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Background/Aim. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common cause of vaginal discomfort in women. The aim of this study was to compare Nugent?s scoring system and novel microscopy method, introduced in our laboratory and used in BV diagnosis. Methods. This study included 705 pregnant and asymptomatic women between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. The degree of agreement between methods was determined by the kappa (?) index. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of the novel microscopy method was compared to Nugent?s score as standard. Results. Based on the scoring system of both methods, Nugent?s and novel microscopy method, BV was diagnosed in 21% and 25% of women, respectively. Despite the disparities among diagnostic criteria, which mainly concerned classification of intermediary samples, the degree of agreement between categories, determined by ? index, was satisfactory: Nugent?s vs. novel microscopy method (? = 0.68; good agreement), and Nugent?s vs. novel microscopy method without intermediary results (? = 0.83; very good agreement). We also demonstrated that compared to Nugent?s method, as the golden standard, the novel microscopy method had high sensitivity and specificity (ranging from 75%?99.3%) and positive and negative predictive values (ranging from 88.8%?99.5%). Our method is based on a relative number of bacterial morphotypes, either rod forms (? 1.5 ?m, lactobacilli) or non-rod forms (< 1.5 ?m, bacterial vaginosis associated bacteria) under 200? magnification, which extends the surface of examined preparation, but without prolongation of observer?s working time. Conclusion. The novel microscopy method in diagnosing BV corresponded well with Nugent?s scoring system which allows it to be an alternative method in diagnosing BV. Further-more, the novel microscopy method is based on a relative number of bacterial morphotypes that appeared to be flexible and can be reorganized in the way to categorize findings into only two groups: normal and BV, which makes it comparable to dichotomous Amsel?s clinical criterion.

Background Age estimation is an important factor in forensic science for human identification. Teeth are considered to play a vital role as they resist decomposition at death unlike other tissues. This resistance and the gradual structural changes that take place throughout the life of an individual have made teeth useful indicators for age estimation. Dental cementum shows continuous apposition throughout the life of an individual. Tooth cemental annulation is a microscopic method for the determination of an individual’s age based on the analysis of incremental lines of cementum. Light microscopy as well as specialized microscopic methods have been employed to enhance the assessment of the cemental annulations. Periodontal disease is the most common dental problem affecting millions of people. Assessing the efficiency of the tooth cemental annulations method in periodontally diseased teeth is an important requisite. This study aims at assessing and evaluating the tooth cemental annulations in normal and periodontally diseased teeth using phase contrast microscopic method for age determination. Results A total of 60 teeth were included in the study and out of which 30 teeth were normal (sound teeth without any associated pathologies) and 30 were periodontally involved teeth respectively. Longitudinal ground sections were prepared and observed under phase contrast microscope. Measurements were made using an image analyzer software. The total width of the cementum was divided by the distance between two incremental lines. The eruption age of the tooth was then added to this to obtain the chronologic age for each individual. The results in the present study showed that tooth cemental annulations are applicable to periodontally sound teeth as well as in periodontally diseased teeth. There was no significant difference of estimated age from the actual age in both periodontally sound and periodontally diseased teeth. Normal teeth showed a reliability value of 92% and periodontally compromised teeth showed 96% respectively. There was no substantial influence of periodontal health on the estimated age. Conclusions The study concludes that the use of phase contrast microscopy in conjunction with image enhancement procedures improves the accuracy of age estimation and may serve as a reliable aid in forensic identification.

