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Táto práca bola podporená Agentúrou na podporu výskumu a vývoja na základe zmluvy č. APVV-19-0456 SKRIPTOR – Inovatívne sprístupnenie písomného dedičstva Slovenska prostredníctvom systému automatickej transkripcie historických rukopisov. This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the Contract no. APVV-19-0456 SKRIPTOR – Innovative access to the written heritage of Slovakia through a system of automatic transcription of historical manuscripts. Editovaná vedecká kniha je čiastkovým výstupom z riešenia projektu APVV-19-0456 SKRIPTOR – Inovatívne sprístupnenie písomného dedičstva Slovenska prostredníctvom systému automatickej transkripcie historických rukopisov (2020 – 2024) po prvých rokoch jeho riešenia. Ide o kolektívne vedecké dielo, ktoré je zamerané na jednu tému, ktorou je transkripcia historického písomného dedičstva. Všetci autori jednotlivých kapitol sú riešiteľmi projektu. Kniha je koncipovaná ako súbor autorských prehľadových, overovacích a experimentálnych štúdií v samostatných kapitolách, v ktorých autori prinášajú historické výklady, interpretácie, ako aj nové poznatky, zistenia a skúsenosti týkajúce sa zbierok a dokumentov, ktoré sú predmetom výskumného projektu. Kniha prináša výsledky skúmania možností automatickej transkripcie historického písomného dedičstva prevažne jazykových, geografických a autorských slovacík. Cieľom skúmania bolo overiť možnosti použitia platformy Transkribus. Dielo obsahuje podrobne spracovaný vedecký aparát, zahŕňajúci aj bibliograficko-informačný, ilustračný, poznámkový a kritický aparát v autorských kapitolách. The edited scientific book is a partial output from the solution of the project APVV-19- 0456 SKRIPTOR – Innovative access to the written heritage of Slovakia through the system of automatic transcription of historical manuscripts (2020-2024) after the first years of the project solution. It is a collective scientific work that focuses on one theme, which is the transcription of historical written heritage. All authors of individual chapters are project investigators. The book is conceived as a set of authorial review, verification and experimental studies, in separate chapters in which the authors bring historical explanations, interpretations, as well as new knowledge, findings and experiences related to the collections and documents that are the subject of the research project. The book presents the results of exploring the possibilities of automatic transcription of the historical written heritage of predominantly linguistic, geographical and authorial Slavonics. The aim of the investigation was to verify the possibilities of using the Transcribus platform. The work contains a detailed scientific apparatus, including bibliographic-informational, illustrative, note-taking and critical apparatus in the author's chapters. APVV-19-0456 SKRIPTOR – Inovatívne sprístupnenie písomného dedičstva Slovenska prostredníctvom systému automatickej transkripcie historických rukopisov. APVV-19-0456 SKRIPTOR – Innovative access to the written heritage of Slovakia through a system of automatic transcription of historical manuscripts. APVV-19-0456 SKRIPTOR

Background The present study explored moderators of the relation between environmental concerns and pro-environmental behaviour that could help close the green gap. Methods A sample of 500 individuals (250 women) participated in the study. Apart from socio-demographic characteristics, participants answered questions about their environmental concerns and pro-environmental behaviour, collectivism and individualism, time orientation and emotional responses to climate change. Results Our results corroborate the view that collectivism, future orientation and prosocial tendencies may form a single component of outward orientation, while individualism and immediate orientation form self-centred orientation. Generally, outwardly oriented individuals and those less self-centred reported more pro-environmental behaviour. However, strongly self-centred individuals, even when reporting elevated helplessness, showed increased involvement in pro-environmental behaviour once their concerns were high. Conclusions The study contributes to the literature by pointing out that both outward and self-centred orientations have the potential to insulate individuals against the negative effect helplessness may have on pro-environmental behaviour. This could inform strategies that would both prompt individuals already concerned to act and arouse more concern among those who are not yet preoccupied with climate change.

