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Der Beitrag diskutiert das Verhältnis der aus der Rhetorik stammenden Kategorie des Stils in Bezug auf das Paradigma der Selbstoptimierung. Seine These lautet, dass Stil eine Dimension der Selbstoptimierung enthält und dass Selbstoptimierung eine Frage des Stils sein kann bzw. im Stilbewusstsein ein Regulativ finden kann. Diese These wird am Beispiel von Goethes Autobiographie »Dichtung und Wahrheit«, Annie Ernauxs autobiographischem Roman »Die Jahre« und Leif Randts Roman »Allegro pastell« verfolgt.

This chapter explores the advantages of understanding the autofictional as a flexible matrix with scalable parameters. It puts forward five theses: (1) The fact that so many scholars have tried to work with the term “autofiction” indicates an obvious need for the “autofictional” to grasp what is vibrant between life and text. (2) The autofictional is a scalable and latent dimension in all autobiographical writing. Therefore, autofiction is not a separate genre in addition to autobiography and the novel. (3) Imagination and the use of the supernatural may support autobiographical reference. (4) Autofiction produces real-life effects. (5) Autofiction oscillates between fictionality and factuality. Although it brings one or other aspect to the foreground, all of them persist and continue to, more or less, resonate together.

In William Shakespeares um 1596/97 entstandener und wohl noch vor 1600 in London uraufgeführter Komödie The Merchant of Venice findet sich im 3. Auftritt des 1. Akts die folgende Äußerung des Juden Shylock in Bezug auf Antonio, den titelgebenden Kaufmann von Venedig

In the vein of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719), the German writer Johann Gottfried Schnabel (1692–1748) wrote a four-volume Robinsonade novel, Die Insel Felsenburg [The Island Felsenburg], which was published between 1731 and 1743. Schnabel’s novel became extremely popular in Germany, as it tells the story of a group of shipwrecked settlers who, in the spirit of protestant piety, establish an ideal state on the beautiful island on which they are stranded. One day, they discover a hidden cave, where they find a well-preserved mummified man, sitting in a stone chair at a table. On a tin board, this man, Don Cyrillo de Valaro, had engraved important information for posterity: namely that he was born on 9 August 1475, came to the island on 14 November 1514, and recorded his recollection on 27 June 1606. His writing ends as follows: ‘I am still alive, however close to death, June 28. 29. and 30. and still July 1., 2. 3., 4. By recording every day that he was still alive, Don Cyrillo, the only inhabitant on the island at the time, managed to do what no autobiographer could ever complete: record his death. One could even go so far as to say that his method typifies a life-writing model – documenting the days of one’s life in the face of inevitable death. In the context of Schnabel’s novel, this episode is remarkable in so far as the most prominent entertainment of the island’s inhabitants is to tell one another about their lives. In the evening, when their work is done, they come together – and there is no TV or internet – and tell their stories. Remarkably enough, their stories are full of sex and crime – aspects of life that are banned from the virtuous island. The story of Don Cyrillo de Valaro and the settlers is fiction, of course. However, it triggers the question as to how ‘real’ autobiographers deal with or even describe their own deaths.

Generation of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) requires a combination of compatible binders in formats that support desired functionalities. Here, we report that bsAb-matrices can be generated by Format Chain Exchange (FORCE), enabling screening of combinatorial binder/format spaces. Input molecules for generation of bi/multi-valent bsAbs are monospecific entities similar to knob-into-hole half-antibodies, yet with complementary CH3-interface-modulated and affinity-tagged dummy-chains. These contain mutations that lead to limited interface repulsions without compromising expression or biophysical properties of educts. Mild reduction of combinations of educts triggers spontaneous chain-exchange reactions driven by partially flawed CH3-educt interfaces resolving to perfect complementarity. This generates large bsAb matrices harboring different binders in multiple formats. Benign biophysical properties and good expression yields of educts, combined with simplicity of purification enables process automation. Examples that demonstrate the relevance of screening binder/format combinations are provided as a matrix of bsAbs that simultaneously bind Her1/Her2 and DR5 without encountering binder or format-inflicted interferences., Bispecific antibodies have been generated in many different formats and it is becoming clear that rational design alone cannot create optimal functionalities. Here the authors introduce the high throughput methodology, Format Chain Exchange (FORCE), to enable combinatorial generation of bispecific antibodies.

Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) with avidity-enhanced specificity can be used to address target cells with increased specificity, ideally binding efficiently to cells that express two cognate antigens, yet not to cells that express only one of those. Building blocks required to generate such bsAbs are binders that recognize the two antigens with high specificity yet with various (including very low monovalent) affinities. The herein described &lsquo, back-to-germline&rsquo, (B2G) procedure defines such derivatives. It converts parent antibodies with high specificity to derivatives that retain specificity but modulate affinity. The approach defines mutations to be introduced into antibody complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) regions without requiring structures of antibody-antigen complexes. Instead, it reverses the B-cell maturation process that increases affinities, with preference on CDR residues with high antigen contact probability. Placing germline residues at those positions generates VH and VL domains and Fv-combinations thereof that retain specificities but are &lsquo, de-matured&lsquo, to different degrees. De-maturation influences on-rates and off-rates, and can produce entities with extremely low affinity for which binding can only be detected in bivalent formats. A comparison with alanine replacement in CDRs (so far, the most frequently applied technology) indicates that B2G may be more reliable/predictable without introduction of stickiness or poly-reactivity. The applicability for generating sets of affinity-modulated monospecific variants is exemplarily shown for antibodies that bind CD138, Her2/neu, and EGFR.

Cardiac surgery is associated with a high risk of postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) and subsequent loss of kidney function. We explored the clinical utility of urinary dickkopf-3 (DKK3), a renal tubular stress marker, for preoperative identification of patients at risk for AKI and subsequent kidney function loss.This observational cohort study included patients who had cardiac surgery in a derivation cohort and those who had cardiac surgery in a validation cohort (RenalRIP trial). The study comprised consecutive patients who had elective cardiac surgery at the Saarland University Medical Centre (Homburg, Germany; derivation cohort) and those undergoing elective cardiac surgery (selected on the basis of a Cleveland Clinical Foundation score of 6 or higher) who were enrolled in the prospective RenalRIP multicentre trial (validation cohort) and who were randomly assigned to remote ischaemic preconditioning or a sham procedure. The association between the ratio of preoperative urinary concentrations of DKK3 to creatinine (DKK3:creatinine) and postoperative AKI, defined according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria, and subsequent kidney function loss, as determined by estimated glomerular filtration rate, was assessed.In the 733 patient in the derivation cohort, urinary concentrations of DKK3 to creatinine that were higher than 471 pg/mg were associated with significantly increased risk for AKI (odds ratio [OR] 1·65, 95% CI 1·10-2·47, p=0·015), independent of baseline kidney function. Compared with clinical and other laboratory measurements, urinary concentrations of DKK3:creatinine significantly improved AKI prediction (net reclassification improvement 0·32, 95% CI 0·23-0·42, p0·0001). High urinary DKK3:creatinine concentrations were independently associated with significantly lower kidney function at hospital discharge and after a median follow-up of 820 days (IQR 733-910). In the RenalRIP trial, preoperative urinary DKK3:creatinine concentrations higher than 471 pg/mg were associated with a significantly higher risk for AKI (OR 1·94, 95% CI 1·08-3·47, p=0·026), persistent renal dysfunction (OR 6·67, 1·67-26·61, p=0·0072), and dialysis dependency (OR 13·57, 1·50-122·77, p=0·020) after 90 days compared with DKK3:creatinine concentrations of 471 pg/mg or less. Urinary DKK3:creatinine concentrations higher than 471 pg/mg were associated with significantly higher risk for AKI (OR 2·79, 95% CI 1·45-5·37) and persistent renal dysfunction (OR 3·82, 1·32-11·05) only in patients having a sham procedure, but not remote ischaemic preconditioning (AKI OR 1·35, 0·76-2·39 and persistent renal dysfunction OR 1·05, 0·12-9·45).Preoperative urinary DKK3 is an independent predictor for postoperative AKI and for subsequent loss of kidney function. Urinary DKK3 might aid in the identification of patients in whom preventive treatment strategies are effective.No study funding.

