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The use of standardized screening tools to identify trauma exposure and associated symptoms is commonly recommended as a key component in the development of trauma informed services and is seen as integral to facilitating access to evidence‐based therapies. However, there is limited evidence in the UK about the factors influencing the adoption of such tools into routine practice in children's social care. This paper presents the findings from a process evaluation of how practitioners implemented a screening tool for post‐traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression into their day‐to‐say practice and what worked or did not work during the process. The findings from this study highlight the potential benefits for both young people and practitioners, alongside some of the challenges involved. In particular, practitioners need to see the direct benefit for young people of being assessed. Additionally, practitioners value regular mentoring as they become more proficient in using standardized screening tools.

In cognitive behavioural journals and scientific meetings, the subject of grief seems to receive less attention than other emotional states, such as anxiety or depression. Grief is recognised as a normal human reaction to the death of a loved one and incorporates unpleasant, potentially distressing emotions, psychological phenomena, such as intrusive images, and physical sensations. Understandably, there has been reluctance to pathologise grief responses. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has put the subject of death centre stage as millions of people worldwide have been bereaved in extraordinary circumstances. Psychological therapists have been asked to provide effective therapeutic responses for clients with enduring distressing grief reactions.In this paper, we draw on decades of research and clinical expertise from our experience in applying cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to enduring grief reactions. We derive lessons learned for treating prolonged and traumatic bereavement. Many of the clinical trials at the Oxford Centre for Anxiety Disorders and Trauma and Omagh/Queen’s University Belfast trauma centres have included patients who have experienced significant traumatic loss (Duffy et al., 2007; Ehlers et al., 2014; Ehlers et al., 2022).During the pandemic the authors of this paper delivered several workshops on prolonged and traumatic grief where clinicians raised a number of thought-provoking questions. Our responses form the basis of this paper.(1)How do we differentiate between normal and abnormal or pathological grief?(2)How should we describe or categorise or label pathological grief, and is it a specific and distinct condition or disorder?(3)How effective are existing therapies for prolonged and traumatic grief and is there a role for CBT in the treatment of these conditions?(4)Can our experiences with cognitive therapy for PTSD (Ehlers et al., 2005) help with these conditions or are different techniques and skills required?The purpose of this paper is to answer these important questions and in so doing, consider the historical and theoretical concepts relating to complex and traumatic grief; factors that differentiate normal grief from abnormal grief; and maintenance factors as well as implications for CBT treatments.

Traumatic loss is associated with high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and appears to inhibit the natural process of grieving, meaning that patients who develop PTSD after loss trauma are also at risk of experiencing enduring grief. Here we present how to treat PTSD arising from traumatic bereavement with cognitive therapy (CT-PTSD; Ehlers et al., 2005). The paper describes the core components of CT-PTSD for bereavement trauma with illustrative examples, and clarifies how the therapy differs from treating PTSD associated with trauma where there is no loss of a significant other. A core aim of the treatment is to help the patient to shift their focus from loss to what has not been lost, from a focus on their loved one being gone to considering how they may take their loved one forward in an abstract, meaningful way to achieve a sense of continuity in the present with what has been lost in the past. This is often achieved with imagery transformation, a significant component of the memory updating procedure in CT-PTSD for bereavement trauma. We also consider how to approach complexities, such as suicide trauma, loss of a loved one in a conflicted relationship, pregnancy loss and loss of life caused by the patient. Key learning aims (1) To be able to apply Ehlers and Clark’s (2000) cognitive model to PTSD arising from bereavement trauma. (2) To recognise how the core treatment components differ for PTSD associated with traumatic bereavement than for PTSD linked to trauma where there is no loss of life. (3) To discover how to conduct imagery transformation for the memory updating procedure in CT-PTSD for loss trauma.

Traumatic experiences during childhood are common and often lead to chronic mental health conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The primary aim of this study was to determine whether a well-validated screening tool for PTSD administered in frontline services effectively identifies diagnosable PTSD in young people with a history of maltreatment. In total, 141 young people in community care settings were screened using three screening instruments (Child Revised Impact of Events Scale-8; Generalised Anxiety Disorder-2; Patient Health Questionnaire-2). Participants described a range of adverse life events: 110 of the 141 participants reported at least one adverse life experience (mean number for the total sample was 2.8), with 44.2 per cent (n = 46) experiencing at least one form of interpersonal trauma; and 102 participants (72.3 per cent) screened positively for probable PTSD and subsequent mental health assessments confirmed this condition in 64.7 per cent of these participants. Further, 36.9 per cent (n = 52) and 46.8 per cent (n = 66) met the threshold for probable depression and anxiety, respectively. Three items were associated with positive PTSD screens: a history of being on the child protection register, previous mental health contact and interpersonal index trauma. Interpersonal traumas were also associated with higher risks of offending. It seems feasible to use screening measures effectively within frontline social care services if staff are provided with appropriate training and support to identify young people with PTSD who may benefit from evidence-based mental health therapies.