Amino acids are an essential part of parenteral nutrition. This study aimed to determine the serum profile of amino acids and their loss in urine in patients with long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN) during 12 h of infusion in comparison with similar parameters in the remaining 12 h as well as in healthy participants. We enrolled forty-five patients with long-term HPN for 6–75 (median, 33) months. The indication for HPN was short bowel syndrome secondary to radical resection of the small intestine following complications of Crohn’s disease. HPN was administered via two-chamber all-in-one bags prepared in a hospital pharmacy overnight for 12 h each day. The average dose of amino acids, carbohydrates and fats administered was 1·5, 3·4 and 0·68 g/kg per d, respectively, at an infusion rate of 0·11, 0·28 and 0·06 g/kg per h, respectively. The levels of essential amino acids in the serum of the patients were not significantly different from those in healthy individuals; however, of the non-essential amino acids, cystine and glutamine levels were lower and glycine and ornithine levels were higher in the patients (P < 0·05). Excretion of amino acids in the urine during 12 h of infusion at an infusion rate of 0·11 g/kg per h was 301 mg, while it was 104 mg during the remaining 12 h (P < 0·0001). Our patients on long-term HPN had a normal serum profile of essential amino acids. The total urinary excretion of amino acids during 12 h of infusion accounted for only 0·34 % (0·23–0·46) of the administered dose.

As the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (causing COVID-19) has begun to spread around the world, education has taken the form of distance education from one day to the next. To this day, little is known about distance education during the pandemic period from teachers’ point of view, so the study focused on perception and management of distance education in primary school (primary and lower secondary education) and upper-secondary school (upper secondary education) teachers; and the main aim was to explore the connection between teaching experience, personality traits, and emotions of teachers and their perception and management of distance education during the coronavirus pandemic. The research sample consisted of 379 teachers (89.7% women) aged 23 – 70 years (M = 44.91; SD = 10.38). They completed the questionnaire which consisted of: demographic questions, questions related to perception and management of distance education, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and the Big Five Inventory 2. During the pandemic period, the negative emotions of teachers increased while positive emotions decreased; distance education was closely related to emotions (and changes in emotions) and personality; moreover, teachers reported willingness to implement partial changes into their teaching after the pandemic period.

Background Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is popular among the general population and patients with various diseases, but our understanding of the predictors of CAM use for the population of women with or without cancer diagnosis is still quite limited. This paper examines predictors of attitudes toward and use of CAM, including cognitive factors (scientific reasoning, health literacy, locus of control), beliefs (holistic and magical health beliefs pseudoscientific beliefs, and trust in doctors), sociodemographic factors, and cancer diagnosis. Methods The sample consisted of 177 women (103, 58.2% without cancer, 74, 41.8% with cancer diagnosis; Mage = 38.81, SD = 11.43). Results Pseudoscientific/magical beliefs and external locus of control were the strongest predictors of positive attitudes toward CAM and its higher use, as well as preference for CAM instead of conventional treatment. Cancer diagnosis predicted only higher CAM use, but not more positive attitudes to CAM, nor preference for CAM instead of conventional medicine. There was no difference between women with and without cancer diagnosis in using CAM after we controlled for age and education. Women in our sample had a similar level of magical beliefs, holistic health beliefs, and attitudes toward CAM regardless of their cancer diagnosis. However, women with cancer had significantly more pseudoscientific beliefs than women without cancer and a higher external locus of control over their health. Conclusion Women who have an inclination toward holistic and magical beliefs about health tend to favor CAM treatments independently of the cancer diagnosis, although the diagnosis of cancer also contributes to their higher use of CAM. In other words, it seems improbable that women would turn toward CAM treatment only after being diagnosed with cancer.

