Search

The goal of our work is to study the mode changes of the radio-quiet gamma-ray pulsar PSR J2021+4026 with improved detail. By accurately characterizing variations in the gamma-ray spectrum and pulse profile, we aim to relate the Fermi-LAT observations to theoretical models and interpret the mode changes in terms of variations in the structure of a multipolar dissipative magnetosphere. We continually monitored the rotational evolution and the gamma-ray flux of PSR J2021+4026 using more than 13 years of Fermi-LAT data with a binned likelihood approach. We clearly detect the previous mode changes and confirm a more recent mode change that occurred around June 2020. We investigated the features of the phase-resolved spectrum and pulse profile, and we inferred the macroscopic conductivity, the electric field parallel to the magnetic field, and the curvature radiation cutoff energy. These physical quantities are related to the spin-down rate and the gamma-ray flux and therefore are relevant to the theoretical interpretation of the mode changes. We computed the relative variations in the best-fit parameters, finding typical flux changes between 13% and 20%. Correlations appear between the gamma-ray flux and the spectral parameters, as the peak of the spectrum shifts by about 10% toward lower energies when the flux decreases. The analysis of the pulse profile reveals that the pulsed fraction of the light curve is larger when the flux is low. We introduced a simple magnetosphere model that combines a dipole field with a strong quadrupole component. We simulated magnetic field configurations to determine the positions of the polar caps for different sets of parameters, and we conclude that some configurations could explain the observed multiwavelength variability., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, to be publish in Astronomy & Astrophysics, submitted December 12, 2023, accepted February 17, 2024

Context. We have investigated the multiwavelength emission of PSR J2021+4026, the only isolated gamma-ray pulsar known to be variable, which in October 2011 underwent a simultaneous change in gamma-ray flux and spin-down rate, followed by a second mode change in February 2018. Multiwavelength monitoring is crucial to understand the physics behind these events and how they may have affected the structure of the magnetosphere. Aims.The monitoring of pulse profile alignment is a powerful diagnostic tool for constraining magnetospheric reconfiguration. We aim to investigate timing or flux changes related to the variability of PSR J2021+4026 via multiwavelength observations, including gamma-ray observations from Fermi-LAT, X-ray observations from XMM-Newton, and a deep optical observation with the Gran Telescopio Canarias.Methods. We performed a detailed comparison of the timing features of the pulsar in gamma and X-rays and searched for any change in phase lag between the phaseogram peaks in these two energy bands. Although previous observations did not detect a counterpart in visible light, we also searched for optical emission that might have increased due to the mode change, making this pulsar detectable in the optical. Results.We have found a change in the gamma-to X-ray pulse profile alignment by 0.21$\pm$0.02 in phase, which indicates that the first mode change affected different regions of the pulsar magnetosphere. No optical counterpart was detected down to g'=26.1 and r'=25.3. Conclusions.We suggest that the observed phase shift could be related to a reconfiguration of the connection between the quadrupole magnetic field near the stellar surface and the dipole field that dominates at larger distances. This is consistent with the picture of X-ray emission coming from the heated polar cap and with the simultaneous flux and frequency derivative change observed during the mode changes., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, 1 Table. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics (A&A)

Time-domain analysis of an archival XMM-Newton observation unveiled a very unusual variability pattern in the soft X-ray emission of PSR J1311-3430, a black widow millisecond pulsar in a tight binary (P_B=93.8 min) with a very low-mass (M~0.01 Msun) He companion star, known to show flaring emission in the optical and in the X-rays. A series of six pulses with a regular recurrence time of ~124 min is apparent in the 0.2-10 keV light curve of the system, also featuring an initial, bright flare and a quiescent phase lasting several hours. The X-ray spectrum does not change when the pulses are seen and is consistent with a power law with photon index Gamma~1.6, also describing the quiescent emission. The peak luminosity of the pulses is of several 10^32 erg/s. Simultaneous observations in the U band with the Optical Monitor onboard XMM and in the g' band from the Las Cumbres Observatory do not show any apparent counterpart of the pulses and only display the well-known orbital modulation of the system. We consider different hypotheses to explain the recurrent pulses: we investigate their possible analogy with other phenomena already observed in this pulsar and in similar systems and we also study possible explanations related to the interaction of the energetic pulsar wind with intrabinary material, but we found none of these pictures to be convincing. We identify simultaneous X-ray observations and optical spectroscopy as a possible way to constrain the nature of the phenomenon., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics as a Letter

