effectiveness of short, digital interventions in improving physical activity and pain for individuals with knee osteoarthritis. We compared a digital mindset intervention, focusing on adaptive mindsets (e.g., osteoarthritis is manageable), to a digital education intervention and a no-intervention group. 408 participants with knee osteoarthritis completed the study online in the US. The mindset intervention significantly improved mindsets compared to both other groups (P < 0.001) and increased physical activity levels more than the no-intervention group (mean = 28.6 points, P = 0.001), but pain reduction was not significant. The mindset group also showed significantly greater improvements in the perceived need for surgery, self-imposed physical limitations, fear of movement, and self-efficacy than the no-intervention and education groups. This trial demonstrates the effectiveness of brief digital interventions in educating about osteoarthritis and further highlights the additional benefits of improving mindsets to transform patients' approach to disease management. The study was prospectively registered (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05698368, 2023-01-26). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We recently completed the Fund Consciousness Science! Project: a workshop and subawards program aimed to align United States federal funding mechanisms and consciousness research. Here we describe the project's motivation, execution, and outcomes to motivate similar efforts both locally and globally. This Comment reviews a recent workshop that aimed at improving funding outcomes for consciousness science researchers. The most essential pieces of advice for early career consciousness scientists are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative problem solving (CPS), as a twenty-first century skill, is critically important for both living and life-long learning. Motivation in CPS equates to students' needs to recognize their efforts in collaboration. Given the complexity of CPS contexts, the intertwined relationship among different types of motivations was investigated using a person-centred approach to identify different configural profiles of collaborators based on PSI (ψ ) theory. A total of 9398 Chinese students in 264 schools were included in this study. Latent profile analysis was used to identify four profiles of students with different CPS motivations: "Achievement-oriented cooperator" (n = 773), "Instrument-oriented Cooperator" (n = 1539), "Achievement-oriented nonteam player" (n = 1202), and "Instrument-oriented nonteam player" (n = 5884). Their psychological attributes and CPS behaviours were further analysed, with the following results: (1) achievement-oriented cooperators performed the best, while instrument-oriented nonteam players performed the worst; and (2) students who are achievement-oriented and value collaboration with others are more likely to engage in CPS tasks. These findings provide insights into how different motivational configurations influence CPS behaviours, offering practical implications for enhancing collaboration in educational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of gaming-related concerns, the relationship between gaming time (GT) and gaming disorder (GD) remains an intriguing and complex subject. Although increased GT is not a reliable predictor of GD risk, the circumstances under which this relationship strengthens or weakens remain relatively unknown. This study explores the roles of immersion/escapism motive (IEM) and GT in the context of GD among highly engaged gamers (N = 294), each dedicating a minimum of 20 hours weekly to gaming. The findings confirm that IEM significantly moderates the relationship between GT and GD in the male sample. Specifically, low and moderate levels of IEM result in a stronger relationship between GT and GD. In the case of women, the effect was not significant. These findings suggest the importance of comprehensive assessments of gaming motivations when addressing gaming-related issues, particularly in GD research. Moreover, they emphasize the value of adopting a complex approach to comprehending the development of problematic gaming behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intriguing explorations at the intersection of the fields of neuroscience and psychology are driven by the quest to understand the neural underpinnings of "the self" and their psychotherapeutic implications. These translational efforts pertain to the unique Creative Arts Therapies (CATs) and the attributes and value of the self-related processes they offer. The self is considered as a multi-layered complex construct, comprising bodily and mental constituents, subjective-objective perspectives, spatial and temporal dimensions. Neuroscience research, mostly functional brain imaging, has proposed cogent models of the constitution, development and experience of the self, elucidating how the multiple dimensions of the self are supported by integrated hierarchical brain processes. The psychotherapeutic use of the art-forms, generating aesthetic experiences and creative processes, touch upon and connect the various layers of self-experience, nurturing the sense of self. The present conceptual analysis will describe and interweave the neural mechanisms and neural network configuration suggested to lie at the core of the ongoing self-experience, its deviations in psychopathology, and implications regarding the psychotherapeutic use of the arts. The well-established, parsimonious and neurobiologically plausible predictive processing account