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Les programmes en sciences participatives dans le domaine de l’écologie se sont amplement développés depuis les années 2000 en France. La diversité de compétences des participants à de tels programmes peut toutefois constituer un frein dans la conception de protocoles complexes. Le programme FEDER pour la conservation du Busard de Maillard Circus maillardi J. Verreaux, 1862 sur l’île de la Réunion avait pour ambition de répondre à plusieurs questions scientifiques, dont certaines nécessitaient l’utilisation de méthodologies avancées, notamment pour corriger les problèmes de biais de détection. Nous avons alors conçu un protocole en plusieurs étapes à destination de bénévoles, de professionnels et d’étudiants aux compétences en ornithologie variées. Parmi 150 personnes initialement inscrites à ce programme, 103 ont effectivement collecté des données en mai et juin 2017 sur 330 « postes d’observation » déployés sur toute l’île. Elles avaient été préalablement formées en salle puis sur le terrain afin d’homogénéiser leurs compétences en ornithologie et de s’assurer auprès d’elles de la bonne compréhension des objectifs et du protocole de collecte de données. À l’issue de l’opération de collecte des données sur le terrain, un questionnaire a été soumis aux observateurs afin de recueillir leurs impressions sur les aspects positifs de la démarche et les difficultés rencontrées. 71 participants y ont répondu. Nous détaillons ici les différentes étapes qui ont permis de concevoir puis de déployer ce protocole et nous analysons ses forces et faiblesses, en termes de constitution et de fidélisation d’un réseau de participants. Cette analyse est à l’usage des concepteurs d’autres programmes de sciences participatives. Nous insistons en particulier sur le rôle de l’animation pour garantir le succès d’un tel programme.

For the 2022 IEEE VR 3DUI contest on the topic of “Arts, Science, Information and Knowledge - visualization and interactions”, we present Artana, an immersive application proposing to explore anamorphosis in various interactive ways. Through an unexpected experience, the user is transported to a museum in which he/she will have access to the history of anamorphosis before being able to experience seven examples of them. A teleportation and a spinning wheel interaction techniques were implemented in Artana to ease interaction without altering the experience.

In May–June 2021, we collected Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) adults near the central hospital in Boende, the capital of Tshuapa province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). We identified the mosquitoes using morphological and DNA-based techniques. This is the first report of this species in the DRC outside of Kinshasa and Kongo Central. Given the central location of Boende in the Congo Basin, our finding indicates that the vector might also have spread to other cities which are located on the Congo River and its major tributaries. We highlight the need to investigate the distribution of Ae. albopictus and to update disease risk maps for Central Africa, as it is an important vector for human arbovirus transmission.

Objectives To demonstrate that radiologists, with the help of artificial intelligence (AI), are able to better classify screening mammograms into the correct breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) category, and as a secondary objective, to explore the impact of AI on cancer detection and mammogram interpretation time. Methods A multi-reader, multi-case study with cross-over design, was performed, including 314 mammograms. Twelve radiologists interpreted the examinations in two sessions delayed by a 4 weeks wash-out period with and without AI support. For each breast of each mammogram, they had to mark the most suspicious lesion (if any) and assign it with a forced BI-RADS category and a level of suspicion or “continuous BI-RADS 100”. Cohen’s kappa correlation coefficient evaluating the inter-observer agreement for BI-RADS category per breast, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), were used as metrics and analyzed. Results On average, the quadratic kappa coefficient increased significantly when using AI for all readers [κ = 0.549, 95% CI (0.528–0.571) without AI and κ = 0.626, 95% CI (0.607–0.6455) with AI]. AUC was significantly improved when using AI (0.74 vs 0.77, p = 0.004). Reading time was not significantly affected for all readers (106 s without AI and vs 102 s with AI; p = 0.754). Conclusions When using AI, radiologists were able to better assign mammograms with the correct BI-RADS category without slowing down the interpretation time.

In May-June 2021, we detected Aedes albopictus adults near the central hospital in Boende, the capital city of the Tshuapa province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). We identified the mosquitoes using morphological and molecular techniques (COI barcoding). This is the first report of this species in the DRC outside of Kinshasa and Kongo Central. Given the central location of Boende in the Congo Basin, our finding suggests that the vector might also have spread to other cities which are located upstream of the Congo River and its major tributaries. Because Aedes albopictus is an important vector for human arbovirus transmission, we highlight the need to investigate its distribution range and to update disease risk maps in Central Africa.

