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Adolf Meyer (1866–1950), a Swiss-born American psychiatrist, was a prominent figure in the development of Anglo-American psychiatry. He rose to prominence as the president of the American Psychiatric Association. His psychobiological approach emphasized a holistic understanding of mental illness, integrating social, psychological, and biological factors. This laid the foundation for a new approach to psychiatry focusing on individualized care and the importance of social adaptation as a biological function. Meyer’s work challenged traditional biomedical views by advocating for a comprehensive model that considered the mind and body as interconnected entities. He was directly responsible for transforming “insane asylums” into “mental hospitals.”

Objective To summarize the key elements and shortcomings of relevant policies in the field of mental health in China, so as to provide reference for the formulation and improvement of follow-up policies in the field of mental health in China. Methods Using NVivollPlus software and content analysis method, a two-dimensional analysis framework of "policy tool-policy object" was constructed to quantitatively analyze 141 relevant policy texts in the field of mental health at the national level from 1999 to 2023 in China. Results China has paid growing attention to mental health, and the National Health Commission, the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Civil Affairs were the core departments of policy formulation. The internal structure of supply-oriented policy tools was out of balance, and the application of environmental policy tools was insufficient. Demand-based policy tools were the least used, accounting for 49.96%, 28.36%, and 21.68%, respectively. The policy object was concentrated in the whole system, health system, and education system, accounting for 32.81%, 24.59%, and 21.94%, respectively. Conclusion It is suggested that the policy design balance the structure of policy tools, increase the supply of resources, apply strategies and measures, strengthen mental health education and promotion, strengthen community grass-roots mental health services, and standardize the development of social mental health service institutions so as to improve mental health and mental hygiene policy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence supports the beneficial linear influence of diverse lifestyle behaviors on brain health since childhood; however, multiple behaviors -and not only one-simultaneously affect such outcomes. Therefore, the aim was to explore the multivariate relationship through a network analysis among mental difficulty and cognitive function with physical fitness (PF), 24-h movement components, fatness, and sociodemographic factors in children. Methods: Cross-sectional study involved 226 children (52.2 % boys) aged between six and 11 years. Mental difficulties were evaluated through the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and cognitive function by the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Test. The body mass index and PF were assessed according to the procedures suggested by the Proesp-Br, while moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) using accelerometry. The socioeconomic level, sleep, and screen time were evaluated by questionnaires. A network analysis was carried out to evaluate the associations among variables and establish centrality measures. Results: Age and PF moderated the negative relationship between cognitive function and MVPA. Furthermore, the direct and inverse relationship between cognitive function and mental difficulties appears to be affected by the 24-h movement components. Finally, age, PF, and screen time are the nodes with higher values of expected influence, indicating more sensitivity to interventions for decreasing mental difficulty and improving cognitive function. Conclusion: Mental health and cognitive function were moderated by the multivariate interaction among age, PF, and the three 24-h movement components. Nonetheless, centrality measures from the network analysis suggest that PF, MVPA, and screen time are crucial nodes in order to implement future interventions.