Cystoisospora belli (C. belli) is the only pathogenic species of the Cystoisospora genus responsible for severe diarrhea in immunocompromised patients. Most common microscopic method of diagnosis is less sensitive due to intermittent shedding of oocysts. We developed a new single-run polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based diagnostic assay for C. belli. A new single-run PCR-based diagnostic assay was standardized for the detection of C. belli. Diagnostic reproducibility and repeatability of the PCR assay were evaluated. A cross-sectional analytical study was done on a total of 354 stool samples collected from 331 immunocompromised patients with diarrhea. All the stool samples were tested for the presence of oocysts of C. belli and were also tested by our new PCR assay for C. belli. Three of the representative PCR products were confirmed by sequencing. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the two proportions. Microscopy detected C. belli in 11/354 (3.1%) of stool samples, and the new PCR-based assay detected C. belli in 16/354 (4.5%). The new single-run PCR-based assay detected C. belli in all the stool samples which were tested positive by microscopy and additionally detected C. belli in five stool samples. The developed PCR assay detected statistically significant proportion of C. belli (p < 0.001) as compared to microscopy. The 795 base pair PCR product from one microscopy positive stool sample and two microscopy negative stool samples were confirmed by sequencing. Our newly developed single-run PCR-based detection assay for C. belli is robust and reproducible. It may be used for molecular diagnosis of cystoisosporiasis especially in transplant, pediatrics, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients.

The success of the anti-helminth mass treatment use Albendazole makes detection of soil transmitted helminth infections even more difficult to do microscopically. It is hoped that the molecular method was able to help increase the detectability of Soil Transmitted Helminth infection. The research aimed is to evaluate effectiveness of Albendazole administration in Bali, to identify the presence of β-tubulin gene as molecular diagnosis of STHs infection among children who treated by Albendazole. This study is a cross-sectional study that recruits elementary school children aged 6-12 years as subjects. Stool examination was carried out using the Kato-Katz technique, then followed by a molecular method using the B-tubulin gene as the target gene. The results showed that only 1 sample out of 140 examined using Kato-Katz was positive for Trichuris trichiura. 30 samples were then extracted from the faeces and performed Polymerase Chain Reaction. A total of 4 positive samples detected the B-tubulin Ascaris lumbricoides gene and 1 positive sample of the B-tubulin Trichuris trichiura gene. In conclusion, albendazole is still effective to treat STH infection, the molecular method has a higher detectability than the microscopic method.

Introduction: Anterior odontoid screw fixation technique for specific types of odontoid fracture has been proven to be an effective, yet challenging procedure because of threatened damage to the structures in the vicinity. There are few articles suggesting the role of percutaneous and endoscopic technique as an alternative approach to the standard microscopic way. This is the first cadaveric study using existing “EASY GO” endoscopic system-assisted odontoid screw placement. Study Design: This was a cadaveric study. Objective: The objective of the study is to use the endoscope as a safer minimally invasive approach than the standard microscopic anterior approach to odontoid. Methodology: This is a pilot study on 10 fresh-frozen formalin-fixed adult human cadavers. The cadaver was positioned in a way to simulate reduced odontoid fracture. Tubular dilators were used to dock at C2–3 disk space after identifying the landmarks through the microscopic method. The EASY GO endoscopic system was then introduced, and a handheld drill was used to mark the entry point and pass the K-wire through the planned trajectory. Results: No vascular or adjacent vital structures' injury was observed in any of the cadavers. The initial difficulty in attaining the alignment was overcome by the appropriate positioning of the scope. Conclusions: Endoscopic-assisted technique for odontoid screw fixation shall provide a minimally invasive, safe, and easy surgery.

Objective: To study thrombocytopenia and elevated ALT levels in malaria patients reporting to Pak Med Level II+ Hospital XII and XIII, UN Mission Liberia, West Africa. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Pak Med Level II+ Hospital XII and XIII, UN Mission Liberia, West Africa, from Feb 2015 to Dec 2016. Methodology: In total of 100 febrile patients of both gender and all ages reported to Pak Med Level II+ Hospital XII and XIII, Liberia with clinical features of malaria and having positive malarial parasite (MP) on any of the methods of immune chromatography (ICT) or microscopic film were included. The febrile patients with typical clinical features of malaria but having negative MP both on ICT and microscopic methods were excluded.Pretreatment whole blood in EDTA was collected for testing MP on ICT and by microscopic method including MP index and platelets, while serum for ALT. Results: Out of total 100 patients, 75 were males, 25 females with mean age of 38 ± 5 years. MP was found positive on MP film in 95% and on ICT in 88% cases. Thrombocytopenia was found in 69% and ALT was elevated in 60% cases. Mean and SD for platelets count was 129 ± 72 x 109/L and of ALT 76 ± 66 U/L. Mean of MP index was 0.49 ranging from 0 to 3.5%. Correlation of MP index with platelets and ALT was found insignificant, although in malaria patients, platelets and ALT was inversely correlated significantly with each other showing low platelets along with elevated ALT levels. Conclusion: In malaria patients, thrombocytopenia and elevated ALT are frequent findings, which may not definitely correlate with MP index. So it is advisable to test for platelet count and ALT in all patients of malaria for early diagnosis and better management.

