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Photobiomodulation , also known as low-level laser therapy, is the application of red and near-infrared light to promote healing, pain relief, and inflammation reduction. This brief review focuses on the detailed physiology of how this device works and its use in temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Photobiomodulation acts at the cellular level, stimulating the mitochondrial respiratory chain in cytochrome c oxidase and increasing ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential, allowing cells to regenerate and repair themselves. By acting on inflammatory mediators, it promotes tissue healing and reduces inflammation. This anti-inflammatory and healing property can be used to treat a variety of skin, joint, and soft tissue conditions. Photobiomodulation has also been shown to provide significant pain relief when compared to other treatment options. This therapy employs the use of light emitting diodes. In studies focusing on its use in the temporomandibular joint, it has been shown to be effective in reducing pain in joint-related conditions such as degenerative arthritis or myopathic pain by promoting metabolic action.

Decades have been witnessing clusters of zoonotic diseases. Human beings at the peak of evolution should not be empowered to alter the environmental homeostasis. Primitive organisms are more rooted to mutate and adapt as per the need or turmoil. Once humans come in the vicinity of these organisms normally residing in their native niche, nature has to pay the cost. Disease outbreaks mostly caused due to unnecessary anthropogenic activities. The threat is that the repercussions are taken for granted or hided wreaking havoc in developing and developed economies leading to an outbreak, an epidemic or a pandemic. The worst influenza outbreak in the world was the 1918 flu that killed nearly 50 million people around the world and modern strains still have an annual death toll in thousands, so the flu is no trifling matter even in a world still facing SARS-CoV-2. Recently, researchers estimated the expected yearly cost of pandemic influenza at roughly $500 billion (0.6 percent of global income), including both lost income and the intrinsic cost of elevated mortality.1.

A breast mass in women often presents a diagnostic challenge due to the diversity in the diagnosis. We herein report a rare variant of breast carcinoma, an invasive apocrine carcinoma (AC), in an elderly woman where the breast mass clinically mimicked phyllodes tumour. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed the tumour as triple-negative and also negative for androgen receptor (AR). Gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15) was strongly and diffusely positive. It is an exceptional finding. It implies its significance as a diagnostic marker of AC of the breast. The accurate diagnostic criteria of AC are still lacking. Patients with breast lumps offer unique challenges and enormous responsibility to primary and family care physicians.

Nowadays our way of living life is drastically changing and our desires are growing day by day. This results in excessive growing needs of people due to which they are facing numerous diseases. Lifestyle diseases are defined as diseases resulting from the way people live their life. They are commonly caused by lack of physical activity and unhealthy eating habits. This may increase the risk of developing certain critical illness in the later stage of life. In Ayurvedic text Acharya’s have mentioned six basicmodalities of treatment, known as Shadvidha-Upakrama1,which can be very beneficial in prevention and management of lifestyle diseases.In Ayurveda the origin of a disease is broadly classified in two ways (1) Santarpanjanya and (2) Aptarpanjanya. Both types of diseases are caused by unhealthy food habits and decreased physical activities. Santarpan is considered as taking foodexcess in quantity and which is over nutritious along with lack of physical activities while Aptarpan is considered as intake of food which is less in quantity and is under nutritious along withmore physical activities, both the conditionscomesunder improper life style.Acharya Charaka emphasized on the concept that the method of treatment depends on the intelligence and yukti of a physician3 and the treatment should be formulated according to accumulation period of dosha.

A case of bowel obstruction resulting from bael fruit (Aegle marmelos) in the rectum is described in an Indian Hindu elderly man. To our knowledge, this is probably the first reported case with such a presentation in available literature. Dilemma at unsuspecting clinical history and finding of clinical examination and imaging evaluation made the case more interesting and challenging to manage. The case also highlights the need for awareness, education about prevailing unregulated practice of traditional herbal medical therapy leading to disastrous consequences.

