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Prenatal stress exerts long-term impact on neurodevelopment in the offspring, with consequences such as increasing the offspring's risk of depression in adolescence and early adulthood. S-ketamine can produce rapid and robust antidepressant effects, but it is not clear yet whether and how S-ketamine alleviates depression in prenatally stressed offspring. The current study incestigated the preliminary anti-depression mechanism of S-ketamine in prenatally stressed offspring, particularly with regard to neuroplasticity. The pregnant females were given chronic unpredictable mild stress on the 7th-20th day of pregnancy and their male offspring were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of S-ketamine (10 mg/kg) on postnatal day 42. Our findings showed that S-ketamine treatment counteracted the development of depression-like behaviors in prenatally stressed offspring. At the cellular level, S-ketamine markedly enhanced neuroplasticity in the CA1 hippocampus: Golgi-Cox staining showed that S-ketamine alleviated the reduction of neuronal complexity and dendritic spine density; Transmission electron microscopy indicated that S-ketamine reversed synaptic morphology alterations. At the molecular level, by western blot and RT-PCR we detected that S-ketamine significantly upregulated the expression of BDNF and PSD95 and activated AKT and mTOR in the hippocampus. In conclusion, prenatal stress induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress leads to depressive-like behaviors and hippocampal neuroplasticity impairments in male offspring. S-ketamine can produce antidepressant effects by enhancing hippocampal neuroplasticity via the BDNF/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alterations in the gut microbiome have been linked to obesity, with maternal high‐fat diet (HF) playing a role in shaping offspring microbiome composition. However, the sex‐specific responses to maternal HF diet and the impact of subsequent dietary challenges remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of maternal HF diet on offspring gut microbiota structure and predicted functional profile in response to short‐term postnatal HF diet exposure with a focus on sex‐specific responses. Female and male offspring of maternal control (C) diet or maternal HF diet were weaned onto C diet or HF diet. Offspring were euthanized at 13 weeks of age and cecal contents were collected for bacterial taxonomic profiling. Maternal HF diet reduced α‐diversity, notably in male offspring weaned onto HF diet. Sex‐specific differences were observed in the gut microbial composition and predicted functional potential. Furthermore, the influence of maternal diet on bacterial community structure and functional potential varied depending on postnatal diet. Maternal HF diet led to increased relative abundance of Corynebacterium in female offspring and decreased abundance of Akkermansia and Roseburia in male offspring. These findings underscore the sexually dimorphic nature of maternal HF diet effects on gut microbiota composition and function, with implications for developmental programming and metabolic health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning alterations in the child population may be linked to gestational diabetes as a causal factor, though this remains an open and highly controversial question. In that sense, it has been reported that maternal hyperglycemia generates a threatening condition that affects hippocampal development in offspring. The pyramidal cells of the CA3 subfield, a key structure in learning and memory processes, are particularly important in cognitive deficiencies. We evaluate the effect of the hyperglycemic intrauterine environment on hippocampal histomorphometry in offspring, correlating it with spatial learning and memory, as well as the morphology of dendrites and spines in 30-day-old pups (P30). The maternal hyperglycemia affected the body weight, height, and brain size of fetuses at 21 days of gestation (F21), newborn pups (P0) and P30 pups from diabetic rats, which were smaller compared to the control group. Consequently, this resulted in a decrease in hippocampal size, lower neuronal density and cytoarchitectural disorganization in the CA3 region of the hippocampus in the offspring at the three ages studied. The behavioral tests performed showed a direct relationship between morpho-histological alterations and deficiencies in learning and memory, as well as alterations in the morphology of the dendrites and spines. Therefore, knowing the harmful effects caused by gestational diabetes can be of great help to establish therapeutic and educational strategies that can help to improve learning and memory in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the impact of levothyroxine (L-T4) administration at different time points on pregnancy outcomes and offspring development in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). Methods: In this retrospective study, medical records of 107 patients with SCH treated in Huzhou Nanxun District People's Hospital from February 2021 to March 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Of them, 55 patients received treatment before eight gestational weeks (Early group), and 52 patients received treatment after eight gestational weeks (Mid group). Levels of thyroid function indicators, occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, occurrence of adverse reactions, and development of offspring before and after the treatment were compared. Results: After the treatment, the thyroid function indicators in both