This paper studies a directed search model of the labour market, which is standard in all aspects except two. First, we allow firms to post wage–vacancy contracts advertising the number of workers they would pay as well as the payment all will receive. Second, we consider two cases: one where workers are risk neutral and one where workers are risk averse, both in finite and large economies. Our paper shows that when firms post wage–vacancy contracts, whether workers are modelled as risk neutral or risk averse matters: the types of symmetric equilibria and the nature of multiplicity of equilibria are different. Somewhat surprisingly, when there are finite numbers of risk‐neutral workers and firms, we obtain a finite number of symmetric equilibria, but when workers are risk averse, we obtain a continuum of equilibria. Furthermore, our paper sounds a cautionary note on using large economies as an approximation of finite economies: when workers are risk neutral, the nature of equilibrium is preserved going from a finite to a large economy, but the nature of equilibrium is different when workers are risk averse. Les contrats ≪ salaire‐emploi ≫ et la multiplicite des equilibres au sein d'un modele de recherche dirigee applique au marche du travail. Cet article etudie un modele de recherche dirigee, applique au marche du travail, qui differe du modele standard en deux points. Premierement, les entreprises peuvent proposer des contrats dits ≪ salaire‐emploi ≫ qui, en plus du salaire, indiquent le nombre de travailleurs qu'un employeur est dispose a recruter. Deuxiemement, nous considerons deux cas, un ou les travailleurs ne presentent pas d'aversion au risque et l'autre ou ils sont averses au risque, a chaque fois pour des economies avec une nombre fini puis infini d'agents. L'article demontre que la presence ou non d'aversion au risque a de l'importance quand les entreprises peuvent proposer des contrats ≪ salaire‐emploi ≫, car les types d'equilibres symetriques et la nature des multiplicites different dans les deux cas. Par exemple, si l'on considere une economie avec un nombre fini de travailleurs, il existe un nombre fini d'equilibres symetriques lorsque les travailleurs ne presentent pas d'aversion au risque alors qu'il en existe un continuum lorsque les travailleurs sont averses au risque. Qui plus est, l'article invite a la prudence en utilisant une economie a nombre infini d'agents comme approximation d'une economie peuplee d'un nombre fini d'agents, car en allant de l'une a l'autre la nature des equilibres est preservee dans le cas de travailleurs ne presentant pas d'aversion au risque alors qu'elle change lorsque les travailleurs sont averses au risque.

A publicação de uma revista comporta limitações. Aqueles que tomam a iniciativa devem desvendar o seu projeto, as suas intenções: explicar qual pode ser a utilidade da sua proposta. Como a ambição de Tribonien é propor o exame de questões jurídicas, devemos especificar qual será o domínio de nossas reflexões e qual método proporemos para articulá-las. O seu método consiste em submeter essa matéria a um exame crítico que se baseia em reflexões, definições, raciocínios que a história e os direitos estrangeiros colocam à disposição dos juristas. Nessas condições, nossa abordagem permanecerá obviamente dependente, em substância, do trabalho desenvolvido especificamente na história do direito e no direito comparado. Nesta perspectiva, Tribonien pretende abrir um caminho complementar àqueles oferecidos pelas revistas generalistas de direito positivo, revistas de direito comparado e revistas de história do direito, revigorando o vínculo científico que une os trabalhos que elas recobrem.

International audience; This paper details a new macroscopic traffic flow model accounting for the boundedness of traffic acceleration, which is required for physical realism. Our approach relies on the coupling between a scalar conservation law, which refers to the seminal LWR model, and a system of Ordinary Differential Equations describing the trajectory of accelerating vehicles, which we treat as moving constraints. We propose a Wave Front Tracking Algorithm to construct approximate solutions. We use this algorithm to prove the existence of solutions to the associated Cauchy Problem, and provide some numerical examples illustrating the solution behaviour.

International audience; We introduce a model dealing with conservation laws on networks and coupled boundary conditions at the junctions. In particular, we introduce buffers of fixed arbitrary size and time dependent split ratios at the junctions , which represent how traffic is routed through the network, while guaranteeing spill-back phenomena at nodes. Having defined the dynamics at the level of conservation laws, we lift it up to the Hamilton-Jacobi (H-J) formulation and write boundary datum of incoming and outgoing junctions as functions of the queue sizes and vice-versa. The Hamilton-Jacobi formulation provides the necessary regularity estimates to derive a fixed-point problem in a proper Banach space setting, which is used to prove well-posedness of the model. Finally, we detail how to apply our framework to a non-trivial road network, with several intersections and finite-length links.

