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Industri minyak kayu putih di Indonesia yang dominan berbahan baku daun tanaman Melaleuca cajuputi secara umum masih memerlukan perbaikan kinerja antara lain kinerja proses penyulingan untuk meningkatkan rendemen minyak kayu putih yang dihasilkan. Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian pada masyarakat ini adalah untuk melakukan pendampingan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan mitra dalam untuk meningkatkan kinerja proses penyulingan minyak kayu putih minyak kayu putih yang dilakukan. Tahapan kegiatan terdiri dua tahapan sebagai yaitu (1) pengamatan terhadap keseluruhan proses penyulingan minyak kayu putih mulai dari bahan baku yang digunakan daun kayu putih, perlakuan pendahuluan bahan baku sebelum dilakukan proses penyulingan, dan proses penyulingan yang dilakukan, dan (2) penyuluhan dan pendampingan terhadap mitra tentang usul upaya peningkatan kinerja proses penyulingan minyak kayu putih. Berdasarkan hasil pengabdian pada masyarakat yang telah dilakukan maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa untuk meningkatkan kinerja proses penyulingan minyak kayu putih memerlukan perlakuan pendahuluan terhadap daun kayu putih yang digunakan dan kinerjanya akan meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya usia tanaman kayu putih yang digunakan sebagai sumber bahan baku.

Austropuccinia psidii is a pathogenic fungus that causes rust in the Myrtaceae plant. The extensive plantation of the host of this fungus has increased the attack of fungal pathogen, therefore, will increase the threat tothe presence of Myrtaceae species around the globe including in Indonesia. This present study was aiming to detect and identify the presence of this pathogen by morphologicaland molecular observation. Morphological observationrevealed the presence of A. psidii urediniospores onsalam (Syzygium polyanthum) andkayuputih (Melaleuca cajuputi)leaves collected from the arboretum of the Indonesian Center for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement (CFBTI), and the presence of teliospores on young Syzygium leaves. PCR amplification using specific primers of Ppsi1 / Ppsi6 succeeded in detecting the presence of A. psidii fungi Melaleuca and Syzygium showed by DNA amplicon length around 500bp. Efforts to obtain ITS DNA sequences to compare the molecular characteristics of fungi from two different hosts have been carried out, however, the sequencing electropherogram was unreadable, so the comparison can not be performed. This study reported that A. psidii is currently present in Myrtaceae species in Yogyakarta, therefore precaution efforts should be conducted to avoid economic and ecological impact from this pathogen.

Understanding the population structure is one of the best ways to recognize the population in a plant as a whole. The riverside Maluka of Tanah Laut District is the swamps and river found herbs having an important role to play in maintaining the structure of the soil from the erosion of the river running on the area. Employing the descriptive method, this research attempts to describe population of structure plants of the riverside Maluka. The sample of structure plants are those on both edges of the riverside, namely: 1500 meters long and 2 meters wide. The data were collected by using the transect The results showed that there were 13 plants species trees with the different population structure. There are four plants with population structure of polygonnamely; Mangifera indica, Flacourtia rukam, Antidesma Ghaesembilla, and Melaleuca cajuputi. There are six plants of width-based population structure of width, namely; Gluta renghas, Acacia auriculiformis, Syzygium sp., Syzygium guineense, Pisonia sp., Cassia alata. There are two plants in the forms of basin or pitcher, namely; Mangifera casturi and Fagraea crenulata. Plants that have population structure of reversed polygon is called Lagerstroemia speciosa.

Cajuput oil is a commodity of non-timber forest product which is needed and potential to be developed in Indonesia. Therefore, further research on the factors of production and post-production are needed to produce optimum quality. In this study, the leaves of cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) were distillated by water-steam distillation. This study evaluated effects of distillation tank density (60%, 70%, and 80%) and oil storage time (0 month, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months) on physicochemical properties and chemical compositions of cajuput oils. The results showed that cajuput oils had a specific gravity of 0.915~0.923; optical rotation of (-2,10°) ~ (-1,20°); refractive index of 1.463~1.464; solubility in alcohol 1 : 1; cineole contents of 61.18~76.24%; clear to yellowish clear color; distinctive smell of cajuput and in accordance with SNI 06-3954- 2006. The GC-MS analysis identified 24 of chemical components on the cajuput oils with main components were 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, and β-caryophylene. Tank density 70% to 80% with the oil storage time up to 3 months still gives the optimum quality and chemical compositions.

Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cajuputi is one of the Australian Melaleuca species commonly found in Pulau Buru (Maluku, Indonesia). Its oil, the M. cajuputi essential oil (MCEO), has been utilized as the main flavor of the Indonesian functional food, Cajuputs Candy. However, the availability of MCEO is becoming limited. On the other hand, Indonesia has many other potential MCEO sources which can be developed as flavor ingredient. Thus, it is noteworthy to explore these new MCEO sources by studying their sensory characteristics and metabolite profiles. This study was conducted to identify potential metabolites that are correlated to sensory attributes of MCEO by using the metabolomics approach. The metabolite profiles of thirteen MCEOs from different origins were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry while sensory analyses on Cajuputs Candy were conducted by difference-from-control and rate-all-that-apply tests. Sixty metabolites from the MCEO were annotated that includes 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol, caryophyllene, α-pinene, and γ-terpinene. Sensory analysis revealed cooling aftertaste and sweet taste as favorable attributes. Further analysis using Orthogonal Partial Least Square indicated that 1,8-cineole and γ-terpinene were correlated with cooling aftertaste, while 1,8-cineole and caryophyllene were also correlated with sweet taste. In contrast, linalool and nerolidol were associated with the feature of the most characteristic manufacturer's products which have unfavorable attributes such as floral, iodophor-like, metallic, and soapy attributes. The identification of these metabolites will be useful for the selection of MCEOs that can potentially be used as flavor.

Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil (MCEO) from Pulau Buru (PBR), Indonesia, has been used as a functional flavor on Cajuputs Candy for years. Our recent study has explored thirteen other alternative MCEO sources to be developed as food flavor. However, not all of the MCEO had similarities to PBR MCEO both in their sensory and volatile profiles. This study aimed to identify the aroma-active compounds which would affect the overall aroma perception of the most- and the least-liked MCEO as a flavor ingredient based on the nasal impact frequency (NIF) method. Initial screening was performed to evaluate the overall liking of thirteen MCEO on Cajuputs Candy through a hedonic test, conducted by seventy-eight untrained panelists. The sample obtained from Mojokerto (MOJ) was the most-liked alternatives MCEO in a similar degree of liking to the currently used PBR, while Belu (BEL) was the least-liked. Further analysis using Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry/Olfactometry (GC-MS/O) was carried out on the MCEO from PBR, MOJ, as well as BEL. The response of nine panelists showed that the overall aroma perception of PBR was contributed by 1,8 cineole (eucalyptus-like, mint, fresh), α-pinene (pine, green, fresh), and ylangene (spicy, fresh, woody) as the main aroma-active compounds. In addition to α-pinene and 1,8 cineole, the unique aroma of MOJ was dominantly contributed by caryophyllene, possessing a woody, sweet, and spicy aroma. The strong floral odor of linalool and nerolidol, the aroma-active compounds of BEL, generated distinct sensory characteristics in comparison to the reference, PBR.

Gelam tree or Melaleuca cajuputi (M. cajuputi) is an important species for the local economy as well as coastal ecosystem protection in Terengganu, Malaysia. This study aimed at producing a current habitat suitability map and predicting future potential habitat distribution for M. cajuputi in Terengganu based on Species distribution modeling (SDM) using the Maximum Entropy principle. Our modeling results show that for the current potential distribution of M. cajuputi species, only 10.82% (1346.5 km2) of Terengganu area is suitable habitat, which 0.96% of the areas are under high, 2.44% moderate and 7.42% poor habitat suitability. The model prediction for future projection shows that the habitat suitability for M. cajuputi would decrease significantly in the year 2050 under RCP 4.5 where the largest contraction from suitable to unsuitable habitat area is about 442.1 km2 and under RCP 2.6 is the highest expansion from unsuitable to suitable habitat area (267.5 km2). From the future habitat suitability projection, we found that the habitat suitability in Marang would degrade significantly under all climate scenarios, while in Setiu the habitat suitability for M. cajuputi remains stable throughout the climate change scenarios. The modeling prediction shows a significant influence on the soil properties, temperature, and precipitation during monsoon months. These results could benefit conservationist and policymakers for decision making. The present model could also give a perception into potential habitat suitability of M. cajuputi in the future and to improve our understanding of the species’ response under the changing climate.

Plants in the genus Melaleuca have been widely used as traditional medicine mainly because of their broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast genome of Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cumingiana. The chloroplast genome of this species is 158,855 bp in length, including a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) (26,727 bp) that is divided by a large single-copy (LSC) area (87,338 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) area (18,063 bp). The circular chloroplast genome of M. cajuputi subsp. cumingiana contains 135 unique genes, composing of 87 protein-coding genes, 40 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that M. cajuputi subsp. cumingiana was clustered with species in the tribe Melaleuceae. This complete chloroplast genome of M. cajuputi subsp. cumingiana will provide a powerful tool to accelerate breeding, biotechnological and phylogenetic study.