groups improved compared to before treatment, and the improvement in the Early group was significantly better than that in the Mid group (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the early group (5.45%) was lower than that in the mid group (19.23%) (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the groups (P>0.05). The scores of fine motor, gross motor, language, personal-social behavior, and adaptability in offspring of patients the Early group were higher than those of the mid group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Early administration of L-T4 is safe and can effectively improve thyroid function in SCH patients, reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes, and ensure growth and development of offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation breeding programs (CBPs) are often the lifeline between extinction and survival for many imperilled amphibian species. With the goal of recovering wild populations, CBP success is reliant on their ability to successfully manage ex situ populations over time, breed viable offspring, and maintain genetic diversity and adaptive potential. Reproductive technologies have emerged as an important tool in the conservation toolkit to allow managers to improve reproductive output and genetic management, and their use in amphibian conservation is expanding. To date, studies investigating the efficacy of hormone therapies in amphibians typically only report spawning and fertility rates and do not monitor offspring to later stages of development. For the first time, here we assess the effect of hormone therapies on captive breeding outcomes beyond oviposition, to the point of metamorphosis, in the critically endangered Baw Baw frog, Philoria frosti. To determine the effect of hormone therapy on spawning success and offspring viability, male-female pairs were administered either 0 µg/g gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa), 0.5 µg/g GnRHa, or 0.5 µg/g GnRHa + 10 µg/g metoclopramide (MET) (n = 12 pairs/treatment), and the number of pairs ovipositing, time to oviposition, clutch size, metamorph mass, and the proportion and number (mean and total) of offspring to metamorphosis were quantified. Overall, the percentage of pairs that oviposited was high across all treatment groups (92-100%). The percentage of fertile clutches was highest in the GnRHa group (92%) and lowest in the GnRHa + MET group (82%), though differences were not statistically significant. Both hormone treatment groups took significantly less time to oviposit than the control pairs. Notably, the proportion of eggs developing to metamorphosis was significantly higher in the GnRHa group, resulting in 74% (total eggs=539) metamorphosing compared to approximately 50% in the control and GnRHa +MET treatments (total eggs= 273 and 264, respectively). Interestingly, weight at metamorphosis was statistically similar across all groups, and results are consistent with previous studies in this species that show a narrow range in size at metamorphosis. The continued application of GnRHa is recommended to improve conservation outcomes for the critically endangered Baw Baw frog. The outcomes of this research advance our understanding of the impact of hormone therapies on reproductive outcomes and will inform amphibian conservation breeding programs globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, frequently correlates with adverse neurological outcomes in offspring, including cognitive impairments, autism spectrum disorder, depressive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and cerebral palsy. Despite these known consequences, the understanding of neuronal damage in the offspring of preeclamptic mothers remains insufficient. Here, we review the neuronal abnormalities resulting from maternal preeclampsia exposure, which include disrupted neurogenesis, loss of neuronal cell integrity, accumulation of cellular debris, decreased synaptogenesis and myelination, and increased neurite growth stimulated by maternal preeclampsia serum. The underlying mechanisms potentially driving these effects involve microglial activation, inflammatory responses, and reduced angiogenesis. Intervention strategies aimed at improving fetal neuronal outcomes are also discussed, encompassing pharmacological treatments such as pravastatin, tadalafil, and melatonin, as well as non-pharmacological approaches like dietary modifications, maternal exercise, and standard care for children. These interventions hold promise for clinical application, offering avenues to address early neuronal abnormalities and prevent the onset of long-term neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adverse pregnancy outcomes have reached epidemic proportions in recent years with serious health ramifications, especially for diverse cancers risk. Therefore, we carried out an umbrella review to systematically evaluate the validity and strength of the data and the extent of potential biases of the established association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and cancers risk in both mother and offspring. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until 18 January 2024. Meta-analyses of observational studies investigating the relationship between adverse pregnancy outcomes and multiple cancers risk in both mother and offspring were included. Evidence certainty was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. The protocol for this umbrella review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023470544). Results: The search identified 129 meta-analyses of observational studies and 42 types of cancer. Moderate certainty of evidence, exhibiting statistical significance, has been observed linking per kilogram increase in birth weight to a heightened risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02–1.12), prostate cancer (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00–1.05), leukemia (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.13–1.23), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in offspring (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.12–1.23); rubella infection during pregnancy to an increased risk of leukemia in offspring (OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.16–6.71); and a linear dose–response association between an increase in the proportion of optimal birth weight and an elevated risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in offspring (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.09–1.24), respectively. Conclusions: Although some adverse pregnancy outcomes have clinically promising associations with risk of several cancers in both mother and offspring, it is essential to conduct additional research to solidify the evidence, evaluate causality, and ascertain clinical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of sulpiride and PMSG hormone treatments on estrus and the number of offspring produced in female rats. Thirty mature rats were divided into three groups, each consisting of 10 females. The first group was treated intraperitoneally with sulpiride (0.25 mg/kg), the second group with PMSG hormone (20 IU/kg), and the third group with normal saline. Treatments were administered after the onset of estrus. Following treatment, natural mating occurred. The results of the study showed no significant differences between the PMSG hormone, sulpiride, and normal saline treatment groups regarding the number of females that showed estrus and mated. However, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between the PMSG treatment group and the other groups with respect to the average number of embryos, which were 128, 75, and 55, respectively. The Luteinizing Hormone (LH) concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the sulpiride-treated group (1.44 ±0.12 ng/ml) compared to the PMSG hormone (1.23 ± 0.14 ng/ml) and normal saline treatment groups (0.76 ± 0.08 ng/ml). In conclusion, the application of PMSG was more effective in inducing ovulation and increasing the average number of offspring compared to sulpiride treatment in female rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a type of bacteria known as a probiotic and is often used to support the health of the digestive system and vaginal flora. This type of bacteria has an important role, showing positive effects on female reproductive biology, particularly by maintaining the balance of microorganisms in the vagina, reducing the risk of infection, and strengthening the immune system to support maternal health during pregnancy. There are also studies showing that these probiotics prevent maternal obesity and gestational diabetes. Consuming probiotics containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains may support the intestinal health of breastfeeding mothers, but they may also contribute to the health of offspring. Therefore, this review focuses on the current available data for examining the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains on female reproductive biology and offspring health. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases from inception to May 2024. The search strategy was performed using keywords and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms. Inconsistent ratings were resolved through discussion. This review is strengthened by multiple aspects of the methodological approach. The systematic search strategy, conducted by two independent reviewers, enabled the identification and evaluation of all relevant literature. Although there is a limited number of studies with high heterogeneity, current literature highlights the important contribution of Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotics in enhancing female reproductive health and fertility. Furthermore, the probiotic bacteria in breast milk may also support the intestinal health of newborn, strengthen the immune system, and protect them against diseases at later ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/objectives: Ischemic stroke is a major health concern, and nutrition is a modifiable risk factor that can influence recovery outcomes. This study investigated the impact of maternal dietary deficiencies in folic acid (FADD) or choline (ChDD) on the metabolite profiles of offspring after ischemic stroke. Methods: A total of 32 mice (17 males and 15 females) were used to analyze sex-specific differences in response to these deficiencies. Results: At 1-week post-stroke, female offspring from the FADD group showed the greatest number of altered metabolites, including pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and neuroprotection. At 4 weeks post-stroke, both FADD and ChDD groups exhibited significant disruptions in metabolites linked to inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmission. Conclusions: These alterations were more pronounced in females compared to males, suggesting sex-dependent responses to maternal dietary deficiencies. The practical implications of these findings suggest that ensuring adequate maternal nutrition during pregnancy may be crucial for reducing stroke susceptibility and improving post-stroke recovery in offspring. Nutritional supplementation strategies targeting folic acid and