The development of sustainable transportation infrastructure for people and goods, using new technology and business models, can prove beneficial or detrimental for mobility, depending on its design and use. The focus of this paper is on the increasing impact new mobility services have on traffic patterns and transportation efficiency in general. Over the last decade, the rise of the mobile internet and the usage of mobile devices have enabled ubiquitous traffic information. With the increased adoption of specific smartphone applications, the number of users of routing applications has become large enough to disrupt traffic flow patterns in a significant manner. Similarly, but at a slightly slower pace, novel services for freight transportation and city logistics improve the efficiency of goods transportation and change the use of road infrastructure. This paper provides a general four-layer framework for modeling these new trends. The main motivation behind the development is to provide a unifying formal system description that can at the same time encompass system physics (flow and motion of vehicles) as well as coordination strategies under various information and cooperation structures. To showcase the framework, we apply it to the specific challenge of modeling and analyzing the integration of routing applications in today’s transportation systems. In this framework, at the lowest layer (flow dynamics), we distinguish routed users from nonrouted users. A distributed parameter model based on a nonlocal partial differential equation is introduced and analyzed. The second layer incorporates connected services (e.g., routing) and other applications used to optimize the local performance of the system. As inputs to those applications, we propose a third layer introducing the incentive design and global objectives, which are typically varying over the day depending on road and weather conditions, external events, etc. The high-level planning is handled on the fourth layer taking social longterm objectives into account. We illustrate the framework by considering its ability to model at two different levels. Specific to vehicular traffic, numerical examples enable us to demonstrate the links between the traffic network layer and the routing decision layer. With a second example on optimized freight transport, we then discuss the links between the cooperative control layer and the lower layers. The congestion pricing in Stockholm is used to illustrate how also the social planning layer can be incorporated in future mobility services.

International audience; In this paper, we propose a new mathematical model accounting for the boundedness of traffic acceleration at a macroscopic scale. Our model is built on a first order macroscopic PDE model coupled with an ODE describing the trajectory of the leader of a platoon accelerating at a given constant rate. We use Wave Front Tracking techniques to construct approximate solutions to the Initial Value Problem. We present some numerical examples including the case of successive traffic signals on an arterial road and we compare the solution to our model with the solution given by the classical LWR equation in order to evaluate the impact of bounded acceleration.

Background Combined digital mammography (DM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) (hereafter, DM plus DBT) has increased cancer detection rates when compared with those achieved with DM-only screening. However, there is limited literature on DBT as an adjunct to mammography in the staging of known breast cancers. Purpose To compare the diagnostic accuracy of DM alone with that of DM plus DBT in the identification of additional ipsilateral and contralateral lesions in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Materials and Methods This prospective study ( https://clinicaltrials.gov , NCT01881880) included 166 women with breast cancer (mean age, 59.5 years ± 11; age range, 40-87 years) and used the aforementioned techniques, with breast MRI and pathologic verification of all suspected lesions as the reference standards. Four radiologists independently reviewed the DM and DM plus DBT images using the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data Systems criteria for diagnosis of index lesions and presence of additional disease. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) obtained for DM and DM plus DBT were compared by using the McNemar test. Results Twenty-four women (14%) exhibited multifocal lesions; 20 (12%), multicentric lesions; 39 (23%), additional ipsilateral lesions; and 18 (11%), bilateral lesions. The sensitivities were higher for DM plus DBT than for DM in the diagnosis of multicentric (51% [41 of 80] vs 37% [30 of 80], P = .002) and additional ipsilateral (52% [81 of 156] vs 44% [69 of 156], P = .007) lesions. The AUC was larger for DM plus DBT than for DM (0.74 vs 0.67, P = .02) in the diagnosis of bilateral breast cancer. No significant differences in specificity were noted. The added diagnostic value of DBT was limited to the group of women with nondense breasts: For diagnosis of ipsilateral lesions, AUC of DM plus DBT versus DM was 0.74 versus 0.70 (P = .04). For diagnosis of contralateral lesions, AUC of DM plus DBT verus DM was 0.76 versus 0.68 (P = .02). Conclusion The combination of digital mammography with digital breast tomosynthesis improves diagnostic accuracy for additional ipsilateral and contralateral breast cancer in women with nondense breasts. © RSNA, 2019 See also the editorial by Moy in this issue.