Background The individual course of CKD may vary, and improved methods for identifying which patients will experience short-term eGFR loss are needed. Assessing urinary Dickkopf-3 (DKK3), a stress-induced tubular epithelia–derived profibrotic glycoprotein, may provide information about ongoing tubulointerstitial fibrosis and short-term eGFR loss. Methods To investigate urinary DKK3’s potential as a biomarker of short-term eGFR loss (over 12 months), we prospectively assessed eGFR and urinary DKK3 levels in patients with CKD of various etiologies at baseline and annual follow-ups. We also measured urinary DKK3 in a general population sample and patients with diagnostic kidney biopsies or IgA nephropathy under treatment. Results Median urinary DKK3-to-creatinine concentration at baseline was significantly higher in patients with CKD than the general population sample (431 versus 33 pg/mg). In the CKD cohort, having a urinary DKK3-to-creatinine level >4000 pg/mg was independently and significantly associated after multiple adjustments with mean annual decline in eGFR of 7.6% over 12 months. Urinary DKK3 significantly improved prediction of kidney function decline compared with eGFR or albuminuria alone. Urinary DKK3-to-creatinine levels were related to the extent of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in kidney biopsies. In patients with IgA nephropathy, a rise in urinary DKK3 was associated with significant eGFR decline within 6 months, whereas stable or decreasing urinary DKK3 indicated a more favorable course. Conclusions Urinary DKK3 levels identify patients at high risk for eGFR decline over the next 12 months regardless of the cause of kidney injury and beyond established biomarkers, potentially providing a tool to monitor CKD progression and assess effects of interventions.

Der Artikel analysiert die Autobiographie des Komponisten Louis Spohr und stellt mit 'Komposition' und 'Aufführung' zwei zentrale Kategorien dieser Lebensbeschreibung heraus. Dabei ist es von Bedeutung, dass die Autobiographie nur zum Teil von Spohr selbst verfasst wurde. Ein Großteil wurde von seiner Frau und seinem Schwiegersohn geschrieben, so dass es nicht nur um ein Selbstbild geht, sondern auch um eine von Familienmitgliedern geschriebene Hagiographie, für die insbesondere auch Spohrs Oratorienwerk in Anspruch genommen wurde. The essay analyses the autobiography of the composer Louis Spohr and focuses on 'composition' and 'performance' as two dominant categories that structure this life narrative. Remarkably, Spohr's autobiography was only partly written by himself. A large part was authored by his wife and his son-in-law. Therefore we do not only have a self-portrait of the composer but also a piece of hagiography composed by familiy members who could especially draw on Spohr's oratoria as an effective source for their portrait of the composer.

Die Einleitung in einen Band, der die aktuelle literaturwissenschaftliche Debatte zur Autorschaft in einen dezidiert religiös-politischen Kontext setzt, skizziert die historische Entwicklung von Autorschaftsmodellen im Spannungsfeld von Religion und Politik von der Antike bis zur postmodernen Gegenwart. Es wird deutlich, dass nach dem 'Tod des Autors' in den 1960er-Jahren und der 'Wiederkehr des Autors' in den 1990er-Jahren die diskursive Konstruktion des Autors nach wie vor eine brisante literatur- und kulturwissenschaftliche Größe ist. Der Artikel befasst sich mit Autorenporträts und stellt die Frage nach der Legitimität und dem Nutzen der bildlichen Darstellung von Autoren in den Kontext des christlichen Bilderstreits. Es wird argumentiert, dass zwischen Bild und Autor ein metaphorisches Substitutionsverhältnis besteht, das es dem Autor bzw. der Autorin auf der einen Seite ermöglicht, Präsenz zu behaupten, sich auf der anderen Seite hinter der Maske ihres Bilds aber auch zu verbergen. The introduction to a volume that places the current literary studies debate on authorship in an explicitly religious-political context traces the historical development of notions of authorship between religion and politics from antiquity to the postmodern time. It elucidates that the discursive construction of the author after the 'Death of the Author' in the 1960s and the 'Return of the Author' in the 1990s is still a volatile category in Literary and Cultural Studies. The article deals with portraits of authors and discusses the legitimacy and the benefit of author images with respect to the Christian Iconoclastic Controversy. It argues that metaphorical substitutions constitute the relation between the author and his/her image. Thus images of authors on the one hand allow for the author's presence and on the other hand provide a mask behind which the s/he may hide.