Bone cements and dental resins are methacrylate-based materials that have been in use for many years, but their failure rates are quite high with essentially all dental resins failing within 10 years and 25% of all prosthetic implants will undergo aseptic loosening. There are significant healthcare costs and impacts on quality of life of patients. Self-healing bone cements and resins could improve the lifespan of these systems, reduce costs, and improve patient outcomes, but they have been limited by efficacy and toxicity of the components. To address these issues, we developed a self-healing system based on a dual nanocapsule system. Two nanocapsules were synthesized, one containing an initiator and one encapsulating a monomer, both in polyurethane shells. The monomer used was triethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The initiator capsules synthesized contained benzoyl peroxide and butylated hydroxytoluene. Resins containing the nanocapsules were tested in tension until failure, and the fractured surfaces were placed together. 33% of the samples showed self-healing behaviors to the point where they could be reloaded and tested in tension. Furthermore, the capsules and their components showed good biocompatibility with Caco-2 cells, a human epithelial cell line suggesting that they would be well tolerated in vivo.

The effectiveness of nonlinear filters depends on many factors, but one of the most important is how accurately the filter is able to predict the state dynamics of the underlying system between measurements. For a wide class of Gaussian white noise driven nonlinear systems the Bayesian optimal prior can be obtained by solving the system’s corresponding Fokker–Planck Equation (FPE). Unfortunately the Fokker–Planck Equation is a partial differential equation with dimension equal to the number of states in the underlying dynamical system, making it extremely difficult to solve for realistic systems due to Curse of Dimensionality scaling issues. As a result it has been and still largely remains computationally impractical to simulate higher dimensional Fokker–Planck equations, at least while obtaining very high accuracy across the entire transient probability density function. This paper presents a general nonlinear filter based on solving the transient Fokker–Planck equation via Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) at lower resolution, which turns out to still allow for accurate state estimation. The filter is enabled by an efficient heuristic resampling scheme of the SPH solution also presented here. The FPE-SPH Filter is able to replicate the accuracy of the Particle Filter and Extended Kalman filter (EKF) for lower-dimensional systems, while also being more robust than the EKF on certain classes of system.

The age hardenability of Al-alloyed lightweight stainless steels with the base chemical composition Fe–10.5Cr–3Al (wt.%) and Ni concentrations in the range 3–15 wt.% was studied. Alloys containing 3% and 6% Ni exhibited almost fully ferritic matrix microstructures and a weak age hardening response. Alloys containing 9%, 12%, and 15% Ni, on the other hand, developed primarily martensitic microstructures. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements indicated the occurrence of an exothermic reaction in the approximate temperature range 375–625 °C. Dilatometry measurements indicated that the exothermic reaction was accompanied by a net contraction. Hardness measurements after aging for 5 min indicated significant hardening of alloys already at 350 °C due to the formation of B2-(Ni,Fe)Al intermetallic precipitates. The age hardening response was significantly superior to that of conventional precipitation-hardenable martensitic stainless steels. Tensile elongation in the aged condition was negatively influenced by the presence of soft ferrite regions. Processing conditions associated with a fully martensitic microstructure prior to aging are required to render a uniform age hardening response. Guidelines for the development of a new family of lightweight precipitation-hardenable steels with lower raw material costs and a higher corrosion resistance compared to the standard 18Ni maraging steels are provided.