Plasmodium ovale is a benign tertian malaria parasite that morphologically resembles Plasmodium vivax. P. ovale also shares similar tertian periodicity and can cause relapse in patients without a radical cure, making it easily misidentified as P. vivax in routine diagnosis. Therefore, its prevalence might be underreported worldwide. The present study aimed to quantify the prevalence of P. ovale misidentified as P. vivax malaria using data from studies reporting confirmed P. ovale cases by molecular methods. Studies reporting the misidentification of P. ovale as P. vivax malaria were identified from three databases, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus, without language restrictions, but the publication date was restricted to 1993 and 2020. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS). The random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of the misidentification of P. ovale as P. vivax malaria by the microscopic method when compared to those with the reference polymerase chain reaction method. Subgroup analysis of participants was also performed to demonstrate the difference between imported and indigenous P. ovale cases. The heterogeneity of the included studies was assessed using Cochran's Q and I2 statistics. Publication bias across the included studies was assessed using the funnel plot and Egger’s test, and if required, contour-enhanced funnel plots were used to identify the source(s) of funnel plot asymmetry. Of 641 articles retrieved from databases, 22 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the present study. Of the 8,297 malaria-positive cases identified by the PCR method, 453 P. ovale cases were confirmed. The pooled prevalence of misidentification of P. ovale as P. vivax malaria by the microscopic method was 11% (95% CI: 7–14%, I2: 25.46%). Subgroup analysis of the participants demonstrated a higher prevalence of misidentification in indigenous cases (13%, 95% CI: 6–21%, I2: 27.8%) than in imported cases (10%, 95% CI: 6–14%, I2: 24.1%). The pooled prevalence of misidentification of P. vivax as P. ovale malaria by the microscopic method was 1%, without heterogeneity (95% CI: 0–3%, I2: 16.8%). PCR was more sensitive in identifying P. ovale cases than the microscopic method (p 2: 65%). Subgroup analysis of participants demonstrated the better performance of PCR in detecting P. ovale malaria in indigenous cases (p: 0.0009, OR: 6.92, 95% CI: 2.21–21.7%, I2: 68%) than in imported cases (p: 0.0004, OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.41–3.29%, I2: 63%). P. ovale infections misidentified as P. vivax malaria by the microscopic method were frequent and led to underreported P. ovale cases. The molecular identification of P. ovale malaria in endemic areas is needed because a higher rate of P. ovale misidentification was found in endemic or indigenous cases than in imported cases. In addition, updated courses, enhanced training, and refreshers for microscopic examinations, particularly for P. ovale identification, are necessary to improve the microscopic identification of Plasmodium species in rural health centres where PCR is unavailable.

