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It is well-established in both scholarship and policy documents that students’ home language practices can be leveraged as a key resource for their learning. However, it can be challenging for teachers to embed students’ language resources in class activities in ways that link to wider learning objectives. We report how the inclusion of home language literacy practices can both enhance English language learning and promote multiliteracies. Data are drawn from a design-based study on the incorporation of home languages in the teaching of English. In the article, we focus on the teaching and learning that occurred in the classroom of two English as an Additional Language (EAL) teachers. Data collected comprised lesson sequences, teacher reflection, student work samples and student reflection. It was found that teacher-initiated support for home language literacy practices led to positive student engagement. The support included giving an active role to bi/multilingual teaching assistants and Google Translate.

ROOTED IN STRENGTH: USING TRANSLANGUAGING TO GROW MULTILINGUAL READERS AND WRITERS Cecilia M. Espinosa & Laura Ascenzi-MorenoNew York: Scholastic, 2021

Background Ultrasound is a well-validated adjunct to central venous cannulation; however, previous reviews of ultrasound-guided radial artery cannulation have been inconclusive. The aim of this study was to assess the use of ultrasound in radial artery cannulation in adult and paediatric populations. Methods A systematic search of five major databases for all relevant articles published until November 2015 was conducted. Randomized controlled trials of radial artery cannulation with and without ultrasound guidance were included. All studies were assessed for level of evidence and risk of bias. Studies were grouped in adult and paediatric populations for each outcome. A meta-analysis was performed to analyse the data. Results Eleven randomized controlled trials (six adult and five paediatric) were found. In both the adult and paediatric populations, there was high-level evidence for significantly improved first-attempt success rate and number of attempts with the use of ultrasound guidance. Conclusions This is the first level one systematic review to demonstrate strong evidence for the use of ultrasound guidance in radial artery cannulation in adult and paediatric populations. In the adult population, ultrasound use significantly increased first-attempt success rate, which subsequently resulted in a significant reduction in the number of attempts. The benefits of ultrasound were also shown in the paediatric population, with a significant increase in first-attempt success rate and reduction in the number of attempts. The use of ultrasound as an adjunct to radial arterial cannulation should now be considered best practice.

Purpose Cryothermal ablation (CTA) for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is considered safer than radiofrequency ablation (RFA) since it eliminates the risk of inadvertent AV block. However, it has not been widely adopted due to high late recurrence rate (LRR). In an effort to improve LRR, we evaluated a new approach to cryothermal mapping (CTM): “time to tachycardia termination” (TTT). Methods This single-center study had 88 consecutive patients who underwent CTA using TTT for AVNRT. The CTA catheter was positioned in sinus rhythm at the posteroseptal tricuspid annulus, and then AVNRT was induced. The CTA target site was identified by prompt tachycardia termination in ≤20 s during CTM. Procedural success was defined as no inducible AVNRT and ≤1 single AV nodal echoes. Results Acute procedural success was achieved in 87 of 88 patients (98.9 %) and was similar to prior studies for both CTA and RFA. No permanent AV block was observed. LRR was 3.7 % at a mean follow-up of 19.7 months. LRR was equivalent to that commonly reported for RFA and improved when compared to conventional CTA. Conclusion TTT for CTA of AVNRT provides enhanced safety and similar long-term efficacy when compared to RFA. Based upon this experience, TTT provides an enhancement to conventional CTA that appears to result in improved long-term outcomes. In light of these findings, it seems reasonable to undertake additional randomized trials to determine whether RFA or CTA using TTT is the optimal approach for the catheter ablation of AVNRT.

The lithic material from the Emily Bay site consists principally of basalt flakes, blades, preforms and adzes. There are also a small number of obsidian artefacts. The basalt assemblage has been analysed primarily to describe the technology of adze manufacture, which occurred along with reworking of broken preforms and finished adzes. The pattern of adze production is very similar to that found in New Zealand sites. No complete finished adzes were recovered, but the flake material indicates that Duff (1977) Types 1, 2, 3 and 4 were being made. Sourcing studies show that the basalt is local. Sourcing of obsidian shows that nearly all came from Raoul Island (Kermadecs) while one piece may be from New Zealand. Use wear and residues, notably starch grains, were found on many of the sample of 10 basalt and five obsidian artefacts analysed and the range of activities represented is congruent with a permanent or semi-permanent village rather than a temporary camp.