choline intake could potentially mitigate the long-term adverse effects on metabolic pathways and promote better neurological outcomes. Future research should explore these dietary interventions in clinical settings to develop comprehensive guidelines for maternal nutrition and stroke prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Controlled ovarian stimulation is a common skill of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). In the clinic, some females would undergo more than one controlled ovarian stimulation cycle. However, few studies have focused on the influence of multi-superovulation on oocytes and offspring. Results: Here, we found that multi-superovulation disrupted the transcriptome of oocytes and that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated mainly with metabolism and fertilization. The disruption of mRNA degradation via poly (A) size and metabolism might be a reason for the reduced oocyte maturation rate induced by repeated superovulation. Multi-superovulation results in hypo-genomic methylation in oocytes. However, there was an increase in the methylation level of CGIs. The DMRs are not randomly distributed in genome elements. Genes with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in promoters are enriched in metabolic pathways. With increasing of superovulation cycles, the glucose and insulin tolerance of offspring is also disturbed. Conclusions: These results suggest that multi-superovulation has adverse effects on oocyte quality and offspring health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones fundamental to the body's normal physiological functions and are pivotal in fetal growth and development. During gestation, the mother's cortisol concentration (active GCs) escalates to accommodate the requirements of fetal organ development and maturation. A natural placental GCs barrier, primarily facilitated by 11b hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2, exists between the mother and fetus. This enzyme transforms biologically active cortisol into biologically inactive corticosterone, thereby mitigating fetal GCs exposure. However, during pregnancy, the mother may be vulnerable to adverse factor exposures such as stress, hypoxia, caffeine, and synthetic GCs use. In these instances, maternal serum GCs levels may surge beyond the protective capacity of the placental GCs barrier. Moreover, these adverse factors could directly compromise the placental GCs barrier, resulting in excessive fetal exposure to GCs. It is well-documented that prenatal GCs exposure can detrimentally impact the offspring's cardiovascular system, particularly in relation to blood pressure, vascular function, and heart function. In this review, we succinctly delineate the alterations in GCs levels during pregnancy and the potential mechanisms driving these changes, and also analyze the possible causes of prenatal GCs exposure. Furthermore, we summarize the current advancements in understanding the adverse effects and mechanisms of prenatal GCs exposure on the offspring's cardiovascular system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of studies suggest that individuals can develop long‐term foraging specializations independently of phenotypic or environmental variation, yet little is known about how the foraging niche is acquired. The early learning of the foraging niche hypothesis suggests a key role of vertical cultural transmission in shaping the foraging niche of vertebrates. In birds, direct evidence from natural conditions is limited to a single study that cross‐fostered two related species. To date, no study has tested whether the diet received as an offspring determines the diet delivered as a parent within a single species. We tested the early learning of the foraging niche hypothesis using a Mediterranean population of great tits Parus major, which show great diet variability and moderate consistency in the diet they provide to their offspring across years. To do this, we recorded prey delivered to 9–14 day‐old chicks over twelve years. Then we assessed vertical transmission of dietary specialization using data (percentage of caterpillars, spiders, and other prey types, as well as mean prey size) from individuals recorded as a chick and as an adult. We standardised the data to control for environmental factors and ran a Linear Model for each prey type to measure individuals' consistency within the group (relative consistency), correlating the diet they received as a chick and the one they provided to their own chicks at the adult stage. The correlations between the diet received as a chick and the diet provided as a parent were either not significant or negative. Hence, although individuals showed relatively consistent foraging niches across years regarding their parental provisioning behaviour, these diet preferences were not correlated to the diet they received in the nest. Further research is needed to determine whether the foraging niche is acquired during the post‐fledgling stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The human microbiome, comprising trillions of microorganisms, significantly influences human health and disease. During critical periods like the perinatal phase, the microbiome undergoes significant changes, impacting lifelong health. Tobacco smoke, a known environmental pollutant, has adverse effects on health, particularly during pregnancy. Despite this, its association with the perinatal microbiome remains understudied. Methods: We conducted a systematic review to integrate findings on perinatal tobacco smoke exposure and its association with the maternal