Objective: This study aimed to inspect the occurrence of Haemoproteus tinnunculi (H. tinnunculi) in falcons from the central area of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: Blood samples from 100 falcons species, including 55 Falco cherrug, 22 Falco peregrinus, 13 Falco pelegrinoides, and 10 Falco rusticolus, were collected from November 2018 to April 2019 and examined for H. tinnunculi by microscopic examination and nested PCR, targeting a cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Results: The prevalence was 1% by microscopic examination. The prevalence rate of H. tinnunculi was 1% by the microscopic method and 3% by PCR. Only F. cherrug was infected. In the sequence and phylogenetic analyses, the two cytb H. tinnunculi sequences were 100% identical and closely related to the Lithuanian isolate with 99.35% identity. Conclusions: This study presents the first report of molecular detection and characterization of H. tinnunculai in F. cherrug from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 626-632]

Sarcocystis is considered as a common zoonotic coccidian parasite that infects intermediate hosts orally through ingestion of contaminated graze or water with protozoa oocyte. The purpose of study is to demonstrate the incidence of Sarcocystis infection in imported cattle in Duhok abattoir and achieve the gold conventional method for muscular tissue cyst and bradyzoites detection. Muscular tissue samples have been collected from esophagus, heart and diaphragm of 150 cattle. From a total of 1350 inspected samples (diaphragm, esophagus and heart) from three different imported origin have been 94%, 92% and 41.3% samples infected respectively as well as significant differences (p

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a cause of tuberculosis (TB ) disease. In this research Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be detected using the Microscopic and Real-Time PCR. This research aims are to know the difference in the results of the examination Mycobacterium tuberculosis with microscopic method and Real-Time PCR. This research used an experimental research design and was tested using the Chi Square test. This results showed at significant difference (p=0.000) detection of pulmonary TB disease by microscopic and Real-Time PCR methods

When considering methods of detecting Cryptosporidium in patient samples, clinical and public health laboratories have historically relied primarily on microscopy. However, microscopy is time intensive and requires trained personnel to accurately identify pathogens that are present. Even with skilled analysts, the parasitemia level has the potential to fall below the level of detection. In addition, public health laboratories do not always receive specimens in fixatives that are compatible with the desired microscopic method. Antigen-based and molecular methods have proven to be effective at identifying Cryptosporidium at low levels and require less training and hands-on time. Here, we have developed and validated a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) laboratory-developed test (LDT) that identifies Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, and also includes detection at the genus level to identify additional species that occasionally cause disease in humans. Results of the molecular test were compared with those obtained from modified acid-fast microscopy, immunofluorescent microscopy, an antigen-based detection rapid test, and a commercial gastrointestinal panel (GI panel). Of 40 positive samples, microscopy and antigen-based methods were able to detect Cryptosporidium in only 20 and 21 samples, respectively. The GI panel detected 33 of the 40 positive samples, even though not all specimens were received in the recommended preservative. The LDT detected Cryptosporidium in all 40 positive samples. When comparing each method for the detection of Cryptosporidium, our results indicate the LDT is an accurate, reliable, and cost-effective method for a clinical public health reference laboratory.

Issues related to the reproduction of animals have been and remain one of the most complex and relevant problems of biology and are constantly finding a direct and effective way out into livestock farming practice. The rational use of breeding sheep as producers is limited by the lack of standard, objective methods and methods for the timely assessment of their reproductive ability. The article presents the results of evaluating the sperm production of rams-producers. For the first time, the freshly obtained sperm of rams of Moldavian type producers of the Karakul breed was evaluated using the macroscopic method - ejaculate volume, color and smell, as well as the microscopic method - motility, sperm concentration in the ejaculate, total sperm count in the ejaculate sperm movements (VAP; VSL and VCL) as well as the percentage of abnormal forms of sperm. The experiments were carried out on sheep producers grown on a pedigree farm of the experimental farm of the Moldavian Scientific and Practical Institute of Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine. As a result of the studies, it was found that the ejaculate volume on average was 0.99 ± 0.04 ml, motility was 0.95 ± 0.02 and sperm concentration 1.51 ± 0.14 billion/ml. The percentage of pathological forms in sperm averaged 13.72 ± 0.61, an indicator that characterizes the high quality of sperm. The average quality indicator of ejaculates obtained from ram-producers of the Moldavian type of the Karakul breed corresponds to physiological standards for the Karakul breed. The average percentage of pathological forms of sperm found in ejaculates indicates that the rams were in good conditions of feeding and keeping. According to research, we can say that the Moldovan type of Karakul rams can be successfully used to obtain high quality ejaculates suitable for freezing sperm at 196°C.