Evidence supports the beneficial linear influence of diverse lifestyle behaviors on brain health since childhood; however, multiple behaviors -and not only one-simultaneously affect such outcomes. Therefore, the aim was to explore the multivariate relationship through a network analysis among mental difficulty and cognitive function with physical fitness (PF), 24-h movement components, fatness, and sociodemographic factors in children. Cross-sectional study involved 226 children (52.2 % boys) aged between six and 11 years. Mental difficulties were evaluated through the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and cognitive function by the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Test. The body mass index and PF were assessed according to the procedures suggested by the Proesp-Br, while moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) using accelerometry. The socioeconomic level, sleep, and screen time were evaluated by questionnaires. A network analysis was carried out to evaluate the associations among variables and establish centrality measures. Age and PF moderated the negative relationship between cognitive function and MVPA. Furthermore, the direct and inverse relationship between cognitive function and mental difficulties appears to be affected by the 24-h movement components. Finally, age, PF, and screen time are the nodes with higher values of expected influence, indicating more sensitivity to interventions for decreasing mental difficulty and improving cognitive function. Mental health and cognitive function were moderated by the multivariate interaction among age, PF, and the three 24-h movement components. Nonetheless, centrality measures from the network analysis suggest that PF, MVPA, and screen time are crucial nodes in order to implement future interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stigmatization has taken a heavy toll on the mental health and quality of life of the survivors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To address this issue, we proposed a brief, self-directed, reflective, and practical destigmatization intervention. The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of the online COVID-19 destigmatization program (OCDP) in mitigating stigma among the survivors of COVID-19. Methods: This study was conducted on 142 survivors of COVID-19 before their discharge from Vajra Hospital from July 2022 to November 2022. The participants were randomly assigned between the intervention group (n = 71), who attended the 40-min OCDP, and the control group (n = 71), who received standard mental health care. The primary outcome was the efficacy of OCDP in reducing stigmatization. A COVID-19 stigma questionnaire was administered to assess stigmatization in the intervention and control groups immediately before and after the program during follow-up on days 7, 14, and 28. The secondary outcome was the efficacy of the program in alleviating negative emotions according to the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 questionnaire. Results: Compared with the control group, the intervention group had a more prominent reduction in the overall stigma score on day 7 (p = 0.002) and day 14 (p = 0.028). The intervention group had a more evident reduction in enacted stigma (day 7, p = 0.04), internalized stigma (day 7, p = 0.008; day 14, p < 0.028), and perceived external stigma (day 7, p = 0.002) than the control group. However, there was no significant difference in terms of disclosure concern between the intervention and control groups. Furthermore, the reduction in depression, anxiety, and stress between the two groups did not significantly differ. Conclusion: Online COVID-19 destigmatization program provided prior to hospital discharge is an effective tool in reducing stigmatization, particularly within the first 2 weeks after reintegration into society, among the survivors of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Tempo e Argumento is the property of Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to analyze how the family was included in the works developed by the Orthophrenic and Mental Hygiene Service, built in the educational reform Anísio Teixeira in 1934. Th e family is the basis of this work, whose approach is anchored in the political history line. Both family institution and education were articulated and served the State wich unterstood the family as basis that underpinned its ideology in the condition as nationfamily. At the same time, it understood the education as way to constitution of the adjusted, healthy and worker Brazilian with collectives and civics principles, above all, an individual of family. However, in this paper we seek to highlight the protagonism of the families investigated by OMHS who, in the face of its impositions regarding of way they should educate their children, created strategies and negotiations in this relationship of strength established between them. The proposed investigation is based on the writings of Arthur Ramos, director of the Service, related to the work performed in that institution and the analysis of some orthophrenic records and in the bibliography referents to the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the need to increase the variety of support available to health-care professionals to maintain their mental health and reduce stigma. The medical profession involves caring for the well-being of others. Resources of positive emotion are exhausted over time. The body becomes susceptible to stress. The extracts from interviews and case studies presented in this article illustrate well the quality of life of medical staff in the Covid-19 period. If this state persists for a long time, it can lead to the complete exhaustion of physical and mental health, which affects a person’s motivation, attitude and behaviour towards their health, work, relationships and life. Pre-existing negative attitudes towards the promotion and improvement of mental health have had a negative impact on health and have led to suicide. It should be noted that the suicide risk rate among doctors is twice as high as in the general population. The importance of maintaining the mental hygiene of medical staff during the Covid-19 period, as a prerequisite for a quality lifestyle, is emphasised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reginald Arthur-Mensah Jnr,1 Genevieve Paintsiwaa