of brain-function will be discussed with regard to selfhood and consciousness. The epistemic affordance of the experiential CATs will further be portrayed, enabling and facilitating the creation of updated self-models of the body in the world. The neuropsychological impact of the relational therapeutic encounter will be delineated, acknowledging the intersubjective brain synchronization through communicative verbal and non-verbal means and aesthetic experiences. The recognition and assimilation of neuroscientific, phenomenological and clinical perspectives concerning the nested dimensionality of the self, ground the relational therapeutic process and the neuroplastic modulations that CATs have to offer on the premise of fostering, shaping and integrating selfhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As online learning and teaching are becoming an educational trend, online students' engagement will directly impact the learning and teaching effects and outcomes. A scientific application of gamification in online learning, teaching, and online course design will improve online learners' learning experience and help build a better virtual learning context for online learners worldwide. This study focuses on how gamification can engage online students from skills, emotional, participation, and performance perspectives. The gamification components investigated in this study are Points (also called Anar Seeds in the context of this study) and Badges, the most widely used components in gamification design in education, and online instructors have primarily used them to motivate students' learning and acknowledge their achievements by timely rewarding specific learning behavior or performance. A mixed method has been applied to explore further the relationships between gamification components and online students' engagement and how online students perceive the impacts of gamification on their online learning experience. The findings show a significant correlation between Points and online students' skills, emotional, participation, and performance engagement, while it exists only between Badges and online students' participation engagement. The findings also reveal mixed perceptions of online students towards gamification. Study limitations regarding lack of age criterion, limited measurement indicators, and oversimplification of survey responses have also been discussed. It is suggested that future research can be conducted from either the instructors' or the gamification designers' perspectives to determine any other factors that might contribute to the implementation of gamification in the online learning context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive offloading refers to using an external medium such as paper to remember information rather than relying solely on memory. Previous research has suggested that individuals' perceived memory performance may influence their decision to employ cognitive offloading as a learning strategy. However, ubiquitous distortions in metacognitive judgments limit the learning gains. Motivated by this, the current study incorporated second-order metacognitive judgments (SOJs) with distorted first-order metacognitive judgments (FOJs) within a learning context that allowed cognitive offloading. We investigated how individuals decide to employ cognitive offloading based on two levels of self-assessments. Eighty participants from the U.S. were recruited remotely to complete online paired-associate tasks. They learned 48 paired associates on an item-by-item basis, providing a FOJ, an SOJ, and a strategy (offload or not) on each trial. Our findings showed a significant effect of interaction between FOJs and SOJs on the selection of cognitive offloading. Additionally, there were significant variabilities in employing cognitive offloading across individual participants and word pairs. We concluded that SOJs influence the association between FOJs and strategy choices. Furthermore, we attributed the observed interaction to the assessment and regulation of SOJ about FOJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Staff shortages in healthcare, especially nurses, are a worldwide problem with negative effects for both nurses and patients. Supporting nurses is important for job motivation and to strengthen connectedness and intention to stay. Extensive research has been performed in the past on managerial support, but this is not the case for coworker support for nurses. Therefore, it is important to gain knowledge about areas of focus of coworker support impacting nurses' motivation to prevent the loss of motivation and turnover. Aim. To provide an overview of the current insights regarding coworker support's impact on nurses' motivation. Evaluation. A review was conducted using three computerized databases, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. A total of 15 studies matched the inclusion criteria (association between nurses' motivation and perceived coworker support and participants fulfilling the role of nurse). Coworker support was one of the main focuses of the included papers. Review Methods. Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) method of the integrative literature review was used, together with the critical appraisal tool by Hawker et al. (2002) to guide the methodological rigor appraisal of the included research studies. Result. Three main themes regarding associations related to the effect of perceived coworker support on nurses were identified, namely, job satisfaction, intention to stay, and stress. Conclusions. This review shows multiple areas of focus where coworker support is important for the perceived support of nurses, with emphasis on job satisfaction, intention to stay, and stress. Support foresees job satisfaction. With the intention to stay, the effect of experienced support is especially seen among the newly qualified nurses, where lack of support increases the likelihood of leaving their jobs prematurely. Experienced support from coworkers also has a stress‐reducing effect. Implications for Nursing Forum. Support from coworkers is essential for nurses, as it has a positive effect on work satisfaction, intention to stay, and stress reduction. It is important to create a work environment that offers room for coworker support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Experiential learning holds high potential for medical students' education in palliative care. At RWTH Aachen University in Germany, medical students can participate in the course "The Patient as Teacher" offering a one-to-one exchange with a terminally ill patient over a period of several weeks complemented with four supervision sessions and writing of a reflective essay. The course had run from 2005 to 2020 before it was paused due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess the course's value as a palliative care teaching tool by investigating students' motivation and experiences over the years 2005–2020. Methods: A stratified sample of 24 essays was taken from all submitted essays (n = 78), eight essays from the years 2005–2009, 2010–2014, and 2015–2020. Subsequently, a thematic analysis of the selected essays was conducted. Results: The students felt motivated by the opportunity to gain more experience in palliative care, to improve their communication skills and to decrease insecurities in interaction with terminally ill patients. They learned about the patient's biography and medical history, and encountered physical, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions of living with a life-limiting disease. Moreover, they experienced relationship building and communication with a terminally ill patient outside their role as future doctors. Ultimately, they considered their participation as a beneficial experience on both a personal and professional level. Conclusions: The course "The Patient as Teacher" presents a valuable tool for experiential learning in palliative care, which has elicited an unceasingly positive response among the students who participated over the years. It has facilitated medical students in overcoming insecurities in dealing with terminally ill patients and supported them in further developing their professional identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To analyze the associations among autonomous motivation, self-efficacy, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, social support and perceived environment with physical activity practice of adolescents aged between 12 and 15 years; and to test autonomous motivations and self-efficacy as potential mediators of the associations between these environmental factors and physical activity practice. Methods: We evaluated 553 adolescents, that participated in the ActTeens Program. Physical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Autonomous motivation, self-efficacy, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, parents' social support and perceived environment were assessed using specifics questionnaires. Linear regression models were used to test the associations. Results: Parents' support (β = 0.32), satisfaction of basic psychological needs of colleagues (β = 0.21) and teachers (β = 0.12), and perceived environment (β = 0.10) had significant associations with physical activity (p < 0.05). The direct effect value was reduced when autonomous motivation was added as a mediator of the association between parents' support and physical activity (β = 0.24), with a 25% mediated effect. Autonomous motivation was mediator of the relationship between basic psychological needs of colleagues (β = 0.13; EM = 38%), teachers (β = 0.02; EM = 83%), and perceived environment (β = 0.03; EM = 70%) with physical activity. Conclusion: Self-efficacy was not associated with physical activity and autonomous motivation was an important mediator of adolescents' physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The demand for nursing professionals with advanced education and specialized knowledge is growing, which encourages nursing undergraduates to pursue postgraduate studies. Therefore, an in-depth investigation into the barriers and facilitators affecting the motivation of nursing undergraduates to take postgraduate entrance exams was necessary. This may provide more targeted recommendations for the formulation of relevant policies and the provision of student support. The purpose of this study is to explore the barriers and facilitators affecting the motivation of nursing undergraduates for postgraduate entrance examination. Methods: Data for this study were collected from in-depth semi-structured interviews with 15 nursing undergraduates from Nantong University between October and December 2023. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data. Results: Four barriers were identified, including study pressure and internship fatigue, self-doubt and fear of failure, employment pressure, and lack of information and resources. Four facilitators were also identified, including the desire to upgrade academic qualifications and professional skills, career development and transition, escaping clinical work and delaying employment, as well as the power of role models, and social support. Conclusions: The findings may help nursing undergraduates navigate the path to postgraduate entrance exams more effectively and ultimately succeed in their studies and future careers. The study underscores the importance of addressing these barriers and leveraging these facilitators to support the holistic development of nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have established a positive link between nurse managers' caring leadership and nurses' work engagement, but the processes and conditions through which this leadership style influences positive work behaviors remain largely unexplored. To address this gap and contribute to the existing body of knowledge, we developed a chain-mediated effects model to elucidate the impact of caring leadership on nurses' work engagement and the underlying mechanisms. In this model, we identified professional mission and affective organizational commitment as the mediating variables, offering a novel perspective on the relationship between caring leadership and work engagement. Methods: A robust multi-center and large-sample cross-sectional survey was conducted, involving 2502 first-line nurses from six general tertiary hospitals across the eastern, central, and western regions of China. The data collection instruments included a comprehensive questionnaire covering demographic information, the caring leadership scale, the Chinese calling scale, the affective organizational commitment scale, and the Utrecht work engagement scale. Data were meticulously screened and analyzed, employing descriptive analysis to summarize the demographic information, correlation analysis to test the relationship among the variables, stepwise regression analysis to explore the mediating role of calling and affective organization commitment, and the bootstrap method to test the chain mediating effect. This rigorous methodology not only ensures the reliability and validity of research findings but also instills confidence in the robustness of this research. Results: The results indicated a positive relationship among caring leadership, calling, affective organizational commitment, and nurses' work engagement (p < 0.001). Specifically, caring leadership was significantly associated with nurses' calling (β = 0.55, p < 0.001), affective organizational commitment (β = 0.21, p < 0.001), and work engagement (β = 0.05, p < 0.001). And the analysis further revealed that calling and affective organizational commitment mediate the process between caring leadership and work engagement(Effect: 0.17, 0.03, 0.05), with a relative effect size of 89.3% for the total indirect effect. These findings highlight the crucial role of these factors in enhancing nurses' work engagement, providing valuable insights for healthcare leaders and policymakers. Conclusion: Caring leadership positively predicts nurses' work engagement and indirectly mediates calling and affective organizational commitment. The results of this study revealed that the mechanisms of caring leadership influence nurses' work engagement, which provides a new approach to strengthening nurses' work engagement and improving patient healthcare outcomes and organizational performance. Healthcare organizations face continuous challenges; this study embodies the significance of caring leadership in improving nurses' work experience and increasing their work engagement. Nursing managers should enhance their knowledge of caring leadership and receive caring leadership training, thus actively improving their leadership behaviors in nurse management, enhancing leadership effectiveness, and creating more possibilities for developing healthcare organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivational (i.e., appetitive or aversive) cues can bias value-based decisions by affecting either direction and intensity of instrumental actions. Despite several findings describing important interindividual differences in these biases, whether biological sex can also play a role is still up to debate. By comparing females and males in both appetitive and aversive Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer paradigms we found that, while motivational cues similarly bias the direction of instrumental actions in both sexes, the intensity of such actions is increased by the cue in male participants only. The present results constitute compelling evidence that a crucial motivational bias of daily actions directed to obtaining rewards or avoiding punishments is modulated by biological sex. This evidence sheds new light on the role of sex in motivational processes that underlie decision-making, highlighting the importance of considering sex as a crucial factor in future research on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Students' mathematics and science motivational beliefs are crucial determinants of their school academic achievement in math and science. The current study aimed to identify the group memberships of students' motivational beliefs in math and science, which are closely related. Furthermore, this study probed the predictive effects of individual students' experiences at school on forming group membership. We also tested the mean differences of the identified latent groups in math and science achievement. Results: Using latent profile analysis modeling, we examined data from 3857 Korean eighth-grade students participating in the 2019 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study. The theoretical rationale and supplementary statistical indices showed a five-group membership as the optimal solution. The five groups are high