THESEUS is a medium size space mission of the European Space Agency, currently under evaluation for a possible launch in 2032. Its main objectives are to investigate the early Universe through the observation of gamma-ray bursts and to study the gravitational waves electromagnetic counterparts and neutrino events. On the other hand, its instruments, which include a wide field of view X-ray (0.3-5 keV) telescope based on lobster-eye focusing optics and a gamma-ray spectrometer with imaging capabilities in the 2-150 keV range, are also ideal for carrying out unprecedented studies in time domain astrophysics. In addition, the presence onboard of a 70 cm near infrared telescope will allow simultaneous multi-wavelegth studies. Here we present the THESEUS capabilities for studying the time variability of different classes of sources in parallel to, and without affecting, the gamma-ray bursts hunt., Comment: Submitted to Experimental Astronomy

Multi-messenger astrophysics is becoming a major avenue to explore the Universe, with the potential to span a vast range of redshifts. The growing synergies between different probes is opening new frontiers, which promise profound insights into several aspects of fundamental physics and cosmology. In this context, THESEUS will play a central role during the 2030s in detecting and localizing the electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave and neutrino sources that the unprecedented sensitivity of next generation detectors will discover at much higher rates than the present. Here, we review the most important target signals from multi-messenger sources that THESEUS will be able to detect and characterize, discussing detection rate expectations and scientific impact., Comment: Submitted to Experimental Astronomy

We present results of optical-UV observations of the 200 Myr old rotation-powered radio pulsar J0108$-$1431 with the Hubble Space Telescope. We found a putative candidate for the far-UV (FUV) pulsar counterpart, with the flux density $f_\nu = 9.0\pm 3.2$ nJy at $\lambda = 1528$ \AA. The pulsar was not detected, however, at longer wavelengths, with $3\sigma$ upper limits of 52, 37, and 87 nJy at $\lambda =$ 4326, 3355, and 2366 \AA, respectively. Assuming that the pulsar counterpart was indeed detected in FUV, and the previously reported marginal $U$ and $B$ detections with the Very Large Telescope were real, the optical-UV spectrum of the pulsar can be described by a power-law model with a nearly flat $f_\nu$ spectrum. Similar to younger pulsars detected in the optical, the slope of the nonthermal spectrum steepens in the X-ray range. The pulsar's luminosity in the 1500--6000 \AA wavelength range, $L \sim 1.2\times 10^{27} (d/210\,{\rm pc})^2$ erg s$^{-1}$, corresponds to a high efficiency of conversion of pulsar rotation energy loss rate $\dot {E}$ to the optical-UV radiation, $\eta = L/\dot{E} \sim (1$--$6)\times 10^{-4}$, depending on somewhat uncertain values of distance and spectral slope. The brightness temperature of the bulk neutron star surface does not exceed 59,000 K ($3\sigma$ upper bound), as seen by a distant observer. If we assume that the FUV flux is dominated by a thermal component, then the surface temperature can be in the range of 27,000--55,000 K, requiring a heating mechanism to operate in old neutron stars., Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, 7 tables. Accepted to ApJ

Millisecond spinning, low magnetic field neutron stars are believed to attain their fast rotation in a 0.1-1 Gyr-long phase during which they accrete matter endowed with angular momentum from a low-mass companion star. Despite extensive searches, coherent periodicities originating from accreting neutron star magnetospheres have been detected only at X-ray energies and in ~10% of the presently known systems. Here we report the detection of optical and ultraviolet coherent pulsations at the X-ray period of the transient low mass X-ray binary system SAX J1808.4-3658, during an accretion outburst that occurred in August 2019. At the time of the observations, the pulsar was surrounded by an accretion disc, displayed X-ray pulsations and its luminosity was consistent with magnetically funneled accretion onto the neutron star. Current accretion models fail to account for the luminosity of both optical and ultraviolet pulsations; these are instead more likely driven by synchro-curvature radiation in the pulsar magnetosphere or just outside of it. This interpretation would imply that particle acceleration can take place even when mass accretion is going on, and opens up new perspectives in the study of coherent optical/UV pulsations from fast spinning accreting neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binary systems., Comment: 47 pages, 9 figures. The first two authors contributed equally to this work; Nature Astronomy (2021), published on-line on February 22, 2021; doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01308-0