Paintsil,2 Agnes Agudu Delali,3 Abigail Agartha Kyei1 1Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Pentecost University, Accra, Ghana; 2COVID-19 Department, Greater Accra Regional Hospital, Accra, Ghana; 3Nursing Administration, Greater Accra Psychiatric Hospital, Accra, GhanaCorrespondence: Reginald Arthur-Mensah JnrDepartment of Nursing and Midwifery, Pentecost University, P.O. Box KN 1739, Sowutuom, Accra, GhanaTel +233 276 717068Email ramensah@pentvars.edu.gh; regartmen@gmail.comPurpose: The COVID-19 pandemic is affecting healthcare workers (HCWs) in unique ways which include the risk of infection and subsequent transmission to their colleagues and families, the issue of vulnerability due to lack of PPEs and access to equipment needed to provide best care for patients, moral injury in making triage decisions, the lack of professional and/or social support and psychological burdens during this period. This study thus investigates the mental health outcomes (fear, depression, anxiety, and stress) and mental hygiene among HCWs in Ghana in this COVID-19 era.Methods: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design.Results: Our findings revealed a shared count of psychological outcomes among HCWs in Ghana. State anxiety was a prominent psychological outcome among HCWs. Being a female HCW was significantly associated with state anxiety. Correlation analysis showed a positive and significant relationship among all the psychological outcomes at P< 0.05 and 0.01. There were no mental hygiene systems and/or structures in place at the regional hospital.Conclusion: It is recommended that healthcare facilities and systems must swiftly implement and establish mental hygiene structures for their HCWs in this period of the pandemic to secure holistic, balanced life, and professional support for HCWs now and beyond this pandemic.Keywords: anxiety, depression, fear, health care workers, Ghana, mental hygiene, stress

In this article, I approach mental hygiene and mental health programs as vehicles of psychologization of Costa Rican society. I identify some of the strategies, discourses and fantasies adopted by psychologists associated with these paradigms through the study of documentary sources such as textbooks, curriculums, mental health laws and policies, and campaigns by the College of Professionals in Psychology of Costa Rica. I analyse the preventive and promotional projections at the communal, scholar, and familiar level as part of a generous vocation (Rose, 1998), with which the discipline has infiltrated socializing institutions. Subsequently, I address the problem of thepeutocratic cooptation of social rights and its link to the rise of cognitivebehavioural approaches. Finally, I discuss the consensual aspirations of psychopolitics (de Vos, 2012) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and neoliberal reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: 2020 was a challenging year for all healthcare professionals worldwide. In São Paulo, Brazil, the virus SARS-CoV-2 took 47,222 lives up to December 29, 2020. The front line of medical professionals in São Paulo was composed of many residents, who were transferred from their rotations to cover the needs of the pandemic. OBJECTIVE: To identify medical residents’ mental health and clinical issues, regarding symptoms of burnout, depression and anxiety during the pandemic, and to compare them among specialties. DESIGN AND SETTING: Quantitative study using a convenience sample of medical resident volunteers who responded to an anonymous online survey that was available during April 2020. METHODS: This investigation collected sociodemographic information and used the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) to measure burnout, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to measure depression and the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale to measure anxiety symptoms. This study also developed a COVID-19 Impact Questionnaire (CIQ-19) to assess the residents’ beliefs and clinical practices relating to COVID-19 patients. RESULTS: The sample comprised 1,392 medical residents in São Paulo, Brazil. Clinical specialty physicians showed the highest rates of anxiety symptoms (52.6%) and burnout (51.2%), among the specialties. CONCLUSION: Clinical specialty residents are at higher risk of anxiety, depression and burnout. The symptoms of anxiety and depression have worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a general need for mental health support interventions for medical resident physicians, which requires reinforcement during this worldwide crisis.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Falls among older people have a negative impact on health and therefore constitute a public health problem. Cognitive decline can also accompany the aging process, and both conditions lead to significant increases in morbidity and mortality in this population. Objective: To analyze the cognitive performance of older people, classified as non-fallers, sporadic fallers and recurrent fallers, and investigate the relationship between falls and cognition. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Evaluations on 230 older people were conducted. They were divided into three groups: non-fallers, sporadic fallers (one fall) and recurrent fallers (two or more falls). The Mini-Mental State Examination, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD), Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB), Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMDEX) similarities subtest and digit span test were applied. RESULTS: In multinomial logistic regression, being a recurrent faller was significantly associated with lower scores in the CERAD word list (odds ratio, OR = 0.92; 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.86-0.98; P = 0.01), in CERAD constructive praxis (OR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.79-0.98; P = 0.02), in BCSB figure list memory (OR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-0.99; P = 0.02) and in verbal fluency (OR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81-0.97; P = 0.01). Recurrent fallers also had lower scores in these same tests, compared with sporadic fallers. CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment, especially in the domains of memory and executive functioning, can influence occurrences of recurrent falls.