Melaleuca forests significantly contribute to economic development through silviculture and play an important role in carbon sequestration and supply of oxygen. Currently, Melaleuca seedlings are planted on bunds in inundated areas or on trenches in elevated areas. Little is known of what planting methods and growth stage of Melaleuca trees are best for developing new forest areas and sequestering highest levels of carbon. We selected U Minh Ha National Park in search for answers to the questions. We established 12 standard plots (10m x 10m) in the park where Melaleuca trees at two ages (10 years of age and 15 years of age) were planted on bunds and trenches. We employed Anova analysis, SPSS software and numerical analysis for analyzing and evaluating carbon sequestration by Melaleuca trees. We found that planting method significantly contributes to developing new forest areas in terms of tree volume, biomass, and carbon sequestration. Bund-based planting proves to be more cost-effective in developing new forest areas and carbon sequestration than trench-based planting. Trees at the age of 10 planted on bunds has been the most effective category for sequestering carbon. Our methodology in examining the relationship proves to be a feasible reference to new forest development and payment for forest service scheme in the Mekong Delta region or elsewhere in the broader region.

Land use changes from Malaleuca cajuputi swamp forest ecosystem to agriculture production area and settlement land decrease habitat of proboscis monkeys. The habitat position at the edge of the river and high accessibility cause d faster habitat damage. In addition, forest fires occurred in 2015 has caused significant losses of flora and fauna biodiversity in the area. In order to know the type of plants in the study site, the vegetation analysis was conducted. The study site consisted of 19 species of lower plant and 4 types of trees. Dominant species and codominant of study site are widely distributed, indicating the existence of competition in obtaining nutrients and space. At the under storey plant level was dominated by Stenochlaena palustris and Scirpus grossus at the locations A and B whereas at location C was dominated by the Eleocharis dulcis and Jussieua erecta . In the types of trees, the dominant trees were Melaleuca cajuputi , Muntingia sp , Alstonia angustifolia , Shorea balangeran , and Albizia falcataria . In all three locations, there were low similarity values in the plant species below, the level of seedlings, and samplings.

Essential oil extracted from Melaleucagenus has been widely used worldwidefor many purposes. Most of the its has been reported as the source of phytochemical compound where mostly have anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and insecticide properties. Thus, three objectives that have been highlighted in this study are (1) to extract essential oil (cajuput oil) from fresh leaves of MelaleucacajuputiPowell using simple steam distillation,(2) to determine the chemical components of MelaleucacajuputPowell essential oil using GCMS and (3) to compare the chemical compound and its percentage with the previous study.Results found that there were 41 chemical compounds that have been identified. The chemical compounds were monoterpenes such as α-terpinolene, α-pinene, sabinene, 4-terpineol and γ-terpinene. The highest chemical compounds found were caryophyllene (20.16%), α-terpinolene (17.0%),α-humulene (11.91%), β-elemene (7.62%) and γ-terpinene (5.62%). In previous research, 1,8-cineole chemical compound was foundhowever, in this study a different chemical compound found, it was caryophyllene, this is due to different geographic area.As a conclusion, most of the compounds found was aromatic, antibacterial andinsecticide properties.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil leaf extract against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The essential oil of the M. cajuputi was obtained via steam hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC-MS for the chemical constituents. GC-MS analysis showed that the essential oil of M. cajuputi contained 13 compounds with two major chemical constituents, 2-propenoic acid (29.55%) and caryophyllene (20.04%). Adulticidal and larvicidal bioassay was evaluated following WHO guidelines. Larvicidal bioassays were conducted with the 10, 50, 80, 100, and 120 mg/L M. cajuputi essential oil against late 3rd instar of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus which give LC50 120.99 mg/L and 222.58 mg/L, respectively. Adult mortality was observed after 24 h with the LC50 of 0.029 mg/cm2 for Ae. aegypti and 0.028 mg/cm2 for Ae. albopictus. In adulticidal bioassay, M. cajuputi essential oils showed effective results at 0.04 mg/cm2 concentrations, with values for KT50 of 77.71 min for Ae. aegypti and 69.49 min for Ae. albopictus. M. cajuputi essential oils exhibited moderate toxicity effects against the larva and adults of Aedes species and may be used as an alternative to chemical insecticide.