The Fermi Large Area Telescope gamma-ray source 3FGL J2039.6$-$5618 contains a periodic optical and X-ray source that was predicted to be a "redback" millisecond pulsar (MSP) binary system. However, the conclusive identification required the detection of pulsations from the putative MSP. To better constrain the orbital parameters for a directed search for gamma-ray pulsations, we obtained new optical light curves in 2017 and 2018, which revealed long-term variability from the companion star. The resulting orbital parameter constraints were used to perform a targeted gamma-ray pulsation search using the Einstein@Home distributed volunteer computing system. This search discovered pulsations with a period of 2.65 ms, confirming the source as a binary MSP now known as PSR J2039$-$5617. Optical light curve modelling is complicated, and likely biased, by asymmetric heating on the companion star and long-term variability, but we find an inclination $i > 60{\deg}$, for a low pulsar mass between $1.1 M_{\odot} < M_{\rm psr} < 1.6 M_{\odot}$ and a companion mass of 0.15--0.22 $M_{\odot}$, confirming the redback classification. Timing the gamma-ray pulsations also revealed significant variability in the orbital period, which we find to be consistent with quadrupole moment variations in the companion star, suggestive of convective activity. We also find that the pulsed flux is modulated at the orbital period, potentially due to inverse Compton scattering between high-energy leptons in the pulsar wind and the companion star's optical photon field., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures, published in MNRAS

The predicted nature of the candidate redback pulsar 3FGL\,J2039.6$-$5618 was recently confirmed by the discovery of $\gamma$-ray millisecond pulsations (Clark et al. 2020, hereafter Paper\,I), which identify this $\gamma$-ray source as \msp. We observed this object with the Parkes radio telescope in 2016 and 2019. We detect radio pulsations at 1.4\,GHz and 3.1\,GHz, at the 2.6ms period discovered in $\gamma$-rays, and also at 0.7\,GHz in one 2015 archival observation. In all bands, the radio pulse profile is characterised by a single relatively broad peak which leads the main $\gamma$-ray peak. At 1.4\,GHz we found clear evidence of eclipses of the radio signal for about half of the orbit, a characteristic phenomenon in redback systems, which we associate with the presence of intra-binary gas. From the dispersion measure of $24.57\pm0.03$\,pc\,cm$^{-3}$ we derive a pulsar distance of $0.9\pm 0.2$\,kpc or $1.7\pm0.7$\,kpc, depending on the assumed Galactic electron density model. The modelling of the radio and $\gamma$-ray light curves leads to an independent determination of the orbital inclination, and to a determination of the pulsar mass, qualitatively consistent to the results in Paper\,I., Comment: 18 pages, accepted for publication on MNRAS