and neonatal microbiomes. We conducted a comprehensive literature search in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from January 2000 to February 2024. We selected studies that met predefined inclusion criteria and performed data extraction. Results: The review included eight studies that revealed diverse associations of perinatal tobacco exposure with the maternal and neonatal microbiome. Active smoking during pregnancy was linked to alterations in microbiome composition and diversity in children. Maternal smoking correlated with increased Firmicutes abundance and decreased Akkermansia muciniphila abundance in offspring. Additionally, exposure to thirdhand smoke in neonatal intensive care units was related to infant microbiome diversity. Infants exposed to tobacco smoke showed various microbial changes, suggesting potential implications for childhood health outcomes, including obesity risk. Conclusions: Perinatal exposure to tobacco smoke exerts significant influence on the maternal and neonatal microbiomes, with potential implications for long-term health outcomes. Addressing socioeconomic and psychological barriers to smoking cessation, implementing stricter smoking regulations, and promoting public health campaigns are essential steps towards reducing tobacco-related harm during the perinatal period. Further longitudinal studies and standardized assessment methods are needed to validate these findings and guide the development of effective preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have found an association between maternal smoking and an increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring. However, the prevalence of maternal smoking, secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure during pregnancy, and ADHD in children within the Saudi Arabian context is not well-documented. Objective: To explore the prevalence of maternal smoking and SHS exposure during pregnancy among mothers of children diagnosed with ADHD and investigate exposure to smoking as a predictor of ADHD subtypes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 1, 2022, to February 28, 2023, using an online questionnaire. The study included 217 parents of children aged 4-17 years diagnosed with ADHD and without a family history of the disorder. Data on sociodemographic determinants, academic achievement, ADHD types, and maternal smoking habits during pregnancy were collected. Results: Among the mothers surveyed, 6.4% reported smoking during pregnancy, while 41% were exposed to SHS. The study found a predominance of the combined subtype of ADHD among the children. Logistic regression analysis revealed that families with monthly income <10 000 SR were 2.6 times more likely to have a child with inattentive or hyperactive ADHD (P < 0.03). Male gender was associated with a 46% reduced likelihood of these subtypes (P < 0.03). SHS smoking and active exposure to smoking during pregnancy did not show any significant effect on ADHD. Conclusion: The study found that child gender and family income were significantly associated with the distribution of ADHD subtypes, while maternal smoking and SHS exposure during pregnancy did not show a significant association. The high prevalence of SHS exposure emphasizes the need for increased public health awareness and interventions to promote smoke-free environments during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and death globally, with a rising incidence in younger age groups. It is well known that maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation is vital for the early neurodevelopment of offspring. One-carbon (1C) metabolism, including folic acid and choline, plays a vital role in closure of the neural tube in utero. However, the impact of maternal dietary deficiencies in 1C on offspring neurological function following ischemic stroke later in life remains undefined. The aim of this study was to investigate inflammation in the blood and brain tissue of offspring from mothers deficient in dietary folic acid or choline. Female mice were maintained on either a control or deficient diet prior to and during pregnancy and lactation. When offspring were 3 months of age, ischemic stroke was induced. One and a half months later, blood and brain tissue were collected. We measured levels of matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2 and 9 in both plasma and brain tissue, and reported reduced levels of MMP-2 in ChDD male offspring in both tissue types. No changes were observed in MMP-9. This observation supports our working hypothesis that maternal dietary deficiencies in folic acid or choline during early neurodevelopment impact the levels of inflammation in offspring after ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For those affected, infertility is linked to impaired overall health and reduced life expectancy. In particular, infertile individuals bear an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and different types of cancer, partially due to lifestyle differences and to genetic alterations that cause both infertility and an increased cancer risk. Genetic variants causing an increased CVD risk are more commonly found in infertile individuals, but their link to infertility remains unclear. Offspring of infertile couples, conceived via medically assisted reproduction, are as likely as their parents to exhibit or develop adiposity, hormonal alterations such as insulin resistance, and infertility. The effects on health of subsequent generations are completely unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Prenatal stress exerts long-term impact on