Die interdisziplinäre Debatte um 'Moderne' und 'Modernisierung' krankt vielfach an einem Unverständnis bzw. Nichtwissen von disziplinär unterschiedlichen Begriffsverständnissen. Der Beitrag weist auf die verschiedenen Bedeutungen von 'Moderne' in der Literaturwissenschaft und in den Sozialwissenschaften hin und setzt sie zueinander ins Verhältnis. Aus der Sicht ästhetischer Modernebegriffe werden allzu eindimensionale Fortschritts- und Entwicklungskonzepte von Moderne und Modernisierung kritisch in Frage gestellt. The interdisciplinary debate on 'Modernity' and 'Modernisation' very often lacks awareness and knowledge of different disciplinary understandings of the terms. The article highlights disparate concepts of 'Modernity' in Literary Studies and Social Studies and discusses their mutual relations. From the perspective of an aesthetic notion of modernity unidimensional and linear concepts of progress and development are read critically.

Der Artikel präsentiert im Rahmen einer internationalen Zeitschriftenreihe über die gegenwärtige Autobiographik Guntram Vespers Roman "Frohburg", der 2016 mit dem Leipziger Buchpreis ausgezeichnet wurde, als Projekt, deutsch-deutsche Geschichte am Beispiel eines Ortes anschaulich zu machen. Dabei treten politische Entwicklungen ebenso in den Blick wie die damit verbundenen religiösen Strömungen. The essay presents Guntram Vesper's novel "Frohburg" which was awarded the Leipzig Bookprize in 2016 within an international journal series on contemporary autobiographical writing. "Frohburg" undertakes the experiment to illuminate German history by focussing on a single place, the small Saxonian town of Frohburg. The essay shows how political devolopments as well as religious tendencies are depicted and how they appear to be interrelated.

Arnold Stadlers Roman Salvatore (2008) wird als Beispiel einer religios-literari-schen Schreibweise gelesen, die einer Poetik des Skandals folgt. Unter Bezugnahme auf das Matthausevangelium und Pier Paolo Pasolinis Film II Vangelo secondo Matteo (1964) konstruiert er ein Konzept skandaloser Autorschaft, das die Unterscheidung zwischen den Instanzen ›Autor‹, ›Erzahler9 und ›Figur9 unterlauft, ohne sie dadurch gleichzusetzen.

Der Artikel analysiert die Selbst- und Fremdstilisierung von Marshall McLuhan zum 'Propheten des Medienzeitalters' und stellt vergleichende Bezüge zur Prophetenfigur in Thomas Manns früher Erzählung "Beim Propheten" (entstanden 1904) her. Dabei wird jeweils die Rolle der zum Einsatz gelangenden Medien untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass die metaleptische Verschränkung von Gegenwart und Zukunft für die Figuration des Propheten der Moderne kennzeichnend ist. The essay analyses Marshall McLuhans stylisation (by himself and others) as 'the prophet of the media age'. It compares the image of McLuhan with the prophet in Thomas Mann's early novella "At the Prophet's" (written in 1904). The essay highlights the function of the media beeing referred to in Mann's text and in McLuhans philosophy of the media world. It is shown that the metaleptic inversion of presence and future is symptomatic for the figuration of the modern prophet.

In Barthold Hinrich Brockes’ (1680–1747) neunbandigem Gedichtwerk Irdisches Vergnugen in Gott (1721–1748) verbinden sich wissenschaftliche Naturbeschreibung, kontemplative Frommigkeit und asthetische Wahrnehmung. Dabei erhalt das rhetorische Prinzip der perspicuitas, der Durchsichtigkeit, eine integrierende und begrundende Funktion, indem es eine diskursive Verschrankung von mikroskopischer Durchleuchtung der Naturobjekte, religioser Betrachtung und perspektivischer Gegenstandsreprasentation erlaubt.