Digital currency is a ‘disrupter’ of financial services and currency markets, and as such presents new regulatory challenges. International regulatory responses to digital currency range from being largely ignored in some jurisdictions to being banned in others, with most jurisdictions charting a middle course of ‘wait and see’ while attempting to deal with pressing issues (such as taxation liability and potential money laundering and terrorism financing issues). This article explains digital currency, its benefits, its problems, its risks and the regulatory response so far. It analyses the extent to which the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC, the national securities regulator) may or may not have regulatory power and jurisdiction under existing Australian law, and the role of other relevant regulators and institutions. It concludes that digital currency may well be a ‘financial product’ under Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 763A (though many suppliers/issuers of that product will be website operators located outside Australia). If it is a financial product, ASIC would also have jurisdiction over issuers and markets that trade in that product. This conclusion could easily be fortified by legislative confirmation; however, it is suggested that ASIC should in all events test its powers to determine whether any legislative change is needed. Regulation by ASIC would add to recent moves to deal with digital currency by the Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (AUSTRAC) and the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). In all cases, this article argues that the time has come for Commonwealth regulation of digital currencies by ASIC as the relevant regulator. This would then trigger the obligations set out in the Corporations Act and the ASIC Act, including Australian Financial Services Licensing, Australian Market Licensing, standards of efficiency, honesty and fairness, disclosure provisions, possible market offences and corporate regulation generally. The suggested jurisdiction of ASIC would build on its existing role as well as the roles of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, the ATO and AUSTRAC.

Common Fund Orders’ (CFOs) have had a significant effect on Australian third party-funded class actions by requiring all class members to make a contribution to the third-party litigation funder’s fee in the event of a successful outcome. This altered past practice whereby only class members who had contracted with the litigation funder would be liable for such a contribution. However in a 5:2 decision in BMW Australia Ltd v Brewster in 2019, the High Court cast some doubt on CFOs, determining that neither s 33ZF Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) nor s 183 Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW) provided a legal basis for making CFOs at the outset of proceedings so as to secure litigation funding support. In late 2020, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Joint Committee (PJC) on Corporations and Financial Services recommended that legislation be enacted to ‘address uncertainty’ in Brewster in a manner that would enable CFOs to be made at settlement or judgment. The authors canvass normative arguments as to the merits of CFOs and compare the alternative practice of making Funding Equalisation Orders (FEOs). They also consider the related issue of courts setting overall funding commissions. Given the possibility of legislative intervention, they also review arguments as to the potential constitutional validity of CFOs, a matter that was raised, but received very limited treatment from the High Court in BMW.

“This study examined the perception of journalism ethics by residents in a red state. A 2016 poll found that only 15% rated the honesty and ethical standards of journalists as high or very high, about 12 percentage points below the all-time low findings of a national Gallup poll. Chi square tests revealed statistically significant associations between those ratings and political party, with Republicans grading journalists much lower than Democrats, especially if they supported Donald Trump.”

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) fabricated using additive manufacturing methods are attractive because they offer the advantages of scalability, lower cost, and potentially higher power density than conventional TEGs. Additive manufacturing of TEGs requires active thermoelectric particles to be dispersed in a polymer binder to synthesize printable slurries, and printed films to be subsequently subjected to a long and high temperature curing to enhance their thermoelectic properties. A large amount of polymer binder present in composite films results in a sizable loss in the electrical conductivity. In addition, a long and high-temperature film curing results is a slow and energy intensive fabrication process. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of using a small amount (≤10−3 wt ratio) of novel nanofiber cellulose (NFC) as a binder to provide sufficient adhesion strength to hold the TE particles together in the composite films. We also demonstrate a pressure induced densification process to enhance the thermoelectic properties of printed composite films. This novel approach has the potential to fundamentally transform the manufacting method for printing TEGs by eliminating the need of long-duration and high-temperature curing. A higher applied pressure leads to a compact packing and densification of films resulting in an improvement in the electrical conductivity. The highest power factor achieved for best performing p-type thermoelectric-NFC composite film subjected to pressure induced densification is 611 μW/m-K2.

Soft-tissue impingement with dual mobility liners can cause anterior hip pain and intra-prosthetic dislocation. The hypothesis of this study was that reducing liner profile below the equator (contoured design) can mitigate soft-tissue impingement without compromising inner-head pull-out resistance and hip joint stability. The interaction of conventional and contoured liners with anterior soft tissues was evaluated in cadaver specimens via visual observation and fluoroscopic imaging. Resistance to inner-head pull-out was evaluated via finite element analyses, and hip joint stability was evaluated by rigid-body mechanics simulation of dislocation in two modes (A, B). Cadaveric experiments showed that distal portion of conventional liners impinge on anterior hip capsule and cause iliopsoas tenting at low flexion angles (≤30°). During hip extension, the rotation imparted to the liner from posterior engagement with femoral neck was impeded by anterior soft-tissue impingement. The iliopsoas tenting was significantly reduced with contoured liners (p ≤ 0.04). Additionally, the contoured and conventional liners had identical inner-head pull-out resistance (901 N vs. 909 N), jump distance (9.4 mm mode-A, 11.7 mm mode-B) and impingement-free range of motion (47° mode-A, 29° mode-B). Thus, soft-tissue impingement with conventional dual mobility liners may be mitigated by reducing liner profile below the equator, without affecting mechanical performance. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:889-897, 2016.