The study investigated antecedents of attitudes towards vaccines against COVID-19 and vaccination behaviour, and sought to identify areas where interventions aimed at increasing vaccination rates would be most effective. A sample of 500 Slovaks (250 women) responded to questions concerning their socio-demographic and personality characteristics, collectivism and individualism, consciousness of future consequences, and emotional responses to both vaccination and the pandemic. The study indicates that helplessness related to the vaccine efficacy evaluation and fear of its potential risks are the strongest antecedents of vaccination behaviour and anti-vaccination attitudes. Jointly with the fear of the COVID-19, they explained over 26% and 33% of variance in behaviour and attitudes, respectively. The results indicate that the efficiency of appeals to solidarity may be limited when fear and helplessness are widespread as they seem to strongly outweigh individuals' outward motivations to get vaccinated. The study investigated antecedents of attitudes towards vaccines against COVID-19 and vaccination behaviour, and sought to identify areas where interventions aimed at increasing vaccination rates would be most effective. A sample of 500 Slovaks (250 women) responded to questions concerning their socio-demographic and personality characteristics, collectivism and individualism, consciousness of future consequences, and emotional responses to both vaccination and the pandemic. The study indicates that helplessness related to the vaccine efficacy evaluation and fear of its potential risks are the strongest antecedents of vaccination behaviour and anti-vaccination attitudes. Jointly with the fear of the COVID-19, they explained over 26% and 33% of variance in behaviour and attitudes, respectively. The results indicate that the efficiency of appeals to solidarity may be limited when fear and helplessness are widespread as they seem to strongly outweigh individuals' outward motivations to get vaccinated.

We examined whether scientific reasoning is associated with health-related beliefs and behaviors over and above general analytic thinking ability in the general public ( N = 783, aged 18–84). Health-related beliefs included: anti-vaccination attitudes, COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, and generic health-related epistemically suspect beliefs. Scientific reasoning correlated with generic pseudoscientific and health-related conspiracy beliefs and COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs. Crucially, scientific reasoning was a stronger independent predictor of unfounded beliefs (including anti-vaccination attitudes) than general analytic thinking was; however, it had a more modest role in health-related behaviors.

A sample of 155 HR managers participated in an experimental vignette study. In Task 1, they evaluated three CV resumes in terms of the applicants’ competence, hireability, likeability and wage proposal of three applicants applying for a regional sales manager post. Half of the sample received CVs presented as females’ and half as males’, otherwise the CVs were identical. Generally, male and female applicants were evaluated similarly in terms of competence and hireability. Average and worst male applicants were evaluated as less likeable than identical females. However, wages offered to female applicants were significantly lower than those offered to male applicants. We were unable to identify moderators of the phenomenon other than female HR managers driving the effect. In Task 2, participants were showed a set of vignettes presenting six employees (3 men and 3 women) preselected to be dismissed due to the economic crisis. Apart from basic demographics, the employees were described in terms of age, years in the company and frequency of absences. Again, we switched employees’ gender for half of the sample. We have found that HR managers are more likely to dismiss male employees and that they are particularly unforgiving to male workers with frequent absences.

Societal crises and stressful events are associated with an upsurge of conspiracy beliefs that may help people to tackle feelings of lack of control. In our study (N = 783), we examined whether people with higher feelings of anxiety and lack of control early in the COVID‐19 pandemic endorse more conspiracy theories. Our results show that a higher perception of risk of COVID‐19 and lower trust in institutions' response to the pandemic were related to feelings of anxiety and lack of control. Feeling the lack of control, but not anxiety, independently predicted COVID‐19 conspiracy theory endorsement. Importantly, COVID‐19 conspiracy beliefs were strongly correlated with generic conspiracy and pseudoscientific beliefs, which were likewise associated with the feeling of lack of control and lower trust in institutions. The results highlight that considering people's emotional responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic is crucial for our understanding of the spread of conspiracy and pseudoscientific beliefs.