The wealth of detections of millisecond pulsars (MSPs) in $\gamma$-rays by {\em Fermi} has spurred searches for these objects among the several unidentified $\gamma$-ray sources. Interesting targets are a sub-class of binary MSPs, dubbed "Black Widows" (BWs) and "Redbacks" (RBs), which are in orbit with low-mass non-degenerate companions fully or partially ablated by irradiation from the MSP wind. These systems can be easily missed in radio pulsar surveys owing to the eclipse of the radio signal by the intra-binary plasma from the ablated companion star photosphere, making them better targets for multi-wavelength observations. We used optical and X-ray data from public databases to carry out a systematic investigation of all the unidentified $\gamma$-ray sources from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) Third Source Catalog (3FGL), which have been pre-selected as likely MSP candidates according to a machine-learning technique analysis. We tested our procedure by recovering known binary BW/RB identifications and searched for new ones, finding possible candidates. At the same time, we investigated previously proposed BW/RB identifications and we ruled out one of them based upon the updated $\gamma$-ray source coordinates., Comment: 22 pages, 14 figures, 21 pages - This manuscript is based on the MSc Thesis work of C. Braglia, defended on April 2020 at the University of Milan, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The magnetar SGR J1745-2900 discovered at parsecs distance from the Milky Way central black hole, Sagittarius A*, represents the closest pulsar to a supermassive black hole ever detected. Furthermore, its intriguing radio emission has been used to study the environment of the black hole, as well as to derive a precise position and proper motion for this object. The discovery of SGR J1745-2900 has opened interesting debates about the number, age and nature of pulsars expected in the Galactic center region. In this work, we present extensive X-ray monitoring of the outburst of SGR J1745-2900 using the Chandra X-ray Observatory, the only instrument with the spatial resolution to distinguish the magnetar from the supermassive black hole (2.4" angular distance). It was monitored from its outburst onset in April 2013 until August 2019, collecting more than fifty Chandra observations for a total of more than 2.3 Ms of data. Soon after the outburst onset, the magnetar emission settled onto a purely thermal emission state that cooled from a temperature of about 0.9 to 0.6 keV over 6 years. The pulsar timing properties showed at least two changes in the period derivative, increasing by a factor of about 4 during the outburst decay. We find that the long-term properties of this outburst challenge current models for the magnetar outbursts., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures. Accepted by ApJ

The All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory (AMEGO) is a probe class mission concept that will provide essential contributions to multimessenger astrophysics in the late 2020s and beyond. AMEGO combines high sensitivity in the 200 keV to 10 GeV energy range with a wide field of view, good spectral resolution, and polarization sensitivity. Therefore, AMEGO is key in the study of multimessenger astrophysical objects that have unique signatures in the gamma-ray regime, such as neutron star mergers, supernovae, and flaring active galactic nuclei. The order-of-magnitude improvement compared to previous MeV missions also enables discoveries of a wide range of phenomena whose energy output peaks in the relatively unexplored medium-energy gamma-ray band., Comment: Astro2020 APC White Paper Updated to make small change to author list in metadata

The X-ray source CXO\, J085201.4$-$461753in the few kyr-old Vela Jr. supernova remnant (G266.2-1.2) belongs to the peculiar class of isolated neutron stars dubbed "Central Compact Objects" (CCOs). At variance with the other CCOs, which are only detected in the X-rays, \cxo\ has been possibly detected also at other wavelengths. In particular, a candidate near-infrared counterpart (H = 21.6 $\pm$0.1) was detected by the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in addition to a 6\arcsec-wide nebula detected in H$\alpha$, interpreted as a velocity-driven bow-shock. Here, we present new near-infrared and optical VLT observations of the candidate counterpart to \cxo\ and its nebula to confirm the proposed associations. Moreover, we used archival Chandra observations to measure for the first time the CXO\, J085201.4$-$461753 proper motion. The comparison between the two sets of near-infrared VLT images, taken 10.56 year apart, do not show evidence of proper motion for the candidate counterpart to CXO\, J085201.4$-$461753, expected from its 4\arcmin\ offset from the SNR geometrical centre, with a $3\sigma$ upper limit of $\sim 10$ mas yr$^{-1}$. This is much smaller than the expected proper motion of $\sim$50--100 mas yr$^{-1}$, which, in turn, is below the $3\sigma$ upper limit of $\sim$ 300 mas yr$^{-1}$ that we obtained with Chandra. At the same time, VLT spectroscopy resolved the nebula optical emission, which is dominated by the NII doublet at 6548 and 6584 \AA\ and not by H$\alpha$. To summarise, we conclude that the proposed near-infrared counterpart is likely unassociated with \cxo\ and that the nebula is not a velocity-driven bow-shock., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures. MNRAS, accepted for publication

