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We explore the possibility of detecting very faint, very close-in stellar companions using large aperture ground-based telescopes and the technique of optical speckle imaging. We examine the state of high angular resolution speckle imaging and contrast levels being achieved using current speckle cameras on the Gemini 8-m telescope. We then explore the use of the modern image reconstruction technique - Multi-Frame Blind Deconvolution (MFBD) - applied to speckle imaging from the Gemini 8-m telescope. We show that MFBD allows us to measure the flux ratio of the imaged stars to high accuracy and the reconstructed images yield higher precision astrometry. Both of these advances provide a large refinement in the derived astrophysical parameters compared with current Fourier techniques. MFBD image reconstructions reach contrast levels of $\sim$5$\times$10$^{-3}$, near the diffraction limit, to $\sim$10$^{-4}$ about 1.0 arcsec away. At these deep contrast levels with angular limits starting near the 8-m diffraction limit ($\sim$20 mas), most stellar companions to a solar-like stars can be imaged in the optical to near-IR bandpass (320-1000 nm)., Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal

In line with the Astro2020 Decadal Report State of the Profession findings and the NASA core value of Inclusion, the NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD) Bridge Program was created to provide financial and programmatic support to efforts that work to increase the representation and inclusion of students from under-represented minorities in the STEM fields. To ensure an effective program, particularly for those who are often left out of these conversations, the NASA SMD Bridge Program Workshop was developed as a way to gather feedback from a diverse group of people about their unique needs and interests. The Early Career Perspectives Working Group was tasked with examining the current state of bridge programs, academia in general, and its effect on students and early career professionals. The working group, comprised of 10 early career and student members, analyzed the discussions and responses from workshop breakout sessions and two surveys, as well as their own experiences, to develop specific recommendations and metrics for implementing a successful and supportive bridge program. In this white paper, we will discuss the key themes that arose through our work, and highlight select recommendations for the NASA SMD Bridge Program to best support students and early career professionals., Comment: White paper developed by the Early Career Perspectives Working Group for the NASA SMD Bridge Program Workshop. 11 pages

Since the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in 2015, numerous universities, NGOs and other organizations have attempted to develop tools for monitoring worldwide progress in achieving them. Led by advancements in the fields of earth observation techniques, data sciences and the emergence of artificial intelligence, a number of research teams have developed innovative tools for highlighting areas of vulnerability and tracking the implementation of SDG targets. In this paper we demonstrate that individuals with no organizational affiliation and equipped only with common hardware, publicly available datasets and cloud-based computing services can participate in the improvement of predicting machine-learning-based approaches to predicting local poverty levels in a given agro-ecological environment. The approach builds upon several pioneering efforts over the last five years related to mapping poverty by deep learning to process satellite imagery and "ground-truth" data from the field to link features with incidence of poverty in a particular context. The approach employs new methods for object identification in order to optimize the modeled results and achieve significantly high accuracy. A key goal of the project was to intentionally keep costs as low as possible - by using freely available resources - so that citizen scientists, students and organizations could replicate the method in other areas of interest. Moreover, for simplicity, the input data used were derived from just a handful of sources (involving only earth observation and population headcounts). The results of the project could therefore certainly be strengthened further through the integration of proprietary data from social networks, mobile phone providers, and other sources., Comment: 19 pages

We present temperature maps of RS CVn star lambda Andromedae, reconstructed from interferometric data acquired in 2010 and 2011 by the MIRC instrument at the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy Array. To constrain the stellar parameters required for this imaging task, we first modeled the star using our GPU-accelerated code SIMTOI. The stellar surface was then imaged using our open source interferometric imaging code ROTIR, in the process further refining the estimation of stellar parameters. We report that the measured angular diameter is 2.742 +/- 0.010 mas with a limb-darkening coefficient of 0.231 +/- 0.024. While our images are consistent with those of prior works, we provide updated physical parameters for lambda Andromedae (R_star = 7.78 +/- 0.05 R_odot, M_star = 1.24 +/- 0.72 M_odot, log L/L_odot = 1.46 +/- 0.04)., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, accepted in ApJ

We present H-band interferometric observations of the red supergiant (RSG) AZ Cyg made with the Michigan Infra-Red Combiner (MIRC) at the six-telescope Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) Array. The observations span 5 years (2011-2016), offering insight into the short and long-term evolution of surface features on RSGs. Using a spectrum of AZ Cyg obtained with SpeX on the NASA InfraRed Telescope Facility (IRTF) and synthetic spectra calculated from spherical MARCS, spherical PHOENIX, and SAtlas model atmospheres, we derive $T_{\text{eff}}$ is between $3972 K$ and $4000 K$ and $\log~g$ between $-0.50$ and $0.00$, depending on the stellar model used. Using fits to the squared visibility and Gaia parallaxes we measure its average radius $R=911^{+57}_{-50}~R_{\odot}$. Reconstructions of the stellar surface using our model-independent imaging codes SQUEEZE and OITOOLS.jl show a complex surface with small bright features that appear to vary on a timescale of less than one year and larger features that persist for more than one year. 1D power spectra of these images suggest a characteristic size of $0.52-0.69~R_{\star}$ for the larger, long lived features. This is close to the values of $0.51-0.53~R_{\star}$ derived from 3D RHD models of stellar surfaces. We conclude that interferometric imaging of this star is in line with predictions of 3D RHD models but that short-term imaging is needed to more stringently test predictions of convection in RSGs., Comment: 31 pages, 8 tables, 14 figures, accepted to ApJ