Cholera is often caused when drinking water is contaminated through environmental sources. In recent years, the drastic cholera epidemics in Odisha (2007) and Haiti (2010) were associated with natural disasters (flood and Earthquake). Almost every year the state of Assam India witnesses flood in Brahamputra River valley during reversal of wind system (monsoon). This is often followed by outbreak of diarrheal diseases including cholera. Beside the incidence of cholera outbreaks, there is lack of experimental evidence for prevalence of the bacterium in aquatic environment and its association with cholera during/after flood in the state. A molecular surveillance during 2012-14 was carried out to study prevalence, strain differentiation, and clonality of Vibrio cholerae in inland aquatic reservoirs flooded by Brahamputra River in Assam. Water samples were collected, filtered, enriched in alkaline peptone water followed by selective culturing on thiosulfate bile salt sucrose agar. Environmental isolates were identified as V. cholerae, based on biochemical assays followed by sero-grouping and detailed molecular characterization. The incidence of the presence of the bacterium in potable water sources was higher after flood. Except one O1 isolate, all of the strains were broadly grouped under non-O1/non-O139 whereas some of them did have cholera toxin (CT). Surprisingly, we have noticed Haitian ctxB in two non-O1/non-O139 strains. MLST analyses based on pyrH, recA and rpoA genes revealed clonality in the environmental strains. The isolates showed varying degree of antimicrobial resistance including tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. The strains harbored the genetic elements SXT constins and integrons responsible for multidrug resistance. Genetic characterization is useful as phenotypic characters alone have proven to be unsatisfactory for strain discrimination. An assurance to safe drinking water, sanitation and monitoring of the aquatic reservoirs is of utmost importance for combating the impending epidemic threat in the flood affected areas. Further, the management of flood through multi-prong approaches and sustainable utilization of environmental resources would be effective in disease management.

This work presents a novel approach in synthesizing copper (Cu)/carbon composite materials by electrodeposition of the biopolymer chitosan, a renewable carbon precursor, on a copper anode, followed by pyrolysis of the electrodeposited chitosan gel. The amount of copper in the Cu/carbon composite material can be controlled by modifying the pH of the chitosan solution from which the electrodeposition is performed. This further influences the physical properties of the composite material. Here we show a 14 fold increase in electrical conductivity of the Cu/carbon composite, when compared to the material without copper inclusions. Metal/carbon composite materials have a wide range of applications already reported in the literature. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the electrochemical sensing capability of this Cu/carbon material for non-enzymatic detection of hydrogen peroxide, achieving a sensitivity of 58.9 μA/mM cm2, which is comparable to state of the art non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensors. The anodic electrodeposition of chitosan proves to be a simple and straightforward medium for synthesis of Cu/carbon composites. We speculate that this method can be extended to obtain other metal/carbon composites as a low-cost alternative for the fabrication of functional composite electrodes.

Demand and acceptance of rasa aushadhis would not increase until unless these mineral and metallic preparations, particularly those which contain heavy metals like Surya Shekhara Ra s are standardized . Surya Shekhara Ras is a t ypical herbo - mineral Kupipakwa rasayana indicated for fever especially in viral fevers. The present work highlights the procedures and te chniques adopted for the physico - chemical analy sis and characteriza tion of three different samples of Surya Shekhara Ras obtained by well defined process in Rasa Shastra text . Pharmaceutically prepared Surya Shekhara Rasa was subjected for physico - chemical analysis, X - ray diffraction (X - RD), Inductive Couple d Plasma with Optical Emission Spectrometry (I.C.P.O.E.S.) , Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy D ispersive X - ray Analysis (EDAX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT IR) with a view to standardize the drug through modern techniques. Values of Physico - che mical studies of all three samples we re almost in the same range. HgS compound form wa s detected in X - RD study of 3 samples with Hexagonal crystal structure . I. C . P . O . E . S showed presence of 94 % Hg. FT - IR analysis reveals the presence of simila r organic function al groups in three samples of Surya S hekhara Ras. As final results and quantity of elements in all three samples of Surya S hekhara Ras we re in same range , it reveals the uniformity in quality of prepared medicine and purity of drug. Thus suggests that the adopted method of preparation can be taken as standard .

Study examining how consumers preferences for design typicality differs between the apparel categories of a) tops and jackets (upper body apparel), b) skirts and pants (lower body apparel), and c) dresses (whole body apparel) by utilizing a 2 (typicality: typical vs. atypical) x 3 (apparel category: lower body apparel, upper body apparel, and dresses) mixed-factorial experimental design with typicality as the between-subjects factor and apparel category as the within-subjects factor.