This study evaluates the effects of different extracts from leaves (fresh and dry) and roots of melaleuca on pathogens such as Meloidogyne spp., Phytophthora spp. and Fusarium spp. which affect pepper orchards in Hau Giang province, Vietnam. The results showed that the extracts increased the rate of death of a lethal nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) on pepper up to 100%, while the natural death rate (control) only reached to58% at 3 days after stocking in vitro, and the extracts from fresh leaves had the quickest response. However, extracts from both the melaleuca fresh leaves and roots were not effective on the development of all 11 strainsof Fusarium spp. and 5 strains of Phytophthora spp. which were tested after 3 days of inoculation. The results illustrated that the extracts of dried leaves was positive against the growth of 2 strains (18%), increased thegrowth of 8 strains (73%) and ineffective on 1 strain (9%) of Fusarium spp., and completely ineffective on all 5 strains of Phytophthora spp.

Melaleuca cajuputi has an ability to sprout easily, this is one of indicator for plants that potentially could be reproduced productively. PT Bukit Asam Ltd. has used Melaleuca cajuputi as the main of tree species for the reclamation of its post-mining land. The seedlings are produced generatively using seeds. The purpose of this research was to determine responses of IBA and Growth Media on the tip cutting of Melaleuca cajuputi The results showed that 88.9% of the cuttings, 61.2% of the rooted, and 80.9% of the shoots were viable. The used of IBA and a variety of growing media did not significantly affect to life percentage, rooted percentage, shoots percentage, fresh weight and dry weight of root, fresh weight and dry weight of shoots, numbers of primary and secondary roots, length of primary roots, and length of shoots. The result of this research can be adopted by PT Bukit Asam Ltd. to shorten production time of Melaleuca cajuputi seedlings in the future, where the availability of seeds is limited.Keywords: IBA, Melaleuca cajuputi, cutting, mining

Widiana A, Ukit, Thahirah A, Paijiah E. 2019. Diversity of endophytic fungi in cajuput leaf waste (Melaleuca cajuputi). Biodiversitas 20: 562-569. Cajuput Oil Factory at Jatimunggul, Indramayu of Forest Management Unit of Perum Perhutani (State Forest Enterprises) produces cajuput leaf waste during distillation process. This waste is difficult to decompose due to the presence of lignin in the secondary cell wall. Therefore, fungi are needed to produce some enzymes for speeding up the degrading process. This research was aimed at finding out the diversity of fungi growing in the cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) leaf waste of zero, two and four months old. The result indicated that a total of 14 species of fungi belonging to four genera namely Aspergillus, Arthrinium, Rhizopus, and one unidentified genus are produced by cajuput leaf waste. Ten different types of endophytic fungi were isolated from two-month-old waste, seven Rhizopus and types of fungi were found in the zero-month-old waste, and only five types of isolates are found in the four-month-old waste. Three species of isolated fungi were also tested for their cellulase enzyme activity.

Waste of cajuput leaves (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) has the potential to be used as an alternative cattle feed because it has a fairly high nutritional content. The nutritional content of cajuput leaf waste needs to be improved before being used as an alternative feed. The fermentation process can increase nutrient content in cajuput leaf waste and increase the digestibility of organic matter (OMD), dry matter digestibility (DMD), Ammonia (NH3), and Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA). This study aimed to determine the improvement of cajuput leaf waste nutrition with the help of yeast as well as the effect of fermented cajuput leaf waste along with a mixture of concentrates and field grass on digestibility, NH3, and VFA which were carried out in vitro test. The results showed the nutritional content of cajuput leaf waste fermented by yeast of Aspergillus chevalieri had the best value of protein 16.03%, fiber 16.92%, and fat 5.93%. The treatment R4 (50% cajuput leaf waste + 25% concentrate + 25% field grass) had the best digestibility (DMD=46.12%; DMO=32.08%), NH3 (8.37mM) and VFA (168.5mM) production.

Background: The main problem in nitrogen fertilization for crop cultivated is the very low efficiency due to the leaching process. The purpose of this study was to the determination of the optimum levels of biochar amendment made from Melaleuca cajuputi biochar (MCB) and urea fertilizer (UF) for nitrogen use efficiency in upland rice under M. cajuputi stands.Methods: The study was conducted during dry season within March to June 2019 in Menggoran Forest Resort, Playen Forest Section, Yogyakarta Forest Management District, Indonesia. The experimental design was laid out in a randomized complete block design factorial with three replications as the response surface methodology (RSM). The treatments consisted of MCB levels (0, 5, 10, 15 tons ha-1) and UF levels (0, 100, 200, 300 kg ha-1) as independent variables. The observation parameters were nitrate reductase activity (NRA), total chlorophyll (TC), leaf photosynthesis rate (LPR), nitrogen loss (NL), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and seed yield (SY). The data was analyzed using RSM approach and ridge regression.Result: The optimizing applications of 11.14 tons ha-1 of MCB and 281.13 kg ha-1 of UF resulted in NUE and SY by 2.14 kg grain kg Nfertilizer-1 and 5.83 tons ha-1 or increased by 19.07% and 13.02%, compared to a single application of UF by 300 kg ha-1.