International audience; We study the behavior of the Aw-Rascle-Zhang model when the relaxation parameter converges to zero. In a Lagrangian setting, we use the Wave-Front-Tracking method with splitting technique to construct a sequence of approximate solutions. We prove that this sequence converges to a weak entropy solution of the relaxed system associated to a given initial datum with bounded variation. Besides, we also provide an estimate on the decay of positive waves. We finally prove that the solutions of the Aw-Rascle-Zhang system with relaxation converge to a weak solution of the corresponding scalar conservation law when the relaxation parameter goes to zero.

Red Shift is a new design pattern for implementing parsers. The pattern draws ideas from traditional shift-reduce parsing as well as procedural PEG parsers. Red Shift parsers behaves like shift-reduce parsers, but eliminate ambiguity by always prioritizing reductions over shifts. To compensate the resulting lack of expressivity, reducers are not simple reduction rules but full-blown procedures written in a general-purpose host language. I found many advantages to this style of parser. In particular, we can generate high-quality error messages more easily; and compose different style of parsers. I also speculate about how Red Shift parsers may improve partial compilation in the context of an IDE.

Objectives Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is a well-recognized treatment option for high-risk patients with aortic stenosis. The femoral approach is possible in 80% of cases and remains the access of choice. When this approach is not feasible, other alternative routes have been proposed such as transapical, transaortic and subclavian. Transcarotid aortic valve implantation has been proposed as another direct vascular access. Its use is relatively new and still under evaluation. Methods We successfully performed transcarotid aortic valve implantation in 145 consecutive patients through the left or right carotid artery in 3 different French sites over a 2-year period. Data were prospectively entered in the French transcatheter aortic valve implantation database. Results The mean age was 79.8 ± 8.7 years, with a mean logistic EuroSCORE of 20.7 ± 12.6%. The procedure was successful in all patients, and no conversion was necessary. Thirty-day survival was 93.7%, 8 (5.5%) patients presented either minor or major strokes and 1 patient had a localized asymptomatic carotid dissection. All patients were immediately extubated, and none presented respiratory complications. Conclusions Transcarotid aortic valve implantation is a safe alternative to transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation, with direct access to the aortic valve, which can be performed with limited incision.

International audience; Cardiogenic shock (CS) patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) have severe cardiac failure, associated with ischemia-reperfusion. The use of moderate hypothermia during ischemia-reperfusion syndrome is supported by experimental data. We therefore studied the effects of moderate hypothermia on cardiac and vascular function in pig ischemic CS treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). CS was induced in 12 anesthetized pigs by coronary ligation. After 1 h of CS, VA-ECMO was initiated and pigs were randomized to normothermia (38°C) or moderate hypothermia (34°C) during 8 h. Intrinsic cardiac function was measured using a left ventricular conductance catheter. At the end of the experiment, tissues were harvested for Western blotting. ECMO associated with norepinephrine infusion and volume resuscitation increased mean arterial pressure, mixed venous oxygen saturation as well as carotid, renal, and coronary blood flow without any differences between normothermia and hypothermia. Hypothermia was associated with less fluid and less norepinephrine infusion, lower lactate level, and higher urinary output. Vascular reactivity was superior in hypothermia comparatively to normothermia as expressed using norepinephrine dose-response curves. Pressure development during isovolumic contraction, left ventricular ejection fraction, and prerecruitable stroke work index were higher in the hypothermia group. There were no differences between normothermia and hypothermia with regard to carotid and mesenteric protein expression for iNOs, eNOS, and phospho AKt/AKt measured at the end of the experimentation. The incidence of surgical bleeding and coagulation disorders was the same in both groups. In conclusion, moderate and rapid hypothermia improves hemodynamics and cardiac and vascular function in a pig model of ischemic CS treated with ECMO.