Mycoplasma suis (M. suis) is an haemotropic Mycoplasma that adheres and invades erythrocytes and is responsible for infectious anaemia of pigs. Infections with M. suis have been reported worldwide. Clinical signs after M. suis infection can be significant particularly for the breeding herd in the period around farrowing but consequences are highly variable with some infected pigs never exhibiting clinical disease. The study aimed to determine the clinical relevance of Giemsa-stained blood smear for the diagnosis of M. suis compared with qPCR results. In our study, the comparison of qPCR results with microscopic investigation of Giemsa-stained blood smears revealed a lower sensitivity of the microscopic method: only 33 out of 102 qPCR positive blood samples were microscopically positive (M. suis visualised). No relationship between mean qPCR loads and microscopic observation was observed. Although more costly, qPCR is probably the best diagnostic tool available today for M. suis diagnosis.

Aim: To compare the effectiveness of endoscopic v/s microscopic excision of a benign pituitary adenoma. Materials and methods: The present prospective comparative was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College Raipur, C.G., India among 50 patients diagnosed of noninvasive pituitary Adenoma. Group I (n=28); underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. Group II (n=22): underwent microscopic transsphenoidal surgery. Results: A total of 50 patients with pituitary noninvasive adenoma were operated transsphenoidally. Endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (group I) was carried out among 28 patients and 22 patients were operated by microscopic transsphenoidal surgery (group II). In group I, complete tumor excision was achieved in 16 (57.1%) patients, and in group II, it was achieved in 12 (54.5%) patients. Conclusion: Pituitary noninvasive adenomas can be treated with any approach. In compared to microscopic method, endoscopy is superior for resection and has less post-operative complications.

The object of research is the drying process of the pomace of a walnut kernel, peanuts and pistachios in a fluidized bed dryer with an inert support. One of the most problematic places is the issue of recycling of secondary raw materials, which represent significant potential for the food industry. The solution to the problem that is urgent is the preservation of pomace of the walnut kernel, peanuts and pistachios for their further use in the food industry. At the same time, the advantages of dried semi-finished products: –ability to transport over long distances; –long shelf life of dried products; –use in food technology; –use as a protein supplement. Therefore, the work is devoted to the development of new and modernization of existing drying methods. One of such methods is drying in a fluidized bed of an inert support; this product has not been used before for drying because of the complexity of the process. During the study, the method of microscopic determination of the dispersed composition of the product is used, which allows measuring particles with a size of 0.3-100 microns. Test powders of different fineness are investigated using USB Digital Microscope. The mathematical processing of the results using modern computer programs is carried out. The data obtained are processed in the Mathcad environment and presented as integral and differential particle distribution functions for each analyzed sample. This is due to the fact that the analysis of the determination of the dispersed composition is a mandatory control method in all technological processes. Thanks to this, it is possible to obtain a given product size. In the course of the study, a design of a continuous industrial drying unit for drying pomace of walnut kernels, peanuts and pistachios was developed. The drying method proposed in this work has several advantages over other methods, the main of which are the reduction of energy consumption and improving the quality of the finished product.

The present study investigates the effects of impeller design and dispersed phase volume ratio on mean drop sizes (d32) in immiscible liquid-liquid stirred vessel through experimental and modeling approaches. Various impeller designs including conventional and new impeller designs were employed to cover both radial and axial flow impellers. The microscopic method associated with image processing tools was used for the drop size analysis. The results showed the hydrofoil impeller produced the largest drop sizes while the double-curved blade turbine produced the smallest drop sizes, corresponding to about 37% difference. Increasing the dispersed phase volume ratio from 1% to 10%) increased the d32 by approximately 20–40%. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system based on fuzzy C–means (ANFIS-FCM) clustering algorithm was used to develop a model to predict drop sizes, and its validation and accuracy were examined by comparing the results to the experimental data. The results also proved the superior prediction capability of the ANFIS-FCM method over the empirical correlations for the most cases.