Suryanto P, Taryono, Supriyanta, Kastono D, Putra ETS, Widyawan MH, Alam T. 2020. Assessment of soil quality parameters and yield of rice cultivars in Melaleuca cajuputi agroforestry system. Biodiversitas 21: 3463-3470. Interactions between rice cultivars and soil quality parameters rises problems in the attempt of increasing rice yield. The objective of this study was to assess soil quality parameters that affect the yield of 15 rice cultivars in an agroforestry system of ‘kayu putih’ (Melaleuca cajuputi) situated in Menggoran forest, Yogyakarta, Indonesia which have three soil types namely Lithic Haplusterts, Ustic Epiaquerts, and Vertic Haplustalfs. The observation was conducted on 21 soil quality parameters and yield of rice cultivars. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA, factor analysis, and stepwise regression. The highest yield of rice per hectare was attained by GM 28 in Ustic Epiaquerts with 6.493 tons ha-1, while Situ Patenggang and GM 28 in Vertic Haplustalfs as high as5.549 and 5.401 tons ha-1, respectively, and Situ Patenggang in Lithic Haplusterts as high as 4.893 tons ha-1. Soil quality parameters that had significant effect on the yield of rice cultivars were Clay, SMC, pH, SOC, N, Mg, Fe, Fg, and Bae. We suggested that rice cultivars recommendations for Lithic Haplusterts, Ustic Epiaquerts, and Vertic Haplustalfs are Situ Patenggang, Situ Patenggang or GM 28, and GM 28, respectively, in addition to fertilization based on limiting factors of each rice cultivars.

Suryanto P, Faridah E, Nurjanto HH, Supriyanta, Kastono D, Putra ETS, Handayani S, Dewi AK, Alam T. 2020. Influence of siam weed compost on soybean varieties in an agroforestry system with kayu putih (Melaleuca cajuputi). Biodiversitas 21: 3062-3069. Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.) has grown wild in many kayu putih (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) forest can be utilized as compost for complementary of inorganic fertilizers in annual crops. The experiment was conducted during November-February 2020 in Menggoran Forest Resort, Playen Forest Section, Yogyakarta Forest Management District, Indonesia. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor was soybean varieties consisted of Anjasmoro, Dering I, and Grobogan. The second factor was siam weed compost (SWC) application consisted of 0, 5, 10, and 15 tons ha-1. The data were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA, ANCOVA, and stepwise regression. The SWC application of 10 tons ha-1 showed the highest yield of Anjasmoro, Dering I, and Grobogan were 1.42, 1.56, and 1.51 tons ha-1, respectively, or increased by118.46%, 102.60%, and 112.68%, respectively, compared to the without SWC application. The optimum dosage of SWC application for Anjasmoro, Dering I, and Grobogan were 13.05, 14.35, and 14.93 tons ha-1, respectively, with a maximum yield of 1.45, 1.59, and 1.52 tons ha-1, respectively. Soil quality and physiological parameters that had a significant influenced on the production of soybean varieties in agroforestry systems with M. cajuputi were SOM, K, LPR, TC, and PRO.

GC-MS was applied to identify 24 main substances in Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil (TA) extracted from fresh cajeput leaves through steam distilling. The inhibitory capability of active compounds in the TA from Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam over the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein in human body - the host receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and the main protease (PDB6LU7) of the SARS-CoV-2 using docking simulation has been studied herein. The results indicate that the ACE2 and PDB6LU7 proteins were strongly inhibited by 10 out of 24 compounds accounting for 70.9% in the TA. The most powerful anticoronavirus activity is expressed in the order: Terpineol (TA2) ≈ Guaiol (TA5) ≈ Linalool (TA19) > Cineol (TA1) > β-Selinenol (TA3) > α-Eudesmol (TA4) > γ-Eudesmol (TA7). Interestingly, the synergistic interactions of these 10 substances of the TA exhibit excellent inhibition into the ACE2 and PDB6LU7 proteins. The docking results orient that the natural Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil is considered as a valuable resource for preventing SARS-CoV-2 invasion into human body.

