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1. Distinct Behavioral and Neuropathological Abnormalities in Transgenic Mouse Models of HD and DRPLA

Author

Gabriele Schilling, Hyder A. Jinnah, Vicky Gonzales, Michael L. Coonfield, Yujin Kim, Jonathan D. Wood, Donald L. Price, Xiao-Jiang Li, Nancy Jenkins, Neal Copeland, Timothy Moran, Christopher A. Ross, and David R. Borchelt

Subjects
Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

Huntington's disease (HD) and Dentatorubral and pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) are autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disorders caused by the expansion of polyglutamine tracts in their respective proteins, huntingtin and atrophin-1. We have previously generated mouse models of these disorders, using transgenes expressed via the prion protein promoter. Here, we report the first direct comparison of abnormalities in these models. The HD mice show abbreviated lifespans (4–6 months), hypoactivity, and mild impairment of motor skills. The DRPLA mice show severe tremors, are hyperactive, and are profoundly uncoordinated. Neuropathological analyses reveal that the distribution of diffuse nuclear immunolabeling and neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NII's), in the CNS of both models, was remarkably similar. Cytoplasmic aggregates of huntingtin were the major distinguishing neuropathological feature of the HD mice; mutant atrophin-1 accumulated/aggregated only in the nucleus. We suggest that the distinct behavioral and neuropathological phenotypes in these mice reflect differences in the way these mutant proteins perturb neuronal function.

Published
2001
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2. The efficacy of a simulated tunnel washer process on removal and destruction of Clostridioides difficile spores from health care textiles

Author

Nancy Jenkins, Brendan O'Neill, Edward McCauley, Kevin McLaren, Steven Tinker, and Lynne Sehulster

Subjects
Bleach, Sodium Hypochlorite, Epidemiology, Laundry, Detergents, Hypochlorite, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Peracetic acid, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hydrogen peroxide, Decontamination, Laundering, Spores, Bacterial, Clostridiales, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Textiles, Health Policy, fungi, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Hydrogen Peroxide, Contamination, Pulp and paper industry, Spore, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, Sodium hypochlorite, business, Disinfectants
Abstract

Background Research on reducing Clostridioides difficile spore contamination of textiles via laundering is needed. We evaluated the sporicidal properties of 5 laundry chemicals and then determined the ability of a peracetic acid (PAA) laundry cycle to inactivate and/or remove spores from cotton swatches during a simulated tunnel washer (TW) process. Methods In phase I, spore-inoculated swatches were immersed in alkaline detergent, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, or PAA for 8 minutes. In phase II, inoculated swatches were passed through a simulated 24-minute TW process employing 5 wash liquids. Spore survivors on swatches and in test chemical fluids in both studies were enumerated using standard microbiologic assay methods. Results In phase I, hypochlorite solutions achieved >5 log10 spore reductions on swatches and >3 log10 reductions for wash solutions. PAA achieved minimal spore reduction in the wash solution (0.26 log10). In phase II, the PAA equilibrium-containing process achieved a >5 log10 spore reduction on swatches. In wash solution tests, the cumulative spore reduction peaked at >3.08 log10 in the final module. Conclusions Sodium hypochlorite as a laundry additive is sporicidal. The cumulative effects of a TW process, coupled with a PAA bleach agent at neutral pH, may render textiles essentially free of C difficile spore contamination.

Published
2019
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