Search

This research was conducted to evaluate the performance of the nanofiltration (NF) membrane in concentrating permeate obtained from the ultrafiltration (UF) membrane of fermented mung bean. The procedure was performed to determine both the best flux and efficiency of recovering folic acid from the multi-filtration process. Feed A and Feed B were used as ultrafiltered permeate of fermented mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) obtained using Rhizopus oligosporus strain-C1 and Rhizopus sp., respectively. These feeds were subjected to the NF membrane installed in crossflow filtration (CFF) module system at room temperature, flow rate ~7.5 L/min. and transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 10 bar for 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes. The results showed that based on the optimum flux, the best performance of the NF membrane for Feed A and B was achieved at 15 and 15 min, with permeate flux of 32.22 and 20.44 L/m2.h., respectively. Retentate A and B contained folic acid concentrations of 308.51 and 297.53 μg/mL, as well as total solids of 1.39% and 2.20%. Meanwhile, permeate A and B yielded folic acid concentrations of 106.88 and 63.77 μg/mL, with total solids of 0.22 and 0.32%. Under the NF process conditions, retentate A and B showed observed rejection (Robs) rates of folic acid at 65.35 and 78.56%, as well as total solids of 84.34 and 85.36%, respectively. There was also a 9.75 and 3.10% increase in folic acid with a 4.18% and 17.31% rise in total solids compared to the initial condition at 0 minutes. Molecular weight analysis of folic acid in permeate A and B after 15 min. and 15 min. of processing were dominated by monomer with a MW of 442.17 Da. Meanwhile, mass spectra of feed B for a processing time of 15 min. were dominated by monomers with MW of 442.19 and 442.47 Da, both with a relative intensity of 100%.

Beetroot extract (permeate) fermented by kombucha culture separated through cross-flow microfiltration (CFMF) with pore size 0.15 μm at TMP 2 and 6 bar for 0, 5, 15, 25, and 35 minutes, with a flow rate of 7.5 L/m3.hour, at room temperature potentially serves as a natural energy booster. The research results based on soluble protein show that the optimization process at TMP 2 and 6 bar was achieved at 15 minutes with permeate flux of 32.52 and 28.05 L/m3.h, respectively, and soluble protein content of 0.72 and 0.38 mg/mL, total solids of 3.40% and 3.36%, total sugar of 45.91 and 47.47 mg/mL, and acetic acid of 0.93 and 0.97%. Under these conditions, the CFMF system increased the soluble protein in permeate by 123.53% or 1.23 times, indicating partial rejection, and 22.58% or complete rejection. The identification of amino acids in the optimum condition was dominated by three threonine monomers with molecular weights of 120.11, 120.37, and 120.90 Da (M+), and six tryptophan monomers with molecular weights of 205.11, 205.21, 205.44, 205.60, 205.88, and 205.94 Da (M+). The permeate under optimum conditions had average particle sizes of 2788.0 nm and 2922.0 nm, with particle index of 1.523 and 1.795. The particle distribution in permeate at TMP 2 and 6 bar was less than 10,000 nm in size

White waxy corn enjoys global popularity because of its appealing taste and distinctive texture. Although it serves as a dietary cornerstone in numerous regions, it is characterized by relatively modest nutritional content. The objective of this research is to investigate various soaking solutions (including citrate buffer pH 3.0, citrate buffer pH 3.0 with 0,5% vitamin B6, citrate buffer pH 3.0 with 0,5% vitamin B6 and 0,5% glutamic acid) and different germination periods (ranging from 0 to 96 hours) on the level of antioxidant activity, ɣ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), polyphenols, and protein in white waxy corn. The highest ABTS inhibition (66.8%) was achieved through the soaking process involving citrate buffer pH 3.0 combined with L-glutamic acid and vitamin B6 solution during 96-hour germination. In contrast, the highest GABA concentration (213.9 ppm) was attained using citrate buffer pH 3.0 for 96-hour germination. The highest protein content (3110.9 ppm) was observed after 72 hours of germination using a soaking solution of citrate buffer pH three combined with L-glutamic acid and vitamin B6. However, the highest polyphenol (5603.3 ppm) was obtained using citrate buffer pH three for 72 hours. Soaking and germination can improve the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of white waxy corn.

Purifying and drying both fermented biomasses of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) and spinach (Amaranthus sp.) by Kombucha culture has been conducted to recover concentrate and powder of folic acid. The aims of this study is to determine the differences of particles characteristics and compositions of concentrate and powder from both mentioned folic acid source through Micro Filtration (MF) membrane and without MF membrane. The best folic acid produced by MF membrane process (room temperature, stirrer rotation speed 400 rpm, pressure 40 psia and 30 minutes) and drying (30 °C, 22 cm Hg and 24 hours) were resulted in biomass of the concentrate and powder with compositions of total solids 6.29 % and 96.91 %, total polyphenol 0.25 % and 0.06 %, folic acid 58.8 μg/mL and 54.33 μg/mL, reducing sugar 105.34 mg/mL and 441.39 mg/mL, and total acids 0.57 % and 2.33 %, respectively. In optimum condition, fermented spinach concentrate contributed to particles distribution with diameter size (Ø) between 0,4 and 100 μm (75.45 %), and with Ø between 100 and 1000 μm (26.3 %), otherwise, the process without MF membrane was resulted the particles distribution respectively 74.1 % and 25.9% by each interval of Ø.