Suryanto P, Kurniasih B, Faridah E, Nurjanto HH, Rogomulyo R, Handayani S, Kastono D, Muttaqien AS, Alam T. 2020. Influence of furrow with organic material and Chromolaena odorata compost on upland rice productivity in an agroforestry system with Melaleuca cajuputi. Biodiversitas 21: 780-791. The main problems of rainfed areas for upland rice cultivation in agroforestry system with Melaleuca cajuputi (kayu putih) were limited to soil moisture availability and low fertility of the soil. The experiment was conducted from March to August 2018 in Menggoran Forest Resort, Playen Forest Section, Yogyakarta Forest Management District, Indonesia. The experiment was arranged in strip plot design with three blocks as replications. The vertical plots were rainwater harvesting technique (RHT) consist of without furrow (WF) and furrow with organic material (FWOM). The horizontal plot was Chromolaena odorata (siam weed) compost (SWC) applications consist of 0, 5, 10, and 15 tons ha-1. The data analyzed by ANCOVA, ANOVA, SEM, and stepwise regression. The results of the study informed that the FWOM with SWC of 10 tons ha-1 showed the highest yield of upland rice per hectare was 2.97 tons ha-1 and yields increased by 91.75% compared to the WF without SWC. The environmental variables that significantly affected the yield of upland rice were WUE and Tsoil. The growth variables that significantly affected the yield of upland rice were SDW, RSA, and RDW. The yield component that had a very significant affected on the yield of upland rice was NP.

There are plenty of biomass resources in Thailand such as agricultural residues from plantations and industrial or woody processes. Biomass in the form of a pellet has more energy density than the original form moreover it is easier to handle and has a higher strength. This study selected woody parts from commonly found trees in Southern Thailand, fuel pellets were made to examine the physical properties and microstructure. Para-rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) sawdust and the branches and leaves of She Oak (Casuarina Equisetifolia) and the Cajuput tree (Melaleuca Cajuputi) were collected from the local area to make pellets by a single unit pellet mill at 130oC and 450 psi of compression temperature and pressure, respectively. The physical properties were characterized via pellet density, moisture content, heating value and compressive strength. Moreover, the microstructure of cross section area of pellet samples from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures were proposed to observe the bonding mechanism. The results show that the different raw material provided different properties. The highest pellet strength, density and heating value was achieved from Cajuput leaves.

Compost of oil palm empty bunches can improve fertility and soil nutrient on ex-mining land. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oil palm empty fruit bunches composted on growth of Melaleuca cajuputi on post-mining land. This research was conducted at field for 3 months. The application was done at 1 to 3 years plant age. A single factor of empty fruit bunch compost organized on RCBD with 4 treatments and 4 replication. The results showed the compost able to increase growth of M. cajuputi. The best application was K1 (5 kg plant-1) increased height of 1 and 2 years plant age respectively by 67.82 and 38.86%. K2 (7.5 kg plant-1) at 3 years old increased by 30.16%. While the highest yield of diameter increased was on K2 (7.5 kg plant-1) at 1 and 3 years plant age (46.05% and 30.85%). The 2 year plant age with dose K3 (10 kg plant-1) was increased of 32.09%. In general, the application of EFB compost such as K1 treatment (5 kg plants-1) was reached the best dose of 1 and 2 year plant age and K2 treatment (7.5 kg plant-1) gave the best response for 3 years of plant age.Keywords: empty fruit bunch, EFB, Melaleuca cajuputi, postcoal-mining land

Processing of palm oil generates enormous quantities of wastewater commonly called palm oil mill effluent (POME). The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of POME as organic fertilizer on Melaleuca cajuputi seedling. The research was conducted at PT. Bukit Asam from November 2016 until March 2017. POME used was from PT. Bumi Sawindo Permai at Tanjung Enim, South Sumatera. POME from Fat pit, cooling pond, anaerob pond and maturity pond were applied to seedlings at nursery with different concentrations of POME Fat pit (625, 417, and 208 mL), Cooling pond (695, 463, dan 232 mL), Anaerob pond (738, 492, dan 246 mL), and Maturity pond (968, 645, dan 323 mL). The result showed that POME from Anaerob pond 246 mL increased the growth of M. cajuputi with plant high 47.35 cm and stem diameter 5.57 mm and total dry weight of CM (Calopogonium mucunoides) was 26.83 g.Key words: ex-coal mine soil, Melaleuca cajuputi, POME

