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To extend the application of cost-effective high-yield pulps in packaging, strength and barrier properties are improved by advanced-strength additives or by hot-pressing. The aim of this study is to assess the synergic effects between the two approaches by using nanocellulose as a bulk additive, and by hot-pressing technology. Due to the synergic effect, dry strength increases by 118% while individual improvements are 31% by nanocellulose and 92% by hot-pressing. This effect is higher for mechanical fibrillated cellulose. After hot-pressing, all papers retain more than 22% of their dry strength. Hot-pressing greatly increases the paper’s ability to withstand compressive forces applied in short periods of time by 84%, with a further 30% increase due to the synergic effect of the fibrillated nanocellulose. Hot-pressing and the fibrillated cellulose greatly decrease air permeability (80% and 68%, respectively) for refining pretreated samples, due to the increased fiber flexibility, which increase up to 90% using the combined effect. The tear index increases with the addition of nanocellulose, but this effect is lost after hot-pressing. In general, fibrillation degree has a small effect which means that low- cost nanocellulose could be used in hot-pressed papers, providing products with a good strength and barrier capacity.

This volume presents a selection of revised and edited papers given at the sixth conference on Names in the Economy (NITE), which was held in Uppsala in June 2019. The focus of this volume, and at NITE 6, is mainly the economy or economic aspects hidden or evident in various types of names: how names can hold different values; how names can be used or misused to enhance such values; how names can be used in branding; and how names can be a financial means in a global world. The contents display a broad selection of papers on commercial names and how they are connected to economic considerations and marketing. The topics span from how personal names and brand names, used in advertising in magazines, can reveal much synchronic information about attitudes and opinions, to how different cultures or languages are represented in the linguistic landscape. Some hitherto less studied areas are the complicated issue of word-marks (including brand names) regarded from a judicial point of view and the influence of building companies on the naming of new city developments., Denna konferensvolym innehåller ett urval refereegranskade artiklar baserade på de presentationer som hölls vid den sjätte konferensen i serien Names in the Economy (NITE) i Uppsala i juni 2019. Konferensvolymen studerar särskilt de ekonomiska aspekter som mer eller mindre tydligt finns i olika typer av namn: hur namn kan innehålla olika värden och bära med sig olika värderingar; hur namn kan användas eller utnyttjas för att lyfta fram sådana värden; hur namn kan användas för att bygga varumärken samt på vilket sätt ett namn kan vara en ekonomisk resurs i den globala världen. Volymen bjuder på ett brett urval artiklar om kommersiella namn och om hur namn kan kopplas till ekonomiska faktorer och marknadsföring. De ämnen som tas upp spänner innehållsligt från en studie av hur de personnamn och varumärken som används i reklam i veckotidningar kan ge synkron information om attityder och åsikter till en studie av hur olika kulturer och språk representeras i det lingvistiska landskapet i en flerspråkig miljö. Ett par artiklar handlar om områden som hittills varit mindre undersökta. En lyfter den komplicerade frågan om ordmärken, inklusive varumärken, och betraktar dem ur en juridisk synvinkel, en annan ser på byggfirmornas påverkan på namngivningen där nya stadsområden växer fram., Ilia Baranov - Drug Names as a Business ToolAngelika Bergien - Selling Political MessagesPaola Cotticelli Kurras - The Hidden Power of the WordsAlberto Ghia - Message on a BottleLinnea Gustafsson - The Persuasive Function of Company NamesSabine Heinemann - Italian SoundingJohan Järlehed, Maria Löfdahl, Tommaso Milani, Helle Lykke Nielsen & Tove Rosendal - Entrepreneurial Naming and Scaling of Urban PlacesIrina Kryukova - Russian Ergonyms as an Object of Linguistic RefexionAntje Lobin - Remarks on Nomination between Ergonymy and ToponymyErika Lunell - Trade Marks with Multiple MessagesKatalin Reszegi - The Mental and Neural Representation of NamesPaula Sjöblom - Women’s Values in 1950s Finland Conveyed by Product Names in Magazine AdvertisementsVäinö Syrjälä - Commercial Naming in the Linguistic Landscape of Historical Photographs from Helsinki

In central parts of Scandinavia, place names are basically always formed from linguistic elements of Scandinavian origin. In bilingual Finland, names are of Finnish or Swedish origin. There are, however, exceptions to this uniform picture. I discuss three of these: (1) in urban settings, some elements of the toponymy can be considered multicultural; (2) throughout the Nordic region, foreign, borrowed place names occur; and (3) in the north, there are numerous indigenous Sami place names, as well as place names of Finnish origin in Norway and Sweden. An overview is given of non-Scandinavian place names in the Nordic countries, with brief comments on name standardisation, legislation and revitalisation.