We observed the slowly revolving pulsar 1E 161348-5055 (1E 1613, spin period of 6.67 h) in the supernova remnant RCW 103 twice with XMM-Newton and once with the Very Large Telescope (VLT). The VLT observation was performed on 2016 June 30, about a week after the detection of a large outburst from 1E 1613. At the position of 1E 1613, we found a near-infrared source with K_S = 20.68 +/- 0.12 mag that was not detected (K_S > 21.2 mag) in data collected with the same instruments in 2006, during X-ray quiescence. Its position and behavior are consistent with a counterpart in the literature that was discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope in the following weeks in adjacent near-IR bands. The XMM-Newton pointings were carried out on 2016 August 19 and on 2018 February 14. While the collected spectra are similar in shape between each other and to what is observed in quiescence (a blackbody with kT~0.5 keV plus a second, harder component, either another hotter blackbody with kT ~ 1.2 keV or a power law with photon index ~3), the two pointings caught 1E 1613 at different luminosity throughout its decay pattern: about 4.8E34 erg/s in 2016 and 1.2E34 erg/s in 2018 (0.5-10 keV, for the double-blackbody model and for 3.3 kpc), which is still almost about ten times brighter than the quiescent level. The pulse profile displayed dramatic changes, apparently evolving from the complex multi-peak morphology observed in high-luminosity states to the more sinusoidal form characteristic of latency. The inspection of the X-ray light curves revealed two flares with unusual properties in the 2016 observation: they are long (~1 ks to be compared with 0.1-1 s of typical magnetar bursts) and faint (~1E34 erg/s, with respect to 1E38 erg/s or more in magnetars). Their spectra are comparatively soft and resemble the hotter thermal component of the persistent emission., Comment: Accepted by A&A; 6 pages, 6 figures; this version includes minor changes to match the final version; abstract abridged

After two major outbursts in 2006 and 2011, on 2017 May 16 the magnetar CXOU J164710.2-455216, hosted within the massive star cluster Westerlund I, emitted a short (20 ms) burst, which marked the onset of a new active phase. We started a long-term monitoring campaign with Swift (45 observations), Chandra (5 observations) and NuSTAR (4 observations) from the activation until 2018 April. During the campaign, Swift BAT registered the occurrence of multiple bursts, accompanied by two other enhancements of the X-ray persistent flux. The long time span covered by our observations allowed us to study the spectral as well as the timing evolution of the source. After 11 months since the 2017 May outburst onset, the observed flux was about 15 times higher than its historical minimum level and a factor of 3 higher than the level reached after the 2006 outburst. This suggests that the crust has not fully relaxed to the quiescent level, or that the source quiescent level has changed following the multiple outburst activities in the past 10 years or so. This is another case of multiple outbursts from the same source on a yearly time scale, a somehow recently discovered behaviour in magnetars., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 14 pages, 7 figures

We present the first optical spectroscopy of five confirmed (or strong candidate) redback millisecond pulsar binaries, obtaining complete radial velocity curves for each companion star. The properties of these millisecond pulsar binaries with low-mass, hydrogen-rich companions are discussed in the context of the 14 confirmed and 10 candidate field redbacks. We find that the neutron stars in redbacks have a median mass of 1.78 +/- 0.09 M_sun with a dispersion of sigma = 0.21 +/- 0.09. Neutron stars with masses in excess of 2 M_sun are consistent with, but not firmly demanded by, current observations. Redback companions have median masses of 0.36 +/- 0.04 M_sun with a scatter of sigma = 0.15 +/- 0.04, and a tail possibly extending up to 0.7-0.9 M_sun. Candidate redbacks tend to have higher companion masses than confirmed redbacks, suggesting a possible selection bias against the detection of radio pulsations in these more massive candidate systems. The distribution of companion masses between redbacks and the less massive black widows continues to be strongly bimodal, which is an important constraint on evolutionary models for these systems. Among redbacks, the median efficiency of converting the pulsar spindown energy to gamma-ray luminosity is ~10%., Comment: Apj in press. Long/large tables 6 and 7 also included as ancillary machine-readable files; numbering different from published version for ease of use

In this paper we present the science potential of the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry (eXTP) mission for studies of strongly magnetized objects. We will focus on the physics and astrophysics of strongly magnetized objects, namely magnetars, accreting X-ray pulsars, and rotation powered pulsars. We also discuss the science potential of eXTP for QED studies. Developed by an international Consortium led by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the eXTP mission is expected to be launched in the mid 2020s., Comment: Accepted for publication on Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. (2019)