Variations in local processing parameters and conditions in additively manufactured materials make mechanical properties difficult to characterize. Microtensile testing is providing a wealth of information on these local property variations. Here we utilize spatial autocorrelation techniques to show autocorrelation of grain sizes and mechanical properties with build height in a specially-designed, additively manufactured AlSi10Mg part. This result suggests that, at least in some cases, an interplay between local part geometry and the fabrication process occurs that affects local mechanical properties.

The bats used in Major League Baseball (MLB) are required to be turned from a single piece of wood. Northern white ash had been the wood of choice until the introduction of hard maple in the late 1990s. Since the introduction of maple to the game, there was a perceived increase in the rate of bats to exhibit multiple piece failures (MPF)—both ash and maple. These failures introduced a new aspect to the game that can be a significant factor during play, i.e. pieces of bats going into the field of play, thereby distracting fielders while reacting to the batted ball. Observations of bat breakage in the field and lab testing of bats in controlled conditions have shown the bat durability is a function of wood quality and bat profile. Wood quality is described by the density and the slope of grain of the wood used in the bat. The density and the slope of grain determine the effective strength of the wood. The bat profile is described by the variation in the diameter of the bat along its length. The wood densities and bat profiles which are preferred by players, are typically in direct contradiction with what makes for a durable bat. In this paper, the finite element method is used to develop calibrated models of the breaking of wood bats in controlled lab conditions. The modeling approach is then used to explore how bat profile influences bat durability and what potential changes can be made in bat profile to satisfy player desires while increasing bat durability.

The putting of a golf ball requires control of the speed and direction and an understanding of the interaction between the ball and the putting green by the golfer. The putt can involve a combination of the ball flying over, skidding across, and rolling on the putting green. This study used finite element analysis as a tool to investigate these behaviors, and this paper documents the results for putts with different initial velocities. The finite element analyses were performed in LS-DYNA using a viscoelastic material model for the turf and an elastic material for the golf ball and club head. A high-grade artificial putting turf was characterized by its compressive stiffness in a Universal Testing Machine and displacement of a golf ball resting on turf. The static and dynamic friction between the golf ball and artificial turf were investigated. The ball velocity and deceleration resulting from different putts were examined to help in the characterization of the behavior of the turf. The finite element model will be used in future studies to determine the optimal putter loft and rise angles to achieve consistent putts.

Economies of size refer to the ability of a farm to lower costs of production by increasing production. Agriculture production displays an L-shaped average cost curve where costs are lower initially but reach a point where no further gains are achieved. Spreading fixed costs, bulk purchases, and marketing power are cited as reasons for economies of size. Labor-reducing technologies may be the primary reason. Most studies do not include the external costs from prophylactic antibiotic use, impact on rural communities, and environmental damage associated with large-scale production. These can contribute to the economies of size.

(2005). ‘…ALL WAS HUSHED UP’: THE HIDDEN TRAFALGAR. The Mariner's Mirror: Vol. 91, No. 2, pp. 216-240.

If there is an artist most closely identified with the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York, it is Pablo Picasso. His 1907 canvas Les Demoiselles d’Avignon was a turning point in his career and, according to Andre Breton, ‘the core of Picasso’s laboratory’. MoMA acquired this icon of modern art in 1939 and since then Les Demoiselles has been the subject of several publications but no comprehensive technical examination. The last major conservation treatment was in the early 1960s. This paper focuses on the provenance of Les Demoiselles, in relation to the treatment history of the painting, and includes information from a technical analysis. It concludes with a summary of the current conservation treatment being carried out on Les Demoiselles.