We present revised stellar properties for 172 K2 target stars that were identified as possible hosts of transiting planets during Campaigns 1-17. Using medium-resolution near-infrared spectra acquired with the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility/SpeX and Palomar/TripleSpec, we found that 86 of our targets were bona fide cool dwarfs, 74 were hotter dwarfs, and 12 were giants. Combining our spectroscopic metallicities with Gaia parallaxes and archival photometry, we derived photometric stellar parameters and compared them to our spectroscopic estimates. Although our spectroscopic and photometric radius and temperature estimates are consistent, our photometric mass estimates are systematically 0.11 solar masses (34%) higher than our spectroscopic mass estimates for the least massive stars (photometric mass estimates < 0.4 solar masses). Adopting the photometric parameters and comparing our results to parameters reported in the Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog, our revised stellar radii are 0.15 solar radii (40%) larger and our revised stellar effective temperatures are roughly 65K cooler. Correctly determining the properties of K2 target stars is essential for characterizing any associated planet candidates, estimating the planet search sensitivity, and calculating planet occurrence rates. Even though Gaia parallaxes have increased the power of photometric surveys, spectroscopic characterization remains essential for determining stellar metallicities and investigating correlations between stellar metallicity and planetary properties., Comment: 45 pages, 15 figures, 7 tables, accepted to the Astronomical Journal, reduced spectra & stellar properties posted to ExoFOP-K2 at https://exofop.ipac.caltech.edu/k2/

We present precision 4.5 $\mu$m Spitzer transit photometry of eight planet candidates discovered by the K2 mission: K2-52 b, K2-53 b, EPIC 205084841.01, K2-289 b, K2-174 b, K2-87 b, K2-90 b, and K2-124 b. The sample includes four sub-Neptunes and two sub-Saturns, with radii between 2.6 and 18 $R_\oplus$, and equilibrium temperatures between 440 and 2000 K. In this paper we identify several targets of potential interest for future characterization studies, demonstrate the utility of transit follow-up observations for planet validation and ephemeris refinement, and present new imaging and spectroscopy data. Our simultaneous analysis of the K2 and Spitzer light curves yields improved estimates of the planet radii, and multi-wavelength information which help validate their planetary nature, including the previously un-validated candidate EPIC 205686202.01 (K2-289 b). Our Spitzer observations yield an order of magnitude increase in ephemeris precision, thus paving the way for efficient future study of these interesting systems by reducing the typical transit timing uncertainty in mid-2021 from several hours to a dozen or so minutes. K2-53 b, K2-289 b, K2-174 b, K2-87 b, and K2-90 b are promising radial velocity (RV) targets given the performance of spectrographs available today or in development, and the M3V star K2-124 hosts a temperate sub-Neptune that is potentially a good target for both RV and atmospheric characterization studies., Comment: 21 pages, 8 figures, 9 tables, accepted for publication in AJ

Given that Campaign 16 of the K2 mission is one of just two K2 campaigns observed so far in "forward-facing" mode, which enables immediate follow-up observations from the ground, we present a catalog of interesting targets identified through photometry alone. Our catalog includes 30 high-quality planet candidates (showing no signs of being non-planetary in nature), 48 more ambiguous events that may be either planets or false positives, 164 eclipsing binaries, and 231 other regularly periodic variable sources. We have released light curves for all targets in C16, and have also released system parameters and transit vetting plots for all interesting candidates identified in this paper. Of particular interest is a candidate planet orbiting the bright F dwarf HD 73344 (V=6.9, K=5.6) with an orbital period of 15 days. If confirmed, this object would correspond to a $2.56 \pm 0.18 \ R_\oplus$ planet and would likely be a favorable target for radial velocity characterization. This paper is intended as a rapid release of planet candidates, eclipsing binaries and other interesting periodic variables to maximize the scientific yield of this campaign, and as a test run for the upcoming TESS mission, whose frequent data releases call for similarly rapid candidate identification and efficient follow-up., Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in AJ