Blastocystis hominis is the most common intestinal parasite found in humans and many other hosts. Pathogenicity of Blastocystis spp. remains controversial, and it has been suggested that it may be associated with specific subtypes of the organism. This study identified the B. hominis subtypes and their prevalence rates in the northeast of Iran. A total of 1878 samples were collected from the northeast of Iran from January to December 2017. The patients’ demographic details were recorded. Samples were examined by a wet mount, and genomic DNA was extracted from positive samples. Also, PCR was done on the positive samples, and sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were subsequently performed. From 1878 collected stool samples, 152 (8.1%) Blastocystis samples were detected by the microscopic method. Of the 152 samples, Blastocystis spp. were found in 53.6% of the men and 28.9% of the women who showed clinical gastrointestinal symptoms, and a significant relationship was observed between gender and clinical symptoms ( P = 0.002 ). A meaningful relationship was found between the season and infection with this parasite ( P value = 0.003). The results of the sequencing of 22 PCR products showed the dominance of ST3, which was isolated from 10 (45.45%) patients, while ST1, ST2, and ST7 were found in 4 (18.19%), 7 (31.81%), and 1 (4.55%) patients, respectively. In this study, ST7 had a low prevalence in the northeast of Iran, and similar to previous studies, ST3 was the dominant subtype.

Trypanosomes are the causative agents of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), the former affecting domestic animals prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main species causing AAT in cattle are T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. b. brucei. Northern Uganda has been politically unstable with no form of vector control in place. The return of displaced inhabitants led to the restocking of cattle from AAT endemic areas. It was thus important to estimate the burden of trypanosomiasis in the region. This study was designed to compare the prevalence of animal African trypanosomes in cattle in Lira District using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) methods. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 254 cattle from the three villages of Acanakwo A, Barropok, and Acungkena in Lira District, Uganda, were selected by simple random sampling technique and screened for trypanosomiasis using microscopy and PCR methods. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis according to microscopic results was 5/254 (2.0%) as compared to 11/254 (4.3%) trypanosomiasis prevalence according to PCR analysis. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis infection in the animal studied is 11/254 (4.3%). Trypanosoma congolense was the most dominant trypanosome species with a proportion of 9/11 (81.8%), followed by T. vivax 1/11 (9.1%) and mixed infection of T. congolense/T. vivax1/11 (9.1%). Barropok village had the highest prevalence of trypanosomiasis with 6/11 (54.5%). There is a statistically significant relationship ( OR = 6.041 ; 95% CI: 1.634-22.331; p < 0.05 ) between abnormal PCV and trypanosome infection. Polymerase reaction amplification was the most reliable diagnostic method due to its high sensitivity and specificity as compared to the conventional microscopic method. Polymerase reaction amplification appears to have adequate accuracy to substitute the use of a microscope where facilities allow. This study, therefore, underscores the urgent need for local surveillance schemes more especially at the grassroots in Uganda to provide data for reference guideline development needed for the control of trypanosomiasis in Uganda.

A microscopic method for calculating nuclear level densities (NLD) is developed, based on the framework of energy density functionals. Intrinsic level densities are computed from single-quasiparticle spectra obtained in a finite-temperature self-consistent mean-field (SCMF) calculation that takes into account nuclear deformation, and is specified by the choice of the energy density functional (EDF) and pairing interaction. The total level density is calculated by convoluting the intrinsic density with the corresponding collective level density, determined by the eigenstates of a five-dimensional quadrupole or quadrupole plus octupole collective Hamiltonian. The parameters of the Hamiltonian (inertia parameters, collective potential) are consistently determined by deformation-constrained SCMF calculations using the same EDF and pairing interaction. The model is applied in the calculation of NLD of $^{94,96,98}$Mo, $^{106,108}$Pd, $^{106,112}$Cd, $^{160,162,164}$Dy, $^{166}$Er, and $^{170,172}$Yb, in comparison with available data. It is shown that the collective enhancement of the intrinsic level density, consistently computed from the eigenstates of the corresponding collective Hamiltonian, leads to total NLDs that are in excellent agreement with data over the whole energy range of measured values., 9 pages, 7 figures