In this White Paper we present the potential of the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry (eXTP) mission for studies related to Observatory Science targets. These include flaring stars, supernova remnants, accreting white dwarfs, low and high mass X-ray binaries, radio quiet and radio loud active galactic nuclei, tidal disruption events, and gamma-ray bursts. eXTP will be excellently suited to study one common aspect of these objects: their often transient nature. Developed by an international Consortium led by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science, the eXTP mission is expected to be launched in the mid 2020s., Comment: Accepted for publication on Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. (2019)

We observed the young ($\sim 1700$ yrs) pulsar PSR B0540-69 in the near-ultraviolet (UV) for the first time with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) aboard the {\em Hubble Space Telescope}. Imaging observations with the NUV- and FUV-MAMA detectors in TIME-TAG mode allowed us to clearly detect the pulsar in two bands around 2350\AA\ and 1590\AA, with magnitudes $m_{\rm NUV} =21.449 \pm 0.019$ and $m_{\rm FUV} =21.832 \pm 0.103$. We also detected the pulsar-wind nebula (PWN) in the NUV-MAMA image, with a morphology similar to that observed in the optical and near-infrared (IR). The extinction-corrected NUV and FUV pulsar fluxes are compatible with a very steep power law spectrum $F_{\nu} \propto \nu^{-\alpha}$ with spectral index $\alpha_{\rm UV} \sim 3$, non compatible with a Rayleigh Jeans spectrum, indicating a non-thermal origin of the emission. The comparison with the optical/near-IR power-law spectrum (spectral index $\alpha_{\rm O,nIR} \sim 0.7$), indicates an abrupt turn-off at wavelengths below 2500 \AA, not observed in other pulsars. We detected pulsations in both the NUV and FUV data at the 50 ms pulsar period. In both cases, the pulse profile features two peaks closely spaced in phase, as observed in the optical and X-ray light curves. The NUV/FUV peaks are also aligned in phase with those observed in the radio (1.4 GHz), optical, X, and $\gamma$-ray light curves, like in the Crab pulsar, implying a similar beaming geometry across all wavelengths. PSR B0540-69 is now the fifth isolated pulsar, together with Crab, Vela, PSR\, B0656+14, and the radio-quiet Geminga, detected in the optical, near-UV, near-IR, X-rays and $\gamma$-rays, and seen to pulsate in at least four of these energy bands., Comment: 33 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication on ApJ

We analyzed two Chandra observations of PSR J2055+2539 (for a total integration time of $\sim$130 ks) in order to measure its proper motion and study its two elongated nebular features. We did not detect the proper motion, setting an upper limit of 240 mas yr$^{-1}$ (3$\sigma$ level), that translates into an upper limit on the transverse velocity of $\sim$700 km s$^{-1}$, for an assumed distance of 600 pc. A deep H$\alpha$ observation did not reveal the bow-shock associated with a classical pulsar wind nebula, thus precluding an indirect measurement of the proper motion direction. We determined the main axes of the two nebulae, which are separated by an angle of 160.8$^{\circ} \pm 0.7^{\circ}$, using a new approach based on the Rolling Hough Transformation (RHT). We analyzed the shape of the first 8' (out of the 12' seen by XMM-Newton) of the brighter, extremely collimated one. Based on a combination of our results from a standard analysis and a nebular modeling obtained from the RHT, we find that the brightest nebula is curved on an arcmin-scale, with a thickness ranging from $\sim9$" to $\sim31$" and a possible (single or multiple) helicoidal pattern. We could not constrain the shape of the fainter nebula. We discuss our results in the context of other known similar features, with particular emphasis on the Lighthouse nebula (associated with PSR J1101$-$6101). We speculate that a peculiar geometry of the powering pulsar may play an important role in the formation of such features., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, 1 table; accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics

We used the 10.4m Gran Telescopio Canarias to search for the optical counterparts to four isolated $\gamma$-ray pulsars, all detected in the X-rays by either \xmm\ or \chan\ but not yet in the optical. Three of them are middle-aged pulsars -- PSR\, J1846+0919 (0.36 Myr), PSR\, J2055+2539 (1.2 Myr), PSR\, J2043+2740 (1.2 Myr) -- and one, PSR\, J1907+0602, is a young pulsar (19.5 kyr). For both PSR\, J1907+0602 and PSR\, J2055+2539 we found one object close to the pulsar position. However, in both cases such an object cannot be a viable candidate counterpart to the pulsar. For PSR\, J1907+0602, because it would imply an anomalously red spectrum for the pulsar and for PSR\, J2055+2539 because the pulsar would be unrealistically bright ($r'=20.34\pm0.04$) for the assumed distance and interstellar extinction. For PSR\, J1846+0919, we found no object sufficiently close to the expected position to claim a possible association, whereas for PSR\, J2043+2740 we confirm our previous findings that the object nearest to the pulsar position is an unrelated field star. We used our brightness limits ($g' \approx 27$), the first obtained with a large-aperture telescope for both PSR\, J1846+0919 and PSR\, J2055+2539, to constrain the optical emission properties of these pulsars and investigate the presence of spectral turnovers at low energies in their multi-wavelength spectra., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, accpted for publication in MNRAS

Isolated Neutron Stars are known to be endowed with extreme magnetic fields, whose maximum intensity ranges from 10^12 to 10^15 G, which permeates their magnetospheres. Their surrounding environment is also strongly magnetised, especially in the compact nebulae powered by the relativistic wind from young neutron stars. The radiation from isolated neutron stars and their surrounding nebulae is, thus, supposed to bring a strong polarisation signature. Measuring the neutron star polarisation brings important information on the properties of their magnetosphere and of their highly magnetised environment. Being the most numerous class of isolated neutron stars, polarisation measurements have been traditionally carried out for radio pulsars, hence in the radio band. In this review, I summarise multi-wavelength linear polarisation measurements obtained at wavelengths other than radio both for pulsars and other types of isolated neutron stars and outline future perspectives with the upcoming observing facilities., Comment: 17 pages, 2 figures, Proceedings of the Alsatian Workshop on X-ray Polarimetry (Strasbourg, November 13-15, 2017), Submitted to a special issue of Galaxies, an open access journal by MDPI

The recent discovery of the electromagnetic counterpart of the gravitational wave source GW170817, has demonstrated the huge informative power of multi-messenger observations. During the next decade the nascent field of multi-messenger astronomy will mature significantly. Around 2030, third generation gravitational wave detectors will be roughly ten times more sensitive than the current ones. At the same time, neutrino detectors currently upgrading to multi km^3 telescopes, will include a 10 km^3 facility in the Southern hemisphere that is expected to be operational around 2030. In this review, we describe the most promising high frequency gravitational wave and neutrino sources that will be detected in the next two decades. In this context, we show the important role of the Transient High Energy Sky and Early Universe Surveyor (THESEUS), a mission concept proposed to ESA by a large international collaboration in response to the call for the Cosmic Vision Programme M5 missions. THESEUS aims at providing a substantial advancement in early Universe science as well as playing a fundamental role in multi-messenger and time-domain astrophysics, operating in strong synergy with future gravitational wave and neutrino detectors as well as major ground- and space-based telescopes. This review is an extension of the THESEUS white paper (Amati et al. 2017), also in light of the discovery of GW170817/GRB170817A that was announced on October 16th, 2017., Comment: 25 pages, 13 figures, accepted to Advances in Space Research with minor revisions. Details on the THESEUS instrumentation, science case and expected performances can also be found in Amati et al. 2017 (arXiv:1710.04638) and in the presentations of the THESEUS Workshop 2017 (http://www.isdc.unige.ch/theseus/workshop2017-programme.html). v2 few typos corrected