Melaleuca cajuputi breeding in Indonesia is entering the advanced generation cycle and improvements have been achieved for oil concentration and 1.8 cineole-content. In commercial plantations, the total oil yield is an important factor to ensure the sustainability and continuity of oil production. This variable is calculated based on oil concentration, survival rate, and leaf biomass. However, to date, biomass productivity is maintained through silviculture practices rather than genetics. Therefore, genetic improvement for other traits related to leaf biomass is necessary. This study aimed to optimize the breeding strategy of M. cajuputi for a multiple-trait selection using the economic weight of traits related to oil yield. The economic weight was derived by combining selection results in the past generation breeding population and the assessment in genetic gain trials. The study revealed that leaf biomass should be prioritized as selection criteria for oil concentration in the advanced generation breeding based on the current baseline of the achieved gain. The implication of the economic weight to further generation breeding selection for improving oil yield productivity is that the major traits affecting the oil yield should be incorporated simultaneously for selection in the breeding strategy of M. cajuputi. The leaves biomass could be more weighted than other traits in constructing the index for the multiple-trait selection considering the correlation among the three traits observed.

Wetlands are important ecosystems that provide many critical services for ecology and human communities. In the Mekong Delta (MD), Vietnam, the combined effects of climate change and sea level rise (SLR) threaten coastal mangrove forest wetlands, while inland Melaleuca forest wetlands are affected by regional changes in climate. Hence, it is essential to understand the impacts of climate change and SLR on these wetlands, particularly on the dominant species, which are integral to the structure and function of each wetland type. However, future climate suitability for wetland species is not yet well documented and well researched for the region. Therefore, this study examines the potential impacts of climate change and SLR on the three dominant species of these wetland types, Avicennia alba (A. alba) and Rhizophora apiculata (R. apiculata) in coastal mangrove forest wetlands and Melaleuca cajuputi (M. cajuputi) in inland Melaleuca forest wetlands, utilizing an ensemble modelling approach. The species occurrence points, bioclimatic and eco-physiological variables were used to model habitat suitability for the three species under current and future climate scenarios, RCP4.5 and 8.5 for 2050 and 2070. The projected reduction in habitat suitability of A. alba, R. apiculata, and M. cajuputi by mean values of 27.9%, 28.7% and 30.0%, respectively by the year 2070 indicates the vulnerability of the wetland species to climate change impacts. Increases in temperature, and in seasonal variation in precipitation and temperature, and SLR were key driving factors responsible for the losses of suitable habitat. Our findings provide useful information and data sources for development of plans and strategies to protect and conserve the wetlands from future climate change impacts.

Tumih (Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miq.) Danser) and Galam (Melaleuca cajuputi) are typical vegetation of the wetlands of South Kalimantan. Tumih and galam wood waste can be made into charcoal briquettes which have economic value. The aims of this study were: 1) Analyzing the characteristics of charcoal briquettes, namely: water content, density, ash content, volatile matter content, bound carbon content and calorific value and 2) Knowing the best treatment from a variety of treatments. The design model used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The process of making charcoal briquettes at the Forest Products Technology Laboratory. Testing the characteristics of charcoal briquettes was done at the Laboratory of the Research and Industrial Standardization Institute (BARISTAND) Banjarbaru. The results of the analysis of diversity showed that the mixed treatment of tumih wood waste and galam wood waste had a very significant effect on water content, ash content, volatile matter content, bound carbon content and calorific value, but had no significant effect on density. The water content of charcoal briquettes from galam wood waste and tumih wood waste and the combination of a mixture of galam wood waste and tumih wood waste ranged from 6.1133-10.6667 %, the average density value was between 0.5228-0.5897 g/cm3, the average value The average ash content is between 1.3000-2.9300%, the volatile matter content shows an average range of 41.6333-48.4767%, the average value of bound carbon content is 37.9267-50.5400% and the average calorific value ranged from 5084.41 to 6230.59 cal/g. Treatment A3 (25% galam wood waste + 75% tumih wood waste is the best treatment and meets American standards for moisture content and calorific value. Ash content of all treatments are A1. A2, A3 and A4 meet American standards.