neurodevelopment in the offspring, with consequences such as increasing the offspring’s risk of depression in adolescence and early adulthood. S-ketamine can produce rapid and robust antidepressant effects, but it is not clear yet whether and how S-ketamine alleviates depression in prenatally stressed offspring. The current study incestigated the preliminary anti-depression mechanism of S-ketamine in prenatally stressed offspring, particularly with regard to neuroplasticity. The pregnant females were given chronic unpredictable mild stress on the 7th-20th day of pregnancy and their male offspring were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of S-ketamine (10 mg/kg) on postnatal day 42. Our findings showed that S-ketamine treatment counteracted the development of depression-like behaviors in prenatally stressed offspring. At the cellular level, S-ketamine markedly enhanced neuroplasticity in the CA1 hippocampus: Golgi-Cox staining showed that S-ketamine alleviated the reduction of neuronal complexity and dendritic spine density; Transmission electron microscopy indicated that S-ketamine reversed synaptic morphology alterations. At the molecular level, by western blot and RT-PCR we detected that S-ketamine significantly upregulated the expression of BDNF and PSD95 and activated AKT and mTOR in the hippocampus. In conclusion, prenatal stress induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress leads to depressive-like behaviors and hippocampal neuroplasticity impairments in male offspring. S-ketamine can produce antidepressant effects by enhancing hippocampal neuroplasticity via the BDNF/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Abstract Background Adverse pregnancy outcomes have reached epidemic proportions in recent years with serious health ramifications, especially for diverse cancers risk. Therefore, we carried out an umbrella review to systematically evaluate the validity and strength of the data and the extent of potential biases of the established association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and cancers risk in both mother and offspring. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until 18 January 2024. Meta-analyses of observational studies investigating the relationship between adverse pregnancy outcomes and multiple cancers risk in both mother and offspring were included. Evidence certainty was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. The protocol for this umbrella review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023470544). Results The search identified 129 meta-analyses of observational studies and 42 types of cancer. Moderate certainty of evidence, exhibiting statistical significance, has been observed linking per kilogram increase in birth weight to a heightened risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02–1.12), prostate cancer (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00–1.05), leukemia (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.13–1.23), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in offspring (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.12–1.23); rubella infection during pregnancy to an increased risk of leukemia in offspring (OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.16–6.71); and a linear dose–response association between an increase in the proportion of optimal birth weight and an elevated risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in offspring (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.09–1.24), respectively. Conclusions Although some adverse pregnancy outcomes have clinically promising associations with risk of several cancers in both mother and offspring, it is essential to conduct additional research to solidify the evidence, evaluate causality, and ascertain clinical utility.

Abstract Background The recent Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) theory suggests maternal systemic inflammation may serve as a mediator in associations between prenatal maternal adversities and neurodevelopmental diseases in offspring. Given the co-exposure to multiple adversities may be experienced by pregnant person, it is unclear whether a quantitative index can be developed to characterize the inflammation related exposure level, and whether this index is associated with neurodevelopmental delays in offspring. Methods Based on Jiangsu Birth Cohort (JBC), a total of 3051 infants were included in the analysis. Inflammation related Prenatal Adversity Index (IPAI) was constructed using maternal data. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition, screening test in one year. Multivariate linear regression and Poisson regression model were performed to analyze the associations between IPAI and neurodevelopment in offspring. Results Compared with “low IPAI” group, offspring with “high IPAI” have lower scores of cognition, receptive communication, expressive communication, and fine motor. The adjusted β were − 0.23 (95%CI: -0.42, -0.04), -0.47 (95%CI: -0.66, -0.28), -0.30 (95%CI: -0.49, -0.11), and − 0.20 (95%CI: -0.33, -0.06). Additionally, the elevated risk for noncompetent development of cognition and receptive communication among “high IPAI” group was observed. The relative risk [RR] and 95% confidence interval [CI] were 1.35 (1.01, 1.69) and 1.37 (1.09, 1.72). Conclusions Our results revealed a significant association between higher IPAI and lower scores across cognition, receptive communication, expressive communication, and fine motor domains, and an increased risk of noncompetent development in the cognition and receptive communication domains.

