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application/pdf, Human infl uenza virus causes an annual epidemic infection. After infl uenza virus infection in the airway, infection sometimes spreads with severe neurologic complication and multiple organ failure, resulting in high mortality. In the process of viral spread from the lungs to other organs, signifi cant up-regulated trpsin was observed in various organs. Up-regulated trypsin eff ectively converted precursor of the viral envelope hemagglutinin（ HA） into HA1 and HA2 subunits. The proteolytic activation of HA is a prerequisite for virus multiplication. Administration of the inhibitors of trypsin as new approaches for the treatment of infl uenza virus infection eff ectively suppressed viral multiplication. Almost vaccines for infl uenza virus infection are administered i.m. or s.c., which induce IgG-mediated protection in the systemic immune compartment, but this immunization off ers insuffi cient protection on the mucosal surface at the initial site of viral multiplication. To improve protective mucosal immunity, intranasal vaccination has been studied. The powerful mucosal adjuvants reported are toxin based, such as cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, but these enterotoxins cause severe side eff ects. We recently found natural mucosal adjuvant, pulmonary surfactant, in the lungs. Intranasal administration of infl uenza vaccine combined with Surfacten, a modifi ed pulmonary surfactant free of antigenic c-type lectins, induced high protective mucosal immunity in the airway and systemic immune responses in the blood, the effi cacy of both protective immunities by Surfacten being equivalent to those by cholera toxin. In this symposium, we reported the eff ects of Surfacten on mucosal and systemic immunities., 弘前医学. 59(Suppl.), 2007, p.S19-S25

We investigated the expressional regulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D isoforms in rat brain by toluene. Toluene (10 mmol/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into male rats daily for 3 days. CYP2D4 level in the brain was determined by Western blotting. The level of CYP2D4 in the brain and the catalytic activity specific for this isoform were significantly increased by toluene administration....

Oligomerization of Proteins and Neurodegenerative Diseases