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Pediatric inflammatory multisystemic syndrome temporarily associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C/PIMS) is a new post-infectious condition, secondary to SARS-CoV2 infection. It has been characterized by an inflammatory response with multisystem involvement, involving several mechanisms of immune damage such as an exaggerated increase in cytokines and epithelial damage. Immunomodulatory treatment is aimed at controlling the manifestations of hyperinflammation, to stabilize and prevent long-term sequelae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe, postinfectious manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the pediatric population. The disease is manifested by hyperinflammation and can result in cardiac dysfunction, coronary changes, and end-organ damage. Adequate timely treatment can prevent poor outcomes in the short term, but long-term data is lacking. Methods: A large single center MIS-C cohort was followed longitudinally after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) ± glucocorticoids to determine the natural history of the disease and to describe improvement in laboratory markers and cardiac outcomes. Patient were stratified by disease severity and compared. Results: 137 patients were identified with demographics similar to previously described cohorts. Regardless of disease severity, when adequately treated, initial lab abnormalities rapidly improved by the 6–8 month follow-up period, with some resolved in as little as 1–2 weeks. Similarly, cardiac abnormalities improved quickly after treatment; all abnormalities resolved in this cohort by 1–2 months post-hospitalization. Conclusions: Although MIS-C is a serious sequela of COVID-19, when identified quickly and treated aggressively, laboratory abnormalities, coronary dilatation, and systolic dysfunction rapidly improve with minimal long-term morbidity or mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is recognized as a life threatening complication of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in children which can affect major systems such as cardiovascular, respiratory, blood and coagulation, renal, and nervous system. Mild cases of MIS-C can be followed up closely, but, severe illnesses that require hospitalization or pediatric intensive care are also common. Treatment of these patients includes supportive measures to improve the function of vital organs such as the heart and arteries, respiration, and kidneys. Antiviral therapy is recommended in patients with clear involvement of the respiratory system. Treatment with empirical antibiotics and drugs effective in suppressing or modulating the immune system such as steroids in various doses, intravenous immunoglobulins, biologic drugs, anticoagulants, and antiplatelets are recommended. In case of shock or decreased cardiac function, vasopressor drugs are suggested along with supportive measures to maintain tissue perfusions such as albumin and compressed red blood cells. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatments improve the patient's condition and evaluation of long-term complications of this disease should be done.

Background: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe, postinfectious manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the pediatric population. The disease is manifested by hyperinflammation and can result in cardiac dysfunction, coronary changes, and end-organ damage. Adequate timely treatment can prevent poor outcomes in the short term, but long-term data is lacking. Methods: A large single center MIS-C cohort was followed longitudinally after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) ± glucocorticoids to determine the natural history of the disease and to describe improvement in laboratory markers and cardiac outcomes. Patient were stratified by disease severity and compared. Results: 137 patients were identified with demographics similar to previously described cohorts. Regardless of disease severity, when adequately treated, initial lab abnormalities rapidly improved by the 6–8 month follow-up period, with some resolved in as little as 1–2 weeks. Similarly, cardiac abnormalities improved quickly after treatment; all abnormalities resolved in this cohort by 1–2 months post-hospitalization. Conclusions: Although MIS-C is a serious sequela of COVID-19, when identified quickly and treated aggressively, laboratory abnormalities, coronary dilatation, and systolic dysfunction rapidly improve with minimal long-term morbidity or mortality.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is recognized as a life threatening complication of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in children which can affect major systems such as cardiovascular, respiratory, blood and coagulation, renal, and nervous system. Mild cases of MIS-C can be followed up closely, but, severe illnesses that require hospitalization or pediatric intensive care are also common. Treatment of these patients includes supportive measures to improve the function of vital organs such as the heart and arteries, respiration, and kidneys. Antiviral therapy is recommended in patients with clear involvement of the respiratory system. Treatment with empirical antibiotics and drugs effective in suppressing or modulating the immune system such as steroids in various doses, intravenous immunoglobulins, biologic drugs, anticoagulants, and antiplatelets are recommended. In case of shock or decreased cardiac function, vasopressor drugs are suggested along with supportive measures to maintain tissue perfusions such as albumin and compressed red blood cells. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatments improve the patient's condition and evaluation of long-term complications of this disease should be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the etiology and recommended treatments for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) recommendations to encourage COVID-19 vaccination among children. Also cited are the MISC-C treatments like immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG) and steroids, and the possible role of the protein biomarker called zonulin in MIS-C.

Background : Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe, postinfectious manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the pediatric population. The disease is manifested by hyperinflammation and can result in cardiac dysfunction, coronary changes, and end-organ damage. Adequate timely treatment can prevent poor outcomes in the short term, but long-term data is lacking. Methods : A large single center MIS-C cohort was followed longitudinally after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) ± glucocorticoids to determine the natural history of the disease and to describe improvement in laboratory markers and cardiac outcomes. Patient were stratified by disease severity and compared. Results : 137 patients were identified with demographics similar to previously described cohorts. Regardless of disease severity, when adequately treated, initial lab abnormalities rapidly improved by the 6-8 month follow-up period, with some resolved in as little as 1-2 weeks. Similarly, cardiac abnormalities improved quickly after treatment; all abnormalities resolved in this cohort by 1-2 months post-hospitalization. Conclusions : Although MIS-C is a serious sequela of COVID-19, when identified quickly and treated aggressively, laboratory abnormalities, coronary dilatation, and systolic dysfunction rapidly improve with minimal long-term morbidity or mortality.

Two years after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children (AHUCD) began to be reported worldwide. The novel coronavirus and adenovirus were found in pathogen and antibody tests in AHUCD cases reported by the World Health Organization. Children are not exposed to the viruses that children are generally exposed to owing to COVID-19 infection preventive measures such as isolation and wearing masks; therefore, some researchers have speculated that this disease is related to reduced exposure to pathogens. Some scientists have also speculated that the disease is related to liver injury and adenoviral hepatitis, which are the sequelae of COVID-19. Some evidence also suggests a weak association between the disease and COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, further research and investigation of the pathogenesis, preventive measures, and early treatment of hepatitis of unknown etiology are required. This study aimed to synthesize available evidence to further elucidate this disease in order to treat and prevent it effectively., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article., (©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)