Owing to the reduced co-relationship between conventional flat Petri dish culture (two-dimensional) and the tumour microenvironment, there has been a shift towards three-dimensional culture systems that show an improved analogy to the same. In this work, an extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking three-dimensional scaffold based on chitosan and gelatin was fabricated and explored for its potential as a tumour model for lung cancer. It was demonstrated that the chitosan–gelatin (CG) scaffolds supported the formation of tumoroids that were similar to tumours grownin vivofor factors involved in tumour-cell–ECM interaction, invasion and metastasis, and response to anti-cancer drugs. On the other hand, the two-dimensional Petri dish surfaces did not demonstrate gene-expression profiles similar to tumours grownin vivo. Further, the three-dimensional CG scaffolds supported the formation of tumoroids, using other types of cancer cells such as breast, cervix and bone, indicating a possible wider potential forin vitrotumoroid generation. Overall, the results demonstrated that CG scaffolds can be an improvedin vitrotool to study cancer progression and drug screening for solid tumours.

Surya P Lamichhane,1 Neha Arya,1,2 Nirdesh Ojha,3 Esther Kohler,1 V Prasad Shastri1,2,41Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 2Helmholtz Virtual Institute on “Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine”, 3Laboratory for Process Technology, Department ofMicrosystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 4Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), University ofFreiburg, Freiburg, GermanyAbstract: The efficient delivery of chemotherapeutics to the tumor via nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery systems remains a significant challenge. This is compounded by the fact that the tumor is highly dynamic and complex environment composed of a plurality of cell types and extracellular matrix. Since glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production is altered in many diseases (or pathologies), NPs bearing GAG moieties on the surface may confer some unique advantages in interrogating the tumor microenvironment. In order to explore this premise, in the study reported here poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) NPs in the range of 100–150 nm bearing various proteoglycans were synthesized by a single-step nanoprecipitation and characterized. The surface functionalization of the NPs with GAG moieties was verified using zeta potential measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. To establish these GAG-bearing NPs as carriers of therapeutics, cellular toxicity assays were undertaken in lung epithelial adenocarcinoma (A549) cells, human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC), and renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. In general NPs were well tolerated over a wide concentration range (100–600 µg/mL) by all cell types and were taken up to appreciable extents without any adverse cell response in A549 cells and HPMEC. Further, GAG-functionalized PLGA NPs were taken up to different extents in A459 cells and HPMEC. In both cell systems, the uptake of heparin-modified NPs was diminished by 50%–65% in comparison to that of unmodified PLGA. Interestingly, the uptake of chondroitin sulfate NPs was the highest in both cell systems with 40%–60% higher uptake when compared with that of PLGA, and this represented an almost twofold difference over heparin-modified NPs. These findings suggest that GAG modification can be explored as means of changing the uptake behavior of PLGA NPs and these NP systems have potential in cancer therapy.Keywords: tumor microenvironment, nanocarriers, proteoglycans, polysaccharides, passive targeting

Heterogeneity in tumors has led to the development of combination therapies that enable enhanced cell death. Previously explored combination therapies mostly involved the use of bioactive molecules. In this work, we explored a non-conventional strategy of using carbon nanostructures (CNs) [single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) and graphene oxide (GO)] for potentiating the efficacy of a bioactive molecule [paclitaxel (Tx)] for the treatment of lung cancer. The results demonstrated enhanced cell death following combination treatment of SWNT/GO and Tx indicating a synergistic effect. In addition, synergism was abrogated in the presence of an anti-oxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and was therefore shown to be reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependent. It was further demonstrated using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay that treatment with CNs was associated with enhanced mitogen associated protein kinase (MAPK) activation that was ROS mediated. Hence, these results for the first time demonstrated the potential of SWNT/GO as co-therapeutic agents with Tx for the treatment of lung cancer.

Neha Arya, Dhirendra S Katti Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology – Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstract: Tumor heterogeneity makes combination chemotherapy one of the preferred modes of treatment regimens. In this work, sequential exposure of two anticancer agents, paclitaxel (Tx) followed by topotecan (TPT), was shown to have a synergistic effect on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line, NCI-H460. In order to improve patient compliance, the aforementioned concept was translated into a drug delivery system comprising of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)–chitosan composite particles. TPT-containing chitosan micro-/nanoparticles were prepared by the facile technique of electrospraying and encapsulated within PLGA microparticles using emulsion-solvent evaporation technique for delayed release of TPT. The formulation containing Tx- and TPT-loaded composite particles demonstrated synergism when exposed to NCI-H460 cellular aggregates (tumoroids) generated in vitro. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated the potential of the formulation containing Tx and PLGA–chitosan (TPT-loaded) composite particles for the treatment of lung cancer. Keywords: drug delivery system, solid tumor, paclitaxel, topotecan, sequential admini­stration