Purpose: Given that emotional health is a critical component of healthy aging, we undertook a systematic literature review to assess whether current interventions can positively affect older adults’ emotional health. Methods: A national panel of health services and mental health researchers guided the review. Eligibility criteria included community-dwelling older adult (aged ≥ 50 years) samples, reproducible interventions, and emotional health outcomes, which included multiple domains and both positive (well-being) and illness-related (anxiety) dimensions. This review focused on three types of interventions – physical activity, social support, and skills training – given their public health significance and large number of studies identified. Panel members evaluated the strength of evidence (quality and effectiveness). Results: In all, 292 articles met inclusion criteria. These included 83 exercise/physical activity, 25 social support, and 40 skills training interventions. For evidence rating, these 148 interventions were categorized into 64 pairings by intervention type and emotional health outcome, e.g., strength training targeting loneliness or social support to address mood. 83% of these pairings were rated at least fair quality. Expert panelists found sufficient evidence of effectiveness only for skills training interventions with health outcomes of decreasing anxiety and improving quality of life and self-efficacy. Due to limitations in reviewed studies, many intervention–outcome pairings yielded insufficient evidence. Conclusion: Skills training interventions improved several aspects of emotional health in community-dwelling older adults, while the effects for other outcomes and interventions lacked clear evidence. We discuss the implications and challenges in moving forward in this important area.

(1998). BRITISH NAVAL INTELLIGENCE AND BONAPARTE'S EGYPTIAN EXPEDITION OF 1798. The Mariner's Mirror: Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 278-290.

Background The main objective of this study was to assess psychiatric morbidity among adolescents following the Omagh car bombing in Northern Ireland in 1998. Methods Data was collected within schools from adolescents aged between 14 and 18 years via a self-completion booklet comprised of established predictors of PTSD; type of exposure, initial emotional response, long-term adverse physical problems, predictors derived from Ehlers and Clark’s (2000) cognitive model, a PTSD symptoms measure (PDS) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Results Those with more direct physical exposure were significantly more likely to meet caseness on the GHQ and the PDS. The combined pre and peri trauma risk factors highlighted in previous meta-analyses accounted for 20% of the variance in PDS scores but the amount of variance accounted for increased to 56% when the variables highlighted in Ehlers and Clark’s cognitive model for PTSD were added. Conclusions High rates of chronic PTSD were observed in adolescents exposed to the bombing. Whilst increased exposure was associated with increased psychiatric morbidity, the best predictors of PTSD were specific aspects of the trauma (‘seeing someone you think is dying’), what you are thinking during the event (‘think you are going to die’) and the cognitive mechanisms employed after the trauma. As these variables are in principle amenable to treatment the results have implications for teams planning treatment interventions after future traumas.

This article presents new and conclusive evidence to resolve the long-running controversy over whether the loyalist association movement of 1792 was spontaneous or was crafted by government. It shows that Pitt and his colleagues did not know in advance of John Reeves's proposals for the Crown and Anchor association before they were published on 23 November and it suggests who Reeves's original collaborators probably were. It then goes on to show how Pitt and his cousin, Lord Grenville, confronted with many demands and proposals for associations at this time, quickly seized upon the Reeves project as the most adaptable to their own ends and produced a new draft, redefining his proposals in the directions they were prepared to see such a movement take. This they induced Reeves to publish as a second declaration on 26 November and they went on to promote as the example and inspiration for a wider association movement.

Integrated peat management (IPM) strategies for control of apple scab and codling moth (Cydia pomonolla) were compared with a traditional protestant spray program in an Iowa apple orchard over a 3-year period. IPM tactics for scab included a postinfection spray program and an integrated, reduced-spray program based on the use of demethylation inhibitor fungicides. Codling moth spray timing was determined by pheromone-trap captures and degree-day models. The IPM tactics resulted in an average of three fewer fungicide sprays and two fewer insecticide sprays than the protestant program. Neither yield, incidence of fruit scab, nor incidence of codling moth injury on fruit was significantly different among the two IPM treatments and the protestant treatment. A no-fungicide treatment had significantly lower yield and greater scab incidence than the other treatments. A partial budget analysis indicated that the treatment using the postinfection strategy was more costly per acre than the protectant program for orchards

Companies are increasingly the targets of shareholder class actions for nondisclosure and misleading statements. At least one commentator in the US has argued that liability for such actions might be reduced by amendments to the company’s certificate of incorporation. Does the constitution as a statutory contract between shareholders and the company allow elimination or reduction of company liability to shareholders in relation to Australian shareholder class actions? If it does should companies amend their constitution to protect against such actions? The author argues that it is unlikely that company constitutions could eliminate or reduce such liability. On the question of whether companies should attempt to limit liability in this way were it possible, he looks at the financial impact of shareholder class actions and finds mixed evidence.