e-ASTROGAM (enhanced ASTROGAM) is a breakthrough Observatory space mission, with a detector composed by a Silicon tracker, a calorimeter, and an anticoincidence system, dedicated to the study of the non-thermal Universe in the photon energy range from 0.3 MeV to 3 GeV - the lower energy limit can be pushed to energies as low as 150 keV for the tracker, and to 30 keV for calorimetric detection. The mission is based on an advanced space-proven detector technology, with unprecedented sensitivity, angular and energy resolution, combined with polarimetric capability. Thanks to its performance in the MeV-GeV domain, substantially improving its predecessors, e-ASTROGAM will open a new window on the non-thermal Universe, making pioneering observations of the most powerful Galactic and extragalactic sources, elucidating the nature of their relativistic outflows and their effects on the surroundings. With a line sensitivity in the MeV energy range one to two orders of magnitude better than previous generation instruments, e-ASTROGAM will determine the origin of key isotopes fundamental for the understanding of supernova explosion and the chemical evolution of our Galaxy. The mission will provide unique data of significant interest to a broad astronomical community, complementary to powerful observatories such as LIGO-Virgo-GEO600-KAGRA, SKA, ALMA, E-ELT, TMT, LSST, JWST, Athena, CTA, IceCube, KM3NeT, and LISA., Comment: Published on Journal of High Energy Astrophysics (Elsevier)

Isolated Neutron Stars are some of the most exciting stellar objects known to astronomers: they have the most extreme magnetic fields, with values up to $10^{15}$ G, and, with the exception of stellar-mass black holes, they are the most dense stars, with densities of $\approx 10^{14}$ g cm$^{-3}$. As such, they are perfect laboratories to test theories of electromagnetism and nuclear physics under conditions of magnetic field and density unattainable on Earth. In particular, the interaction of radiation with strong magnetic fields is the cause of the {\em vacuum birefringence}, an effect predicted by quantum electrodynamics in 1936 but that lacked an observational evidence until now. Here, we show how the study of the polarisation of the optical radiation from the surface of an isolated neutron star yielded such an observational evidence, opening exciting perspectives for similar studies at other wavelengths., Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, Contributed to the 13th Patras Workshop on Axions, WIMPs and WISPs, Thessaloniki, May 15 to 19, 2017

THESEUS is a space mission concept aimed at exploiting Gamma-Ray Bursts for investigating the early Universe and at providing a substantial advancement of multi-messenger and time-domain astrophysics. These goals will be achieved through a unique combination of instruments allowing GRB and X-ray transient detection over a broad field of view (more than 1sr) with 0.5-1 arcmin localization, an energy band extending from several MeV down to 0.3 keV and high sensitivity to transient sources in the soft X-ray domain, as well as on-board prompt (few minutes) follow-up with a 0.7 m class IR telescope with both imaging and spectroscopic capabilities. THESEUS will be perfectly suited for addressing the main open issues in cosmology such as, e.g., star formation rate and metallicity evolution of the inter-stellar and intra-galactic medium up to redshift $\sim$10, signatures of Pop III stars, sources and physics of re-ionization, and the faint end of the galaxy luminosity function. In addition, it will provide unprecedented capability to monitor the X-ray variable sky, thus detecting, localizing, and identifying the electromagnetic counterparts to sources of gravitational radiation, which may be routinely detected in the late '20s / early '30s by next generation facilities like aLIGO/ aVirgo, eLISA, KAGRA, and Einstein Telescope. THESEUS will also provide powerful synergies with the next generation of multi-wavelength observatories (e.g., LSST, ELT, SKA, CTA, ATHENA)., Comment: Accepted for publication in Advances in Space Research. Partly based on the proposal submitted on October 2016 in response to the ESA Call for next M5 mission, with expanded and updated science sections

We present the results of deep optical imaging of the radio/$\gamma$-ray pulsar PSR J2043+2740, obtained with the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). With a characteristic age of 1.2 Myr, PSR J2043+2740 is one of the oldest (non recycled) pulsars detected in $\gamma$-rays, although with still a quite high rotational energy reservoir ($\dot{E}_{\rm rot} = 5.6 \times 10^{34}$ erg s$^{-1}$). The presumably close distance (a few hundred pc), suggested by the hydrogen column density ($N_{\rm H} \lesssim 3.6 \times 10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$), would make it a viable target for deep optical observations, never attempted until now. We observed the pulsar with the Large Binocular Camera of the LBT. The only object (V=25.44$\pm$0.05) detected within ~3" from the pulsar radio coordinates is unrelated to it. PSR J2043+2740 is, thus, undetected down to V~26.6 (3-$\sigma$), the deepest limit on its optical emission. We discuss the implications of this result on the pulsar emission properties., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication on MNRAS