Objectives: This study aims to show the most important material factors for the righteousness of offspring in the Holy Quran, and to show the most important legal manners in teaching children in light of the Quranic guidance, and to show the most important Quranic models in the righteousness of offspring. Methodology: The researchers followed the inductive approach by tracking the verses of the Holy Quran related to the reasons for righteousness and the descriptive analytical approach of the texts and linking them with reality. Results: The righteousness of offspring has reasons that must be taken into account after the grace of God Almighty, and the reasons for the righteousness of offspring materially require specific and clearly defined mechanisms and procedures in an integrated manner, and the Qur’anic stories are full of practical models for the righteousness of offspring in various forms. Conclusion: The righteousness of offspring includes righteousness through faith and material reasons, and the material reasons are manifested in the good choice of a life partner, a good environment, a set of Islamic manners, and good earnings, and in the Qur’anic stories there are applied models for this righteousness.

Objective: To investigate whether the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in oocytes and embryos affects pregnancy outcomes for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (ET) as well as is related to the vertical transmission of HBV to children. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: A university-affiliated fertility center. Patient(s): This study included 167 couples with at least 1 hepatitis B surface antigen–seropositive partner. These couples underwent in vitro fertilization–ET, and the discarded oocytes and embryos had been tested for HBV. Couples with HBV-positive oocytes or embryos were categorized as the positive group, whereas those couples with HBV-negative oocytes and embryos served as the negative group. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy outcomes and the rate of children’s HBV infection. Result(s): The pregnancy outcomes of fresh and frozen ETs were not associated with the presence of HBV in the oocytes and embryos. Of the 106 infants born, 1 child whose mother tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen but had negative oocytes and embryos was infected with HBV. Additionally, 26.09% of children who had been administered passive immunization and active vaccinations did not reach protective levels of anti-HBV antibodies (hepatitis B surface antibodies) and became nonresponders. The negative rate of children’s hepatitis B surface antibody was associated with the presence of HBV in oocytes and embryos (odds ratio, 3.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–9.25). Conclusion(s): The presence of HBV in oocytes and embryos did not affect pregnancy outcomes or result in the vertical transmission of HBV to the offspring of HBV carriers. Follow-up is needed for HBV-vaccinated children with an HBV-infected parent. Booster vaccinations are necessary for continued protection.

Abstract Background Maternal obesity prepregnancy, as well as gestational overweight produced by high-sucrose diet, could be evolved to the cardiometabolic diseases in offspring during adulthood. Until then, the cardiometabolic diseases were ignored that have been presented or inherited in the offspring for overnutrition were ignored, depend on gender. We proposed that maternal prepregnancy obesity in CD1 mice, as well as gestational overweight produced by a high sucrose diet, develop to cardiometabolic disease in offspring and even if gender. For detection of the cardiometabolic diseases in a Murine model with a high sucrose diet (HSD), the time series formed by the RR intervals taken from lead I of the ECG has used the corresponding Poincare plot. The heart rate variability was characterized by the standard deviation of width and length SD1, SD2 respectively of the Poincare plot and the SD1/SD2 correlation index in addition was calculated between to gender and body weight. Results A maternal diet was based high sucrose diet and produced overweight on progeny in both sexes, but the cardiac arrhythmias depended on gender. Other results were due to the chronic effect of high sucrose diet in offspring with this intrauterine ambiance that contributes to changes in HRV, arrhythmias, and sinus pauses, also these phenomena were observed just in the male mice offspring with high sucrose diet during adulthood. Conclusions We propose, that the arrhythmias originated from fetal programming due to the maternal diet in mice model and produced alterations in the offspring female more than in the male, probably due to hormones.