Evidence suggests that participation in plaza dancing may affect mental health. This study for the first time quantified the relationships between plaza dancing and psychological well-being and ill-being. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP to identify relevant studies published from the databases since their inception to July 25, 2021. The standardized mean differences (SMDs) of pre-to-post intervention data were calculated in the meta-analysis. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to test the potential moderating effects of age, outcome classification, measurement instruments, district, publication year, total sample size, and the duration, frequency, and length of the square dance intervention. A total of 25 original articles met all the eligibility criteria and were included in the review, and 17 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that plaza dancing improved psychological well-being (pooled SMD = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.95; I 2 = 86.9%) and reduced psychological ill-being (pooled SMD = −0.84; 95% CI: −1.00, −0.68; I 2 = 64.8%). The study participants' age and district did not seem to affect the effectiveness of the plaza dancing intervention. The duration and frequency of plaza dancing affected the association between square dance and psychological well-being (duration, β = −0.044; 95% CI: −0.085, −0.004; frequency, β = 0.122; 95% CI: 0.024, 0.221) and psychological ill-being (duration, β = −0.029; 95% CI: −0.040, −0.018; frequency, β = 0.154; 95% CI: 0.030, 0.278). Plaza dancing has a significant positive effect on psychological well-being and psychological ill-being, and the effects are moderated by intervention modality. Generalizing plaza dancing interventions to promote psychological well-being and prevent or treat psychological ill-being is needed. Systematic Review Registration: [www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42021272016]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that participation in plaza dancing may affect mental health. This study for the first time quantified the relationships between plaza dancing and psychological well-being and ill-being. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP to identify relevant studies published from the databases since their inception to July 25, 2021. The standardized mean differences (SMDs) of pre-to-post intervention data were calculated in the meta-analysis. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to test the potential moderating effects of age, outcome classification, measurement instruments, district, publication year, total sample size, and the duration, frequency, and length of the square dance intervention. A total of 25 original articles met all the eligibility criteria and were included in the review, and 17 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that plaza dancing improved psychological well-being (pooled SMD = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.95; I2 = 86.9%) and reduced psychological ill-being (pooled SMD = −0.84; 95% CI: −1.00, −0.68; I2 = 64.8%). The study participants’ age and district did not seem to affect the effectiveness of the plaza dancing intervention. The duration and frequency of plaza dancing affected the association between square dance and psychological well-being (duration, β = −0.044; 95% CI: −0.085, −0.004; frequency, β = 0.122; 95% CI: 0.024, 0.221) and psychological ill-being (duration, β = −0.029; 95% CI: −0.040, −0.018; frequency, β = 0.154; 95% CI: 0.030, 0.278). Plaza dancing has a significant positive effect on psychological well-being and psychological ill-being, and the effects are moderated by intervention modality. Generalizing plaza dancing interventions to promote psychological well-being and prevent or treat psychological ill-being is needed.Systematic Review Registration[www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42021272016].

The Motherhood Protection Act (1996), which corresponds to modern family health in Japan, was enacted based on the Eugenics Protection Law (1948) for the protection of national eugenics. This leads us to the question of how maternal health and eugenics began to merge in Japan. Answer of this will elucidate the characteristics of family health in Japan and historical background. Maternal health and eugenics began to be fused in Japan in the early 20th century. In this paper, we examined Taikyō, which is the source of this fusion. This book was widely disseminated to the public. An educational book influenced the Japanese women’s movement. Taikyō argued that from the standpoint of public health, responsibility for prenatal care should be extended to the husband, family, society and the nation. It emphasized that “mental hygiene” is necessary to produce a genetically good child, and that spouse selection is important. Books on prenatal care published in the first half of the 20th century, following Taikyō’s description of prenatal care as a form of eugenics. The National Eugenic Act enacted to protect national hygiene inspired the classification of the Japanese as ​​a chosen nation. The theory of prenatal care, which was created from the combination of public hygiene and eugenics, provided a justification for the National Eugenic Act, and this still serves as the basis for the Eugenics Protection Law and Motherhood Protection Act. It provides the “scientific basis” for recognizing that “unsanitary” and “disability” are bad.