Submicrometre aerosol particles (particulate matter, PM1) were collected in two Czech cities (Brno and &Scaron, lapanice) during week campaigns in winter and summer of 2009 and 2010. The aerosols were analysed for 14 elements and 12 water-soluble ions using inductively coupled plasma&ndash, mass spectrometry and ion chromatography techniques. The average PM1 mass concentration was 14.4 and 20.4 &micro, g m&minus, 3 in Brno and &Scaron, lapanice, respectively. Most of the analysed elements and ions exhibit distinct seasonal variability with higher concentrations in winter in comparison to summer. The determined elements and ions together accounted for about 29% of total PM1 mass, ranging between 16% and 44%. Ion species were the most abundant components in collected aerosols, accounting for 27.2% of mass of PM1 aerosols, and elements accounted for 1.8% of mass of PM1 aerosols. One-day backward trajectories were calculated using the Hysplit model to analyse air masses transported towards the sampling sites. The Pearson correlation coefficients between individual PM1 components and PM1 mass and air temperature were calculated. To identify the main aerosol sources, factor analysis was applied. Six factors were identified for each locality. The following sources of PM1 particles were identified in Brno: a municipal incinerator, vehicle exhausts, secondary sulphate, a cement factory, industry and biomass burning. The identified sources in &Scaron, lapanice were as follows: a combustion source, coal combustion, a cement factory, a municipal incinerator, vehicle exhausts and industry.

The main aim of the study was to explore managers’ decision-making process, focusing particularly on intuition in decision-making from a psychological perspective. A total of 20 managers (8 women) participated in individual in-depth interviews. Analysis of the interviews shows that managers a) did not have a clear preference for one decision-making style, b) defined intuition as knowledge based on feelings, judgement not based on facts, knowledge of unknown origin, and that they c) associate intuition with experience and practice. Decision-making was also influenced by contextual factors, such as the environment and its limits (management and information requirements, and financial limits), time, and type of task.

IntroductionIf you want to buy a lottery ticket, would you choose from a pile in which one out of ten is a winner, or would you choose from a pile in which nine out of a hundred are winners? If you prefer to choose from the second pile, you probably pay more attention to the numerator than to the denominator. This phenomenon is not rare; it is called denominator neglect, or ratio-bias phenomenon (in the present study I use the term denominator neglect). Denominator neglect is focusing on relative frequencies of numerators (Reyna & Brainerd, 2008), paying attention to numerators (number of times an event has happened) and inadequate attention to denominators (overall number of opportunities for an event to happen) (e.g., Garcia-Retamero, Galesic, & Gigerenzer, 2010; Okan, Garcia-Retamero, Cokely, & Maldonado, 2011; Passerini, Macchi, & Bagassi, 2012), for instance, whether nine winning lottery tickets is few or many depends on the overall number of lottery tickets.According to Alonso and Fernandez-Berrocal (2003) one reason of denominator neglect is that people better understand whole numbers than ratios (people automatically code frequencies) and second reason is that people better understand low numbers than large numbers. Low numbers are more concrete than large numbers and, furthermore, people have a social circle of around 100-200 people, so understanding probabilities with larger denominator may be difficult (Garcia-Retamero & Galesic, 2011). For example, in terms of the occurrence of side effects, people have problems imagining the incidence of 1-in-1000, 1-in-10000, etc. Understanding numerical information seems to be important because it can lead to accurate judgement and decision making, especially in medical treatment when people focus more on treated and non-treated people who die and they do not consider the overall number of patients. In another study, Alonso and Fernandez-Berrocal (2003) found that people made irrational decisions; they chose options with less objective probability due to higher numerator than in the alternative option.Pacini and Epstein (1999) examined some determinants of denominator neglect and they found that participants scoring low in rational thinking made more suboptimal responses in Jellybean tasks. In another study, Alonso and Fernandez-Berrocal (2003) found that people who chose the suboptimal options had lower score in rationality measured by Need for Cognition Scale, and Toplak, West, and Stanovich (2013) found that cognitive reflection predicted resistance to denominator neglect.In previous studies (Alonso & Fernandez-Berrocal, 2003; Garcia-Retamero & Galesic, 2011; Pacini & Epstein, 1999; Toplak, West, & Stanovich, 2013) denominator neglect was described in terms of its frequencies and its predictors. In the present study, the main aim was to replicate the above-mentioned findings: a) to examine the degree of denominator neglect and b) to verify possible relations of denominator neglect with cognitive ability, motive for rational thinking integration, preference of cognitive style, and cognitive reflection. The present study enriched denominator neglect research by using the Jellybean task with equal versus unequal and small versus large probabilities, next, by using self-reported scales as well as performance task to measure cognitive abilities, and by motivation of participants for optimal (maximal) performance.In Study 1 simple Jellybean task was used - 3 tasks with unequal low probabilities and relationship between denominator neglect and cognitive ability and motive for rational integration was verified. In Study 2 more complex Jellybean task was used (14 items) and the effect of equality of probability (equal vs. unequal) and degree of probability (low vs. high) were examined, as well as relationships between denominator neglect and motive for rational integration and thinking dispositions. In contrast to Study 1, participants were incentivized by extra credits dependent on the accuracy of their choices in the Jellybean task. …