Background/aim Conventional viability tests, help to screen the cellular effects of candidate molecules, but the endpoint of these measurements lacks sufficient information regarding the molecular aspects. A non-invasive, easy-to-setup live-cell microscopic method served to in-depth analysis of mechanisms of potential anticancer drugs. Materials and methods The proposed method combining the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test with time-lapse scanning microscopy (TLS), provided additional data related to the cell-cycle and the dynamic properties of cell morphology. Apoptotic and necrotic events became detectable with these methods. Results Quantification of the results was assisted by image analysis of the acquired image sequences. After demonstrating the potential of the TLS method, a series of experiments compared the in vitro effect of a known and a newly synthesized nucleoside analogue. Conclusion The proposed approach provided a more in-depth insight into the cellular processes that can be affected by known chemotherapeutic agents including nucleoside analogues rather than applying repeated individual treatments.

Background: Among the human parasitic diseases, malaria is the main cause of morbidity and mortality. To prevent the high mortality and tracking malaria elimination efforts, a prompt and sensitive diagnosis is essential. This study aimed to compare High-Resolution Melting (HRM) and microscopic methods to diagnose Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Methods: Eighty-one blood samples were collected from patients with clinical symptoms who were suspect to malaria in Chabahar district, southeastern Iran and also, from those who were referred to Malaria National Laboratory in the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Microscopic examination and HRM method were used to the diagnosis of Plasmodium parasites simultaneously. Results: Microscopic results revealed 45 positive cases (12 P. falciparum and 33 P. vivax) out of 81 collected samples while according to HRM analysis results 11 and 33 samples were identified as P. falciparum and P. vivax, respectively. HRM analysis also revealed 1 mixed infection of P. falciparum and P. malariae. Conclusion: HRM analysis provides a promising mean for simultaneous detection and discrimination of the Plasmodium spp. especially in mixed infection cases.

Microscopic transsphenoidal surgery is beyond any doubt a widely accepted and highly effective therapy for pituitary adenomas. Currently several centers have converted to an endoscopic transsphenoidal approach; suggesting that this technique provides more complete tumor resection, better visualization and reduce complications. However, there have been few series to document the results of this procedure. This report presents the technical details and compares it to the results of the microscopic method based on the experience of the group and a literature review. The endoscopic transnasal/ transsphenoidal technique is a safe and effective method for removal of pituitary adenomas. The results found in the literature suggest that the endoscope provides more complete tumor removal, and reduces complications. We believe that the advantages of the endoscopic technique will allow this procedure to become the future gold standard surgical therapy for pituitary adenomas.

Background: Dermatophytosis is considered as one of the major public health problems in the world and is the most commonly diagnosed skin disease in Bangladesh. The prevalence and characteristics of dermatophytic infections vary with climatic conditions, age, lifestyle and population migration patterns.Objective: To determine the prevalence of dermatophytic infection and sensitivity of different diagnostic procedures among the patients visiting dermatology outpatient department of Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College & Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh (TMMCH).Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done during a period of 12 months from July 2015 to June 2016. Total 80 specimens were collected based on clinical presentations irrespective of age and sex. The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination using 20% potassium hydroxide (KOH) and culture on Sabouraud’s dextrose agor medium.Results: Out of 80 samples, 31(38.75%) were found positive by culture and 21 (26.25%) were found positive by microscopic method which were also found positive by culture. This study found that most (51.62%) of the dermatophyteinfected cases were in the age group of 21−40 years followed by 41−60 years (29.03%) with male and female distribution 58.06% and 41.94% respectively The maximum number of infections was reported from groin followed by hands/legs and feet.Conclusion: The result of this study shows higher prevalence of dermatophytosis in both genders in this area. An accurate diagnosis can help in proper and effective treatment of dermatophytosis.J Enam Med Col 2018; 8(1): 11-15