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic is affecting healthcare workers (HCWs) in unique ways which include the risk of infection and subsequent transmission to their colleagues and families, the issue of vulnerability due to lack of PPEs and access to equipment needed to provide best care for patients, moral injury in making triage decisions, the lack of professional and/or social support and psychological burdens during this period. This study thus investigates the mental health outcomes (fear, depression, anxiety, and stress) and mental hygiene among HCWs in Ghana in this COVID-19 era. Methods: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design. Results: Our findings revealed a shared count of psychological outcomes among HCWs in Ghana. State anxiety was a prominent psychological outcome among HCWs. Being a female HCW was significantly associated with state anxiety. Correlation analysis showed a positive and significant relationship among all the psychological outcomes at P< 0.05 and 0.01. There were no mental hygiene systems and/or structures in place at the regional hospital. Conclusion: It is recommended that healthcare facilities and systems must swiftly implement and establish mental hygiene structures for their HCWs in this period of the pandemic to secure holistic, balanced life, and professional support for HCWs now and beyond this pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental hygiene and physical fitness are very important concerning volleyball learning achievement. This study aims to determine volleyball learning achievement which is correlated with (mental hygiene) and level of physical fitness. This research is a type of quantitative research with a correlation approach. The population in this study was 78 students of class 1A, Department of Physical Education, Health, and Recreation, Universitas Riau. The author will use only a portion to represent the existing population. The sampling technique of this research is purposive sampling. The number of samples is 40 people. Methods of data collection uses survey methods with test and measurement techniques. The statistical analysis method used in this study is multi-correlation. It is using a regression analysis test because it analyzes the relationship of more than 2 test variables. The instrument used was a test of physical fitness, mental health questionnaire test, and the results of learning achievement scores of volleyball subject. The mental hygiene instrument has a validity level of 0.595 and a reliability level of 0.522. while physical fitness instruments are adopted of the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test. Test and measurement data were processed using the multiple regression analysis methods. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that physical fitness and mental hygiene have a significant relationship with volleyball learning achievement. These results explain the importance for educators to be able to pay attention to students to improve volleyball learning achievement through providing subject matter by paying attention to physical fitness, using group games to instill a social spirit, sportsmanship, and students' confidence.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Among healthcare professionals, nursing workers are the most prone to becoming victims of workplace violence and present the highest burnout levels. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between burnout syndrome and workplace violence among nursing workers. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study carried out at a teaching hospital in southern Brazil. METHODS: This study involved 242 nursing workers. We collected data over a six-month period using a sociodemographic and occupational survey, the Survey Questionnaire Workplace Violence in the Health Sector and the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey. For occupational violence, we selected the Survey Questionnaire Workplace Violence in the Health Sector. Burnout syndrome was evaluated using the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey. The data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies and numerical variables in terms of central trend and dispersion measurements. For data analysis, we applied descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The multiple models indicated that the workers who had experienced verbal abuse, physical violence and concern about workplace violence over the past 12 months had significantly higher chances of presenting high emotional exhaustion (P < 0.05) and depersonalization (P < 0.05) and low professional accomplishment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Occurrence of violence significantly increased the chances of great emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and low professional achievement, within burnout syndrome. Therefore, workplace violence prevention strategies need to be put in place to provide workers with a safe workplace in which to conduct their activities.