In recent few years, many works have been dedicated to search for new source of renewable energy. In this study, new source of renewable energy is based in the briquette made from mixture of ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) powder and gelam (Melaleuca leucadendron) wood powder. The mixture was carbonized at temperature of 500 oC ± 10 oC for 120 minutes. The size of the particles used was 50 mesh while the ratio between wood powder adhesives, i.e. starch powder, used in the study was 1:1. The composition variations between ironwood charcoal and gelam were 100% ironwood charcoal powder and 0% gelam, 70%: 30%, 50%: 50%, 30%: 70%, 0% ironwood: 100% gelam. The compaction pressure during briquette production was varied at 100 kg/cm2, 125 kg/cm2 and 150 kg/cm2. The highest combustion temperature at 205 oC occurred in the specimen with composition of 30% ironwood powder and 70% gelam wood powder with compaction pressure of 100 kg/cm2. The longest burning duration 140 minutes (2 hours 20 minutes) occurred at composition of 50% ironwood powder and 50% gelam wood powder at compaction pressure of 150 kg/cm2. The fastest initial ignition time was 7 minutes and occurred for mixture with composition of 70% ironwood powder and 30% gelam wood powder at compaction pressure of 125 kg/cm2.

Melaleuca cajuput (cajuput) subsp. cajuputi is an endemic species of Indonesia, found naturally in the island of Buru, Seram and Ambon and cultivated in Java. The cajuputi tree is harvested for the leaves which contain important essential oil of 1,8 cineole. Because of intensive utilization and inappropriate management of the resources, the genetic diversity in the natural distribution is under threat. Collection of genetic materials across its natural distribution conducted in 1995 and 1998 had captured more than 160 genotypes for screening of high oil yield and 1,8 cineole content. The selected genotypes had been planted as seed orchards in Java for production of genetically improved seeds. Breeding program is continuing to produce elite clones. The use of superior seeds/clones for plantation is the best solution to increase cajuput oil production and to achieve self-sufficiency in oil supply. Both industrial scale and smallholder plantations are being established to increase the national production which currently stood at around 650 ton/year whilst domestic demand is already over 3500 ton/year. The species is a good example of successful domestication. The native stands are still utilized for oil production and plantations outside the natural range are developing. The paper also discusses importance of breeding program to increase cajuputi oil production in Indonesia.

The application of remote sensing using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology to identify distribution of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) as part of mitigation process has been done in PT. Jorong Barutama Greston. UAV imagery was interpreted visually to produce land cover map. Bare land area from land cover map is used as the boundary of the analysis area for the mitigation of AMD source. Color of soil in UAV images is used as training area for supervised classification to differentiate different pH. The result shows distribution of soil with pH between 2-3 is 1.2 ha, pH 3-4 is 4.5 ha, and pH 4-5 is 9 ha. This analysis can show that mapping results using aerial photo is effective to identify pH of soil in bare land as a source of acid to water in void and it used as input for revegetation and swamp forest planning as bio-phytoremediation efforts. Swamp forest as a wetland is one recomendation for sustainable water management on mine to increase pH and reduce heavy metal content. The success of constructed swamp forest as passive treatment for bio-phytoremediation is determined by the selection of plant species, site location, design and construction of swamp forest and maintenance. Typha latifolia, Salvinia sp., Fimbristylis globulosa, Chrysopogon zizanioides, Melaleuca leucadendra, Melaleuca cajuputi, Nauclea subdita and Nauclea orientalis L. are recom-mended as local selected plants for phytoremediation. Obtained six variables that significantly affected to determination of site location for constructed swamp forest are elevation (T), slope (S), land cover (L), cathment area (C), distance from channel (K) and distance from the monitoring pool (P). The model X = 0.2T + 0.2S + 0.1L + 0.15C + 0.3K + 0.05P applied to find very suit-able area with α = 0.05 and the R-square (R2) value 93.4%.

Melaleuca cajuputi Powell, a member of Myrtaceae family, is a popular and valuable plant in Vietnam, especially in the southern region. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the diversity in chemical composition of M. cajuputi leaf oil collected from six sites in the South of Vietnam. A total of sixty compounds has been identified from the essential oils of M. cajuputi leaf, such as α-thujene, α-pinene, benzaldehyde, β-pinene, β-myrcene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, benzene, 1-methyl-2-(1- methylethyl), 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene, etc. Among those, five compounds were found in all six samples including α-thujene, α-pinene, α-phellandrene, γ-terpinene, and α-terpinolene, whereas other compounds were only present in some samples with varying amounts. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been performed to examine the similarities in the composition of leaf oils among the collection sites using XLSTAT software. The results from PCA suggested that six samples of leaf oil could be classified into 2 chemotypes with different chemical constituents. Note that 1,8-cineole only occurred in chemotype group 1 whereas it was omitted in chemotype group 2. This finding explains the diversity of bioactivity of M. cajuputi collected from different regions and provide more information on M. cajuputi for further application in medicine and food industry.