There are several available measures that can help us to distinguish between two general types of processing, usually known as intuitive and deliberative. In the current study we examined two of them, Rationality-Experiantility Inventory and Preference for Intuition/Deliberation Scale in Slovak sample of 860 working adults and students (Study 1). In Study 2 (with N = 428 participants) we verified the 2-factor structure of REI after rephrasing problematic items shown in Study 1. The results showed that both PID and REI have good internal consistency, structures of Slovak versions correspond with the original versions. We found also some gender and age differences, and identified three factors (decision-making based on affect and holistic processing, decision-making based on creativity and cognitions, and planned, deliberate decision-making).Key words: intuition, REI, PID, psychometric propertiesIndividual differences in decision-making have become increasingly important in decision- making literature (Stanovich, 2011), because they have consequences for our choices and rationality. Reliable assessment of these differences in cognitive styles used in decision-making is a challenge for researchers. On one hand, there are enough measures of various cognitive styles distinguishing between processes generally falling under Type 1 and Type 2 in a dual process framework. On the other hand, most of these measures have several shortcomings - they are generally self-reported (therefore, it is necessary to establish their psychometric properties and construct validity on a larger sample), and most of them originated in Western cultures (therefore, it is necessary to examine their cross-cultural stability for use in countries outside their origin).Within decision-making research, two broad basic preferences are distinguished: intuitive and deliberative, which is rooted in the dual process theories (Betsch & Kunz, 2008; Gigerenzer, 2008; Gladwell, 2005; Kahneman, 2011; Sadler-Smith, 2008; Stanovich & West, 2000; Stanovich, 2011; Westcott, 1961). Individuals differ in the degree they use intuition (Type 1 processes) and deliberation (Type 2 processes) in perception, thinking and solving problems. Based on this assumption, constructs of cognitive styles have been formulated and, subsequently, various scales measuring these constructs have been created to identify the degree to which an individual relies on intuitive or deliberative problem solving and decision-making. On the other hand, there are some arguments against identification of intuition with Type 1 processes and deliberation with Type 2 processes (Cavojova & Hanak, 2014). Cultural studies reviewed by Buchtel and Norenzayan (2009) suggest that holistic processing can also be learned, effortful and normatively correct for solving some problems, and that it is likely to reflect cultural differences in Type 2 processing. Evans and Stanovich (2013) distinguish between types (Type 1 and 2 as qualitatively distinct ways of processing information) and modes of processing, which are cognitive styles and are manifest within the domain of what is regarded as Type 2 thinking. Taking cognitive styles as only a variation in the domain of Type 2 processes largely explains the many cultural differences reviewed by Buchtel and Norenzayan (2009).The increase of research interest in intuition in decision making has been accompanied by an increase of methods measuring this construct. Intuition can be measured within a dual process theories framework as an (in)ability to suppress an intuitive (yet incorrect) answer (Frederick, 2005), or as a preferred cognitive style or personality dimension (e.g., Betsch, 2004; Myers Briggs, McCaulley, Quenk, & Hammer, 1998; Pacini & Epstein, 1999). We focused on the two most widely used measures, the Preference for Intuition/Deliberation scale PID (Betsch, 2004) and the Rational-Experiential Inventory REI (Pacini & Epstein, 1999) and we examine analytical/deliberative and intuitive/experiential cognitive styles as two modes of processing information within the Type 2 processes. …