The article deals with aviation disasters from 1948 to the present and it involves disasters of military jet fighter, fighter-trainer and trainer aircraft. It focuses on the role of human factors of the flight personnel. Based on the extensive analyses of circumstances and causes of individual aviation occurrences, root causes of factors that have endangered the lives of pilots in carrying out their work are determined. To conclude, recommendations are given to reduce or in many cases even to eliminate the effects of these factors on flight safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction COVID-related situation has produced multiple challenges in the field of implementation of the restrictions. Objectives Russian media, NGOs and sociological institutions collected and processed data on following the COVID-related guidelines in Moscow and in other regions. According to these data, different social groups behave differently in respect to the restrictions. Methods The following methods were used: analysis of information in media, interviews with child psychologists and pedagogues, personal involved and non-involved observation. Results The COVID-related restrictions are often violated in all the Russian provinces. Observation and interviews demonstrate similar results. Young people aged 13–20 transgress the regulations most often. The reasons for that are not only the insufficient information, but also neurotic reactions and respective behavior: suppression, reaction formations, reactions of denial. Moreover, new behavioral norms (e.g. wearing masks) are insufficiently shaped yet, which makes following the new rules even more difficult. Furthermore, during the introduction of those regulations, their possible pathopsychological consequences were not taken into consideration, e.g. consequences of isolation, maintaining social distance, communication while wearing masks, fears, stress, paranoic reactions. Conclusions The pathopsychological consequences of introduced measures should be taken into consideration. Moreover, the phrasing of regulations needs reshaping and implementation of techniques of mental hygiene to prevent the development of mental disorders. Efficient shaping of respective skills might help to increase the percent of people following the guidelines too. However, all those issues require additional research.

Background and Objectives: Self-confidence, referring to relying on and exploiting individual abilities and talents for realizing spiritual and material prosperity, not only contradicts but is in agreement with and a prerequisite for faith in God. Practically, the greater faith in God one has, the more potent self-confidence he /she possess. Investigating the subject of self-confidence from the perspectives of Quran, Ahadith and psychology, this study explores the meaning of self (soul) in self-confidence and its levels, the prerequisites for development and enhancement of self-confidence, the association of self-concept and self-esteem with self-confidence, and the approaches to develop and enhance positive self-concept as well as to boost self-confidence. Methods: The data of this descriptive review article were gathered from library and digital references. Results: Although it appears that self-confidence contradicts Islamic teachings, it can be clearly understood that this teaching subject is confirmed and emphasized in Islamic teachings by discovery of its true meaning. Conclusion: If having self-confidence is meant to rely on and exploiting individual abilities and talents to reach material and spiritual prosperity, it not only does not contradict but is in agreement with and a prerequisite for faith in God. Self in self- confidence indeed means human as a combination of the body and the spirit which is fully consistent with indices of self-confidence. According to psychologists, improving self-esteem and positive self-concept affects self-confidence directly. From perspective of religion, paying attention to venerability and God-given dignity of human, recognizing the superb purpose in life, etc. are approaches to develop and enhance positive self-concept and self-esteem, and to boost self-confidence.

This paper provides an overview on the history of the earliest applications of psychological practices in the two main mental institutions linked to the Assistance for Psychopaths in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the beginning of the 20th Century. This encompassed a range of clinical practices that employed psychological techniques and tools thought as having a curative effect on the causes or symptoms of mental illness. Mental hygiene doctors used those techniques as well, with the biopolitical goal of averting illness and any consequent risk and social danger. The techniques are analyzed in their relation to the modernization project of Brazilian nation and to the problem of what was then understood as its "degenerated population". The main objective of the paper is to investigate the role of Psychology in Brazil in the early 20th Century. The results appoint an effective interrelation between the raise of scientific legitimacy of Psychological knowledge and technology and the integration of Psychiatry within different nation's modernization projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to reflect about the relationships between psychiatry, law and social danger in the 1920s and 1930s in three European countries, Spain, France and Belgium, in order to show the importance of social dangerousness within the framework of the mental hygiene and how they were implemented with social defense policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Memorandum: Memória e História em Psicologia is the property of Memorandum: Memoria e Historia em Psicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Saúde e Sociedade is the property of Universidade de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Saude Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Saúde e Sociedade is the property of Universidade de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Saude Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Health, which usually declines with age, is one of the determinants of quality of life. Mental health disorder is one of the most common health-threatening problems of older age. Aim: The present qualitative study was conducted with the aim to identify factors that affect the mental health of elderly population. Materials and Methods: This study was a qualitative study with content analysis approach, conducted on the elderly Iranians in Tehran. Purposive sampling method was used to select 15 elderly Iranians. Semi-structured and in-depth interviews were carried out with 15 elderly Iranians in the parks and homes in 2015. To analyze the data, the content of interviews was typed and entered into MAXQDA software. This software was also used to code the data. The interview began with a main question about their experiences of everyday life, and then, exploratory questions to encourage the participants and access to deeper information were required. Results: Two themes of “interaction” and “worthiness”, 5 main categories (communication/relationship, empathy/compassion, entertainment/amusement, support and respect), and 15 subcategories (interpersonal communication, communication with others, communication with God, talking to people, being consulted, being employed, studying and learning, using the media, going to park, family support, social support, social respect, family respect, respect for personal space, and respect for beliefs) were extracted from the data. Conclusion: The results of this study encourage healthcare providers to identify the factors that influence the sense of worthiness in elderly by keeping continuous contact with them and taking advantage of the unique opportunity they have to interact with them and influence their belief. By designing educational programs, mental disorders can be prevented, that this population may develop.