The mechanical problem that occurs when a thin elastic layer (e.g., a part of a composite panel) is inserted between two tapered elastic parts and bolted together is studied. The problem considered is of relevance for situations when it is of value to get a rough estimate of the contact pressure in the elastic layer and, by extension, the contact friction. The intermediate elastic layer (i.e., panel) is assumed to behave like a Winkler foundation, and engineering beam theory is assumed to describe the behavior of the tapered outer parts. The coupling between the transverse stresses in the panel and the longitudinal stress due to an applied external tensile load in the plane of the panel is ignored. By using the influence functions for the tapered parts, one obtains an integral equation involving the compression of the panel as the only unknown function. The integral equation is solved numerically by standard procedures. An experiment was also performed in a way that differs slightly from what is covered by the more general theoretical model. This is due to practical reasons connected to the experiment. It was found that the theoretical model gave results in fair agreement with the experimental results.

Namn och namnvård är titeln på den här boken. Den är tillägnad Annette C. Torensjö på hennes 60-årsdag. Titeln är medvetet bred (namn) samtidigt som den lyfter fram den gren av namnverksamheten som särskilt varit Annettes eget arbetsfält. Hon har i olika roller ägnat sitt yrkesliv åt namnvård och namnplanering, på engelska ofta kallat name standardization. Namnlagar samt namnvårdens aktörer och administrativa processer är något av hennes specialitet, men hon har alltid verkat i nära kontakt med annan namnforskning och med andra inriktningar inom studiet av namn. I den här boken ger tjugotvå av Annettes kollegor – namnvårdare och namnforskare – prov på de många olika namntyper, frågeställningar och problem som dagens professionella namnarbetare har att tackla. Här finner vi t.ex. förklaringar av gamla, dunkla ortnamn som Södertörn och Vingra, vi möter lätt ekivoka namn som Pittlösa och Musbacken, och vi får en inblick i moderna ortnamn från barnens värld som Bilplåten och Elefantgropen. Teoretiska resonemang om hur ortnamn ska avgränsas – Är namn på skolor ortnamn? – varvas med mycket konkreta namnfrågor som om Umeå istället borde heta Ume. Svar ges i boken. För personnamnens del behandlas givetvis namnet Annette. Men också andra namn, såväl gamla, som släktnamnet Urup och det isländska, litterära kvinnonamnet Bera, som unga. Idag kan man heta Ananas, Melona och Smultron. Hur många gör det? Finns det andra »ätliga» förnamn? Kan man ändra sitt namn och vilka regler gäller då? I ett bidrag tas särskilt transpersoners byten av förnamn upp. Efter ett lyckat sådant byte hörs: »Nu sitter namnet som en smäck». Liksom Annettes egen namnverksamhet spänner bidragen i boken från det lokala/kommunala perspektivet på namn och namnvård till det nationella (Lantmäteriet, Ortnamnsrådet) och det internationella (FN). Jubilaren själv och hennes insatser ställs i fokus i flera av dessa.

A chosen place-name policy (or the lack of such a policy) might affect the existing place-name stock as well as emerging, proposed or future place-names in many ways. A chosen place-name policy might include name regulation, name preservation, name legislation, and name planning - including every step from observations and ideas to decision-making. It might affect individuals or groups of people as well as important societal structures and functions. So, what are the main tasks and challenges of today's place-name policies in Scandinavia and elsewhere? How can modern demands and modern usage be combined with a quest to safe-guard place-names as part of our intangible cultural heritage? And finally, how can onomastics and onomasticians help the most and contribute to the understanding and awareness of these important aspects of names and naming. - In this paper I discuss these matters (with examples mostly from Sweden) - of course without giving any definite answers or solutions.

The authors of this review article had been asked to preview Line Sandst’s PhD thesis Urbanestednavne – storbyens sproglige dimension (Urban place-names – the linguistic dimension of thecity) and subsequently to act as examiners at her public defence of it. The present article is a somewhatreworked version of the opinion we submitted in January 2016. The thesis explores placenamesin Copenhagen, in particular in three areas chosen for study: the city centre, the Carlsbergdistrict and Nørrebro. These three areas differ in character and history, making the urban namesused there (for streets, squares, shops and companies) suitable for study from three differentpoints of view. The in-depth analyses undertaken include both more theoretical reasoning aboutnames and name formation, and insightful discussions about the process of name-giving takingplace today.

To get some insight into the processes that are active during the refining of wood, the tangential force distribution in the plate gap is of interest. Over the years several designs of force sensors have been developed for this purpose. One drawback with these designs is that each sensormeasures forces over quite a small area such that in order to cover the whole disc with a reasonably good resolution, many sensors have to be used. Also, there are problems to protect the active parts of the sensors from the harsh environment in the plate gap. In this paper a different concept is presented, in that the sensor is continuous and consists of a hollow radial bar equipped with strain gages on the inside. The force sensor was calibrated before mounting by loading it with a known load in the tangential direction and in different positions while measuring the strains in the points where the gages are located. This makes it possible to determine the so-called influence (or Green) functions. Knowing these it is possible to determine the tangential force distribution from strain values measured during operation of the refiner. Guidelines for doing this are presented together with a detailed description of the load sensor and some experimental results., Filling the gap