This study aims to determine the type of endoparasitic worm Gnathostoma sp and the prevalence that infects rice field eel (Monopterus albus) with different grades. the method used is the descriptive method. Samples were taken from 3 different farm locations (Nor Aini, Banjar Regency, CV. Karya Bersama, Banjarbaru City, and Saberiannor Banjarbaru City), as many as 120 individuals with each grade (A, B, C, and D) totaling 30 individuals. Samples were examined using the microscopic method with 3 replications on each target organ, namely liver, meat, intestines, and kidneys. The results of the examination showed that Gnathostoma sp worm cysts were found, namely only in the liver, while in the intestines, flesh, and kidneys were not found. Based on the identification of Gnathostoma sp endoparasites seen from morphological characteristics, third-stage larvae (L3) in the phylum Nematoda, cylindrical body shape, transparent body color, and blackish brown, head shape resembling a light bulb, mouth, and has anus at the end of its body. Prevalence value in grade A = 40%; B= 30%; C= 40%, and D= 30%, this includes the category commonly or ordinary which describes that the parasite usually infects fish with a prevalence value range of 30-49%. It is still possible to send rice field eels outside of South Kalimantan Province, although the results of the examination of the test samples indicated the presence of the parasite infection Gnathostoma sp..

Des échantillons de matières fécales ont été prélevés sur 24 animaux apparte­nant à huit espèces différentes du parc zoologique de Hann au Sénégal. Ils ont été analysés par la technique de coproscopie microscopique qualitative de Tele­mann-Rivas et celle quantitative en cellules de Mac Master. Sur l’ensemble des échantillons, 66,7 % étaient parasités et chaque animal positif était infesté par au moins une espèce d’oeufs d’helminthes, alors que les protozoaires n’étaient présents que chez quatre animaux. Chez les carnivores, les oeufs de parasites, comme Toxascaris leonina et Toxocara cati, et ceux d’ankylostomidés étaient les plus présents, alors que chez les primates les oeufs de Trichuris sp. et Entamoeba sp. ont été identifiés. Cette étude constitue une base pour la mise en place de traitements chez ces animaux.

The article is devoted to the microscopic method of research in modern obstetrical and gynecological practice. Special attention is paid to the value of the method, the diagnostic significance of the results of the examination. There is described the preparation for the study, the purpose and methodology of the exercise. The attached photos show in detail all the stages of sampling a free discharge from the urogenital tract.

The present study conducted on thirty patients with scabies. Blood samples were collected before and after treatment in addition to 30 controls, that used in immunological study to determine the effect of infection with scabies on concentrations of IL-31, β-endorphin, PAR2 (Protease-activated receptor 2) before and after treatment. The sim of this study is to examine the immunological response in patients after becoming infected with scabies. All these cases were collected from Healthy centers of camps Kaparto1and 2, Sharyia and Khanki in Duhok governorate and diagnosed by clinical examination and light microscopic method for examining the Sarcoptes scabiei mite or its eggs, at laboratories of these centers from March 2019 to about 30 January 2020. Immunological parameter including interleukin-31, β-endorphin, PAR2 (Protease-activated receptor 2) were assessed using ELISA. Results of study showed that IL-31, β-endorphin, PAR2 (Protease-activated receptor 2) significantly increasing (P

The present study conducted on thirty male patients who were infected with scabies. Blood samples collected before and after treatment in addition to 30 male controls, were used in immunological study to determine the effect of infection with scabies on concentrations of Tropomyosin, Paramyosin, Melatonin, and Cathepsin-D before and after treatment. All these cases were collected from Healthy centers of camps Kaparto1and 2, Sharyia and Khanki in Duhok governorate and diagnosed by light microscopic method for examining the Sarcoptes scabiei mite or its eggs, at laboratories of these centers from March 2019 to about 30 January 2020. The results of study revealed the levels of Tropomyosin, Paramyosin, Cathepsin-D were significantly increasing (P