Introduction: Health, which usually declines with age, is one of the determinants of quality of life. Mental health disorder is one of the most common health-threatening problems of older age. Aim: The present qualitative study was conducted with the aim to identify factors that affect the mental health of elderly population. Materials and Methods: This study was a qualitative study with content analysis approach, conducted on the elderly Iranians in Tehran. Purposive sampling method was used to select 15 elderly Iranians. Semi-structured and in-depth interviews were carried out with 15 elderly Iranians in the parks and homes in 2015. To analyze the data, the content of interviews was typed and entered into MAXQDA software. This software was also used to code the data. The interview began with a main question about their experiences of everyday life, and then, exploratory questions to encourage the participants and access to deeper information were required. Results: Two themes of "interaction" and "worthiness", 5 main categories (communication/relationship, empathy/compassion, entertainment/amusement, support and respect), and 15 subcategories (interpersonal communication, communication with others, communication with God, talking to people, being consulted, being employed, studying and learning, using the media, going to park, family support, social support, social respect, family respect, respect for personal space, and respect for beliefs) were extracted from the data. Conclusion: The results of this study encourage health care providers to identify the factors that influence the sense of worthiness in elderly by keeping continuous contact with them and taking advantage of the unique opportunity they have to interact with them and influence their belief. By designing educational programs, mental disorders can be prevented, that this population may develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current policy and practice directed towards people with learning disabilities originates in the deinstitutionalisation processes, civil rights concerns and integrationist philosophies of the 1970s and 1980s. However, historians know little about the specific contexts within which these were mobilised. Although it is rarely acknowledged in the secondary literature, MIND was prominent in campaigning for rights-based services for learning disabled people during this time. This article sets MIND's campaign within the wider historical context of the organisation's origins as a main institution of the inter-war mental hygiene movement. The article begins by outlining the mental hygiene movement's original conceptualisation of 'mental deficiency' as the antithesis of the self-sustaining and responsible individuals that it considered the basis of citizenship and mental health. It then traces how this equation became unravelled, in part by the altered conditions under the post-war Welfare State, in part by the mental hygiene movement's own theorising. The final section describes the reconceptualisation of citizenship that eventually emerged with the collapse of the mental hygiene movement and the emergence of MIND. It shows that representations of MIND's rights-based campaigning (which have, in any case, focused on mental illness) as individualist, and fundamentally opposed to medicine and psychiatry, are inaccurate. In fact, MIND sought a comprehensive community-based service, integrated with the general health and welfare services and oriented around a reconstruction of learning disabled people's citizenship rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asclepio is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Asclepio is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Objectives: Self-confidence, referring to relying on and exploiting individual abilities and talents for realizing spiritual and material prosperity, not only contradicts but is in agreement with and a prerequisite for faith in God. Practically, the greater faith in God one has, the more potent self-confidence he /she possess. Investigating the subject of self-confidence from the perspectives of Quran, Ahadith and psychology, this study explores the meaning of self (soul) in self -confidence and its levels, the prerequisites for development and enhancement of self-confidence, the association of self-concept and self-esteem with self-confidence, and the approaches to develop and enhance positive self-concept as well as to boost self-confidence. Methods: The data of this descriptive review article were gathered from library and digital references. Results: Although it appears that self-confidence contradicts Islamic teachings, it can be clearly understood that this teaching subject is confirmed and emphasized in Islamic teachings by discovery of its true meaning. Conclusion: If having self-confidence is meant to rely on and exploiting individual abilities and talents to reach material and spiritual prosperity, it not only does not contradict but is in agreement with and a prerequisite for faith in God. Self in