motivation, medium motivation, low math/high science motivation, low motivation, and very low motivation. Students' sense of school belonging was the most crucial predictor in forming group membership, whereas perceived student bullying did not predict group membership. Finally, students in distinct motivational belief groups exhibited differences in their math and science achievements. Conclusions: This study identified five subgroups of students based on their distinct motivational beliefs in math and science, and variations in their association with achievements. In terms of policy development and intervention, it is important to nurture students' sense of school belonging. This study advances motivational theories in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education, and provides practical suggestions for improving educational practices to enhance student math and science motivational beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a left module M R over a non-commutative ring R, the notion for the class of nilpotent elements ( n i l R (M) ) was first introduced and studied by Sevviiri and Groenewald in 2014 (Commun. Algebra, 42, 571–577). Moreover, Armendariz and semicommutative modules are generalizations of reduced modules and n i l R (M) = 0 in the case of reduced modules. Thus, the nilpotent class plays a vital role in these modules. Motivated by this, we present the concept of nil-Armendariz modules as a generalization of reduced modules and a refinement of Armendariz modules, focusing on the class of nilpotent elements. Further, we demonstrate that the quotient module M / N is nil-Armendariz if and only if N is within the nilpotent class of M R . Additionally, we establish that the matrix module M n (M) is nil-Armendariz over M n (R) and explore conditions under which nilpotent classes form submodules. Finally, we prove that nil-Armendariz modules remain closed under localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decades, various cost-based optimizers have been proposed to generate optimal plans for SQL queries. These optimizers are key to achieving good performance in database systems and can speed up query execution. Still, they may need enormous expert efforts and perform poorly on complicated queries. Learning-based optimizers have been shown to achieve high-quality plans by learning from past experiences. However, these solutions treat each query separately and neglect the semantic equivalence among different queries. Intuitively, a high-quality plan may be obtained for a complicated query by discovering a simple equivalent query. Motivated by this, in this paper, we present Celo, a novel constraint-enhanced learned optimizer to directly integrate the equivalent information of queries into the learning-based model. We apply denial constraints to identify equivalent queries by replacing equivalent predicates. Given a query, we augment the query plans generated by the learning-based model with the high-quality plans of its equivalent queries. Then, a more potentially well-performed plan will be predicted among the augmented query plans. Extensive experiments using real-world datasets demonstrated that Celo outperforms the previous state-of-the-art (SOTA) results even with few constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For some time, CNN was the de facto state-of-the-art method in remote sensing image change detection. Although transformer-based models have surpassed CNN-based models due to their larger receptive fields, CNNs still retain their value for their efficiency and ability to extract precise local features. To overcome the limitations of the restricted receptive fields in standard CNNs, deformable convolution allows for dynamic adjustment of sampling locations in convolutional kernels, improving the network's ability to model global contexts. InternImage is an architecture built upon deformable convolution as its foundational operation. Motivated by InternImage, in this paper, a CNN-based change detection vision foundation model is proposed. By introducing deformable convolution into Siamese InternImage architecture, the proposed CNN-based change detection vision foundation model is capable of capturing long-range dependencies and global information. A refinement block is utilized to merge local detail, where channel attention is incorporated. The proposed approach achieved excellent performance on the LEVIR-CD and WHU-CD datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the training effect of multi-agent has always been the focus in the field of reinforcement learning. Based on the multi-Agent twin-delay deep deterministic policy gradient (MATD3) algorithm, a parameter sharing mechanism is introduced to improve training efficiency. At the same time, in order to alleviate the inconsistency between real rewards and auxiliary rewards, drawing on the ideas of course learning, a decay factor for auxiliary rewards is proposed to ensure the motivation of policy exploration in the early training period and the reward consistency in the late training period. And the proposed improved MATD3 algorithm is applied to combat vehicle games to achieve intelligent decision-making of the vehicle. The application results show that the reward curve of the vehicle converges stably and the effect is good. Besides, the improved algorithm is compared with the original MATD3 algorithm, and the simulation results verify that the improved algorithm can effectively improve the effect of convergence and the convergence value of reward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]