The NASA K2 mission uses photometry to find planets transiting stars of various types. M dwarfs are of high interest since they host more short period planets than any other type of main sequence stars and transiting planets around M dwarfs have deeper transits compared to other main sequence stars. In this paper, we present stellar parameters from K and M dwarfs hosting transiting planet candidates discovered by our team. Using the SOFI spectrograph on the European Southern Observatory's New Technology Telescope, we obtained R ~ 1000 J-, H-, and K-band (0.95 - 2.52 microns) spectra of 34 late-type K2 planet and candidate planet host systems and 12 bright K4-M5 dwarfs with interferometrically measured radii and effective temperatures. Out of our 34 late-type K2 targets, we identify 27 of these stars as M dwarfs. We measure equivalent widths of spectral features, derive calibration relations using stars with interferometric measurements, and estimate stellar radii, effective temperatures, masses, and luminosities for the K2 planet hosts. Our calibrations provide radii and temperatures with median uncertainties of 0.059 R_sun (16.09%) and 160 K (4.33%), respectively. We then reassess the radii and equilibrium temperatures of known and candidate planets based on our spectroscopically derived stellar parameters. Since a planet's radius and equilibrium temperature depends on the parameters of its host star, our study provides more precise planetary parameters for planets and candidates orbiting late-type stars observed with K2. We find a median planet radius and an equilibrium temperature of approximately 3R_earth and 500 K, with several systems (K2-18b and K2-72e) receiving near-Earth like levels of incident irradiation., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, 5 tables, accepted to ApJ. Also see related paper by Dressing et al. titled 'Characterizing K2 Candidate Planetary Systems Orbiting Low-Mass Stars I: Classifying Low-Mass Stars Observed During Campaigns 1-7'. Version 2 updates: Updated table 5, stellar parameters, spectra, and planet parameters posted to ExoFOP-K2 (https://exofop.ipac.caltech.edu/k2/), and updated references

We present 197 planet candidates discovered using data from the first year of the NASA K2 mission (Campaigns 0-4), along with the results of an intensive program of photometric analyses, stellar spectroscopy, high-resolution imaging, and statistical validation. We distill these candidates into sets of 104 validated planets (57 in multi-planet systems), 30 false positives, and 63 remaining candidates. Our validated systems span a range of properties, with median values of R_P = 2.3 R_E, P=8.6 d, Tef = 5300 K, and Kp=12.7 mag. Stellar spectroscopy provides precise stellar and planetary parameters for most of these systems. We show that K2 has increased by 30% the number of small planets known to orbit moderately bright stars (1-4 R_E, Kp=9-13 mag). Of particular interest are 37 planets smaller than 2 R_E, 15 orbiting stars brighter than Kp=11.5, five receiving Earth-like irradiation levels, and several multi-planet systems -- including four planets orbiting the M dwarf K2-72 near mean-motion resonances. By quantifying the likelihood that each candidate is a planet we demonstrate that our candidate sample has an overall false positive rate of 15-30%, with rates substantially lower for small candidates (< 2 R_E) and larger for candidates with radii > 8 R_E and/or with P < 3 d. Extrapolation of the current planetary yield suggests that K2 will discover between 500-1000 planets in its planned four-year mission -- assuming sufficient follow-up resources are available. Efficient observing and analysis, together with an organized and coherent follow-up strategy, is essential to maximize the efficacy of planet-validation efforts for K2, TESS, and future large-scale surveys., Comment: ApJS accepted. 66 pages, 12 figures, 10 tables, 64 new planets. Data uploaded to https://exofop.ipac.caltech.edu/k2/ . v2: Now note 3 known planet names, and corrected a citation. v3: arXiv refs now display correctly

The primary Kepler Mission provided nearly continuous monitoring of ~200,000 objects with unprecedented photometric precision. We present the final catalog of eclipsing binary systems within the 105 square degree Kepler field of view. This release incorporates the full extent of the data from the primary mission (Q0-Q17 Data Release). As a result, new systems have been added, additional false positives have been removed, ephemerides and principal parameters have been recomputed, classifications have been revised to rely on analytical models, and eclipse timing variations have been computed for each system. We identify several classes of systems including those that exhibit tertiary eclipse events, systems that show clear evidence of additional bodies, heartbeat systems, systems with changing eclipse depths, and systems exhibiting only one eclipse event over the duration of the mission. We have updated the period and galactic latitude distribution diagrams and included a catalog completeness evaluation. The total number of identified eclipsing and ellipsoidal binary systems in the Kepler field of view has increased to 2878, 1.3% of all observed Kepler targets. An online version of this catalog with downloadable content and visualization tools is maintained at http://keplerEBs.villanova.edu., Comment: 52 pages, 14 figures, aastex

We have obtained photometry in B and R for seven confirmed or probable polar-ring galaxies from the Polar-Ring Catalog of Whitmore et al. (1990). The rings show a range of colors from B-R \approx 0.6 to B-R \approx 1.7. The bluest rings have bright HII regions, which are direct evidence for recent star formation. The minimum age of the reddest ring, that in PRC B-20, is somewhat uncertain because of a lack of knowledge of the internal reddening and metallicity, but appears to be at least 1.2 Gyr. As such, this ring is likely to be stable for at least several rotation periods. This ring is an excellent candidate for future studies that might better determine if it is truly old., Comment: To appear in RMxAA. 14 pages. 7 figures