self- confidence indeed means human as a combination of the body and the spirit which is fully consistent with indices of self-confidence. According to psychologists, improving self-esteem and positive self-concept affects self-confidence directly. From perspective of religion, paying attention to venerability and God-given dignity of human, recognizing the superb purpose in life, etc. are approaches to develop and enhance positive self-concept and self-esteem, and to boost self-confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of existential-humanistic approach and method of primary personality-oriented prevention of addictions was done. Science-based organizational and functional mechanism of prevention had based on a model of prevention the addictions in children and adolescents. It is found out that the leading personal and psychological mechanism of formation at school students of an emotional and activity component of motivation of refusal of addictions is the interiorization of values and meanings of «healthy lifestyle» with reduction of manifestations of psychological infantility at the expense of increase in a cognitive component and existential «responsibility transfers». After training statistically reliable difference of experimental group from control group in each of the parallels of the 8, 9 and 10 classes presented in research is revealed. The quantity increased in experimental group quiet, counterbalanced and the number of irritable, uneasy school students decreased, in control group of statistically significant changes isn't revealed. Measurement of level of uneasiness on Bek's scale showed that before preventions maintenance among pupils of the 8, 9 and 10th classes of experimental group the number of persons with low level of a depression and uneasiness made 40,66 %, and by the end of the year and their quantity increased to 52 % (р ≤ 0,007). In control group by the end of the year the number of disturbing school students decreased from 32,33 % to 24,66 % (р ≤ 0,047). Number of persons having situational uneasiness (average level) and their dynamics authentically didn't change in both groups. High level of personal uneasiness at school students of experimental group was observed in 22,33 % of cases at the beginning of a year, and in the end of the year decreased to 9,33 % (р ≤ 0,0001). The number of school students with high level of a depression and uneasiness increased in control group from 32,33 % to 39,33 % (р ≤ 0,089). Thus, the model allows to lower levels of predictors of risk of abuse of addiction's, to make active antiaddiction motivation, to gain skills of counteraction to pressure of group additive norms. Dynamics of epidemiological indicators of the main addiction's diseases and frustration in 1999-2003 (years of forming experiment) and 2004-2011 (a stage of long supervision) across Mezhdurechensk in comparison with three control cities of the Kemerovo region where such work wasn't carried out was analyzed. The received epidemiological results in dynamics in 10years in the experiment region in comparison with control territories and with the Kemerovo region allowed to describe a scientific and practical phenomenon «social stability of positive effect of measures of primary prevention of dependence on addictions» which is characterized by steady statistically reliable decrease in addiction's morbidity and incidence among the population.

Procura instigar o debate sobre os determinantes sócio-históricos que condicionam a construção de políticas públicas de saúde mental aplicáveis ao contexto familiar brasileiro. As atuais políticas têm privilegiado a família como lugar estratégico de ações voltadas para a transformação social, com intervenção de vários atores, entre eles, psicólogos. Ao recuperar alguns pontos do ideário de higiene mental percebeu-se que esse discurso não é novidade na história da saúde brasileira. Embora os tempos, as famílias e os profissionais sejam outros, compreendeu-se que a busca de solução para a 'crise' da sociedade continua sendo atribuída ao indivíduo particular. A família, como expressão desse indivíduo, tem sido chamada para assumir responsabilidades que levem a sociedade na direção da 'ordem' e do 'progresso' da nação.The article is meant to stimulate debate about the social and historical determinants that shape the construction of public mental health policy within the context of the Brazilian family. Current policies have emphasized the family as a strategic target of initiatives aimed at social transformation, with the intervention of different actors, including psychologists. An examination of some ideas from the field of mental hygiene suggests that this discourse is nothing new in the history of Brazilian health. While today's times, families, and professionals are different, the search for a solution to the so-called crisis of society still focuses on the individual. The family, as the expression of this individual, has been called upon to assume responsibilities that push society towards 'order' and 'progress' for the Nation.