Während das kanonische Recht der klassischen Epoche Gegenstand zahlreicher Untersuchungen ist, wurde die kanonische Doktrin des ausgehenden Mittelalters nur wenig erforscht. Zwei wichtige, bislang unedierte und unbekannte Kommentare der Dekretalen Gregors IX. (Bibl. nat. Fr., lat. 4036 und lat. 4036B) konnten im Bestand der Bibliothèque nationale de France identifiziert und zwei Kanonisten aus dem Süden Frankreichs zugeschrieben werden, Guillaume de Rosières († um 1360) und Aymeric de Montal († 1361). Diese neuentdeckten Texte sind ein deutliches Zeugnis für den Unterricht im kanonischen Recht in Frankreich in der ersten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts., If canon law in the classical age is well studied, canonical doctrine at the end of the Middle Ages remains little known. Two important unpublished and previously unknown commentaries on the Decretals of Gregory IX (Bibl. nat. Fr., lat. 4036 and lat. 4036B), have been identified among the Latin manuscripts at the Bibliothèque nationale de France and attributed to two southern French canonists, Guillaume de Rosières († ca. 1360) and Aymeric de Montal († 1361). These discoveries are an important testimony to the teaching of canon law in France in the first half of the fourteenth century., Si le droit canonique de l’époque classique a fait l’objet de nombreux travaux, la doctrine canonique de la fin du Moyen Âge demeure mal connue. Deux importants commentaires inédits des Décrétales de Grégoire IX (Bibl. nat. Fr., lat. 4036 et lat. 4036B), inconnus à ce jour, ont pu être identifiés dans le fonds latin de la Bibliothèque nationale de France et attribués à deux canonistes méridionaux, Guillaume de Rosières († v. 1360) et Aymeric deMontal († 1361). Ces découvertes constituent un riche témoignage de l’enseignement du droit canonique en France, dans la première moitié du XIVe siècle., Laurent-Bonne Nicolas. Notes sur deux canonistes méridionaux du XIVe siècle : Guillaume de Rosières et Aymeric de Montal. In: Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 2013, tome 171, livraison 2. pp. 365-382.

Historically, true context-sensitive parsing has seldom been applied to programming languages, due to its inherent complexity. However, many mainstream programming and markup languages (C, Haskell, Python, XML, and more) possess context-sensitive features. These features are traditionally handled with ad-hoc code (e.g., custom lexers), outside of the scope of parsing theory. Current grammar formalisms struggle to express context-sensitive features. Most solutions lack context transparency: they make grammars hard to write, maintain and compose by hardwiring context through the entire grammar. Instead, we approach context-sensitive parsing through the idea that parsers may recall previously matched input (or data derived therefrom) in order to make parsing decisions. We make use of mutable parse state to enable this form of recall. We introduce principled stateful parsing as a new transactional discipline that makes state changes transparent to parsing mechanisms such as backtracking and memoization. To enforce this discipline, users specify parsers using formally specified primitive state manipulation operations. Our solution is available as a parsing library named Autumn. We illustrate our solution by implementing some practical context-sensitive grammar features such as significant whitespace handling and namespace classification., To appear in SLE 2016

We present a theory of differences of liquidity across assets, based on an endogenous ranking of assets as media of exchange arising from their relative quality as hedging devices. When assets have two distinct roles, as intertemporal media of exchange and hedging devices, buyers have generically a strict preference for paying sellers with the asset which is the relative better hedging device for sellers. The consequence of this preference is that there are three monetary policy regimes, and these regimes differ in which assets serve as media of exchange, whether assets carry a liquidity premium, and in the impact that monetary policy has on asset prices.

We consider a directed search model with risk-averse workers and risk-neutral entrepreneurs who can set up firms that post wage-vacancy contracts, i.e., contracts where firms can make payments to more than one applicant, and where the payments can be different for each applicant and be contingent on the number of applicants. We establish that the type of contracts the literature focuses on are not offered if firms can post wage-vacancy contracts. We show that there exists an equilibrium satisfying a Monotonic Expected Utility property which is efficient. Furthermore, we investigate the role of wage-vacancy contracts on welfare and competition.

We investigate the dual role of money as a self-insurance device and a means of payment when perfect risk sharing is not possible, and when the two roles of money are disentangled. We use a variant of Lagos–Wright (2005) where agents face a risk in the centralized market (CM): in the decentralized market (DM) money’s main role is as a means of payment, while in the CM it is as a self-insurance device. We show that state-contingent inflation rates can improve agents’ ability to self-insure in the CM, thereby improving the terms of trade in the DM. We then characterize the optimal monetary policy.