The glutamic acid derivative (S)-4-(3-18F-Fluoropropyl)-l-glutamic acid (18F-FSPG, alias BAY 94-9392), a new PET tracer for the detection of malignant diseases, displayed promising results in non–small cell lung cancer patients. The aim of this study was to provide dosimetry estimates for 18F-FSPG based on human whole-body PET/CT measurements. Methods:18F-FSPG was prepared by a fully automated 2-step procedure and purified by a solid-phase extraction method. PET/CT scans were obtained for 5 healthy volunteers (mean age, 59 y; age range, 51–64 y; 2 men, 3 women). Human subjects were imaged for up to 240 min using a PET/CT scanner after intravenous injection of 299 ± 22.5 MBq of 18F-FSPG. Image quantification, time–activity data modeling, estimation of normalized number of disintegrations, and production of dosimetry estimates were performed using the RADAR (RAdiation Dose Assessment Resource) method for internal dosimetry and in general concordance with the methodology and principles as presented in the MIRD 16 document. Results: Because of the renal excretion of the tracer, the absorbed dose was highest in the urinary bladder wall and kidneys, followed by the pancreas and uterus. The individual organ doses (mSv/MBq) were 0.40 ± 0.058 for the urinary bladder wall, 0.11 ± 0.011 for the kidneys, 0.077 ± 0.020 for the pancreas, and 0.030 ± 0.0034 for the uterus. The calculated effective dose was 0.032 ± 0.0034 mSv/MBq. Absorbed dose to the bladder and the effective dose can be reduced significantly by frequent bladder-voiding intervals. For a 0.75-h voiding interval, the bladder dose was reduced to 0.10 ± 0.012 mSv/MBq, and the effective dose was reduced to 0.015 ± 0.0010 mSv/MBq. Conclusion: On the basis of the distribution and biokinetic data, the determined radiation dose for 18F-FSPG was calculated to be 9.5 ± 1.0 mSv at a patient dose of 300 MBq, which is of similar magnitude to that of 18F-FDG (5.7 mSv). The effective dose can be reduced to 4.5 ± 0.30 mSv (at 300 MBq), with a bladder-voiding interval of 0.75 h.

Das Thema "Robert Musil und die Photographie", für das Karl Corinos Bildbiographie die Materialbasis bereitstellt, ist nicht nur - dies allerdings auch - von kultur- und mediengeschichtlichem lnteresse, sondern entfaltet auf verschiedenen Reflexionsebenen die grundsätzliche Problematik der Repräsentation. Dabei stellt die Photographie in Musils Werk nicht etwa einen zentralen, systematisch erörterten Themenkomplex dar; im Mann ohne Eigenschaften siedelt sich das Thema eher beiläufig an den Rändern des Textes, in seinen Lücken und Nischen an, von wo aus es allerdings, so möchte ich behaupten, die Mitte des Textes in den Blick nimmt.

Musils Tagebücher, von der Forschung als Archiv für Belege und Zitate benützt, werden im Folgenden als Text sui generis gelesen, in dem Motiv und Aporie eines Schreibprojekts aufeinandertreffen. Das 33. Tagebuch-Heft, Musils Merkheft für eine nie Zustande gekommenen Lebensbeschreibung, präsentiert reduzierte Bilder des Ichs, deren Prägnanz zur Ursache für die Unabschließbarkeit des Textes wird. Damit ist ein Repräsentationsverfahren bezeichnet, in dem nicht das Leben des Autobiographen, sondern die autobiographische Arbeit selbst zum Gegenstand der Autobiographie wird. Diese Schreibpraxis zeigt Musils Zugehörigkeit zur Tradition der europäischen Moralistik.

„Den Frauen“, schreibt Otto Weininger 1903 in Geschlecht und Charakter, „ist zwar die Gabe der Sprache, aber nicht so die der Rede verliehen; eine Frau konversiert (kokettiert), oder schnattert, aber sie redet nicht.“ |01| Diese Ab- und Ausgrenzung ‘weiblicher’ Redeformen von der ernsthaften ‘mannlichen’ Rede provoziert die Frage nach dem Verhaltnis von Rhetorik und Geschlecht, dem sich ein an der Universitat Munster arbeitendes Forschungsprojekt unter der Uberschrift Weibliche Rede — Rhetorik der Weiblichkeit widmet. |02