Abstract Background Controlled ovarian stimulation is a common skill of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). In the clinic, some females would undergo more than one controlled ovarian stimulation cycle. However, few studies have focused on the influence of multi-superovulation on oocytes and offspring. Results Here, we found that multi-superovulation disrupted the transcriptome of oocytes and that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated mainly with metabolism and fertilization. The disruption of mRNA degradation via poly (A) size and metabolism might be a reason for the reduced oocyte maturation rate induced by repeated superovulation. Multi-superovulation results in hypo-genomic methylation in oocytes. However, there was an increase in the methylation level of CGIs. The DMRs are not randomly distributed in genome elements. Genes with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in promoters are enriched in metabolic pathways. With increasing of superovulation cycles, the glucose and insulin tolerance of offspring is also disturbed. Conclusions These results suggest that multi-superovulation has adverse effects on oocyte quality and offspring health.

The development of skeletal muscle is a crucial factor in determining the meat yield and economic benefits of broiler production. Recent research has shown that mulberry leaves and their extracts can be used to significantly improve the growth performance of livestock and poultry. The present study aims to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle development in broiler offspring by dietary mulberry-leaf flavonoids (MLF) supplementation from the perspective of maternal effect theory. A total of 270 Qiling broiler breeder hens were randomly assigned to 3 treatments with different doses of MLF (0, 30, 60 mg/kg) for 8 weeks before collecting their fertilized eggs. The chicken offspring at 13 and 19 d of embryonic stage, and from 1 to 28 d old after hatching were included in this study. The results showed that maternal supplementation increased the breast muscle weight and body weight of the offspring at the embryo and chick stages (P

Abstract Objective We aimed to summarize the association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its intergenerational cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) impacts in both mothers and offspring post-delivery in existing literature. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were utilized for searching publications between January 1980 and June 2024, with data extraction and meta-analysis continuing until 31 July 2024. Based on a predefined PROSPERO protocol, studies published as full-length, English-language journal articles that reported the presence of GDM during pregnancy and its association with any CVD development post-delivery were selected. All studies were evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Maximally adjusted risk estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis to assess the risk ratio (RR) of GDM, and overall and subtypes of CVDs in both mothers and offspring post-delivery. Results The meta-analysis was based on 38 studies with a total of 77,678,684 participants. The results showed a 46% increased risk (RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.34–1.59) for mothers and a 23% increased risk (1.23, 1.05–1.45) for offspring of developing overall CVDs after delivery, following a GDM-complicated pregnancy. Our subgroup analysis revealed that mothers with a history of GDM faced various risks (20% to 2-fold) of developing different subtypes of CVDs, including cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and venous thromboembolism. Conclusions These findings underscore the heightened risk of developing various CVDs for mothers and offspring affected by GDM, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures even right after birth to mitigate the burden of CVDs in these populations.

Abstract Lung cancer is intricately associated with genetic susceptibility, leading to familial clustering among affected individuals. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward lung cancer risk among the offspring of lung cancer patients. This study was conducted at Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital between April 2023 and August 2023. Participants’ demographic characteristics and KAP toward lung cancer risk were collected through questionnaires. A total of 481 valid questionnaires were enrolled, with 243 (50.52%) males, and 242 (50.31%) aged > 40 years old. The mean scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice were 8.54 ± 2.60 (range: 0–13), 25.93 ± 3.16 (range: 7–35), and 17.47 ± 4.30 (range: 5–25), respectively. Structural equation modeling indicated that knowledge exerted a negative direct effect on attitude (β = − 0.417, P = 0.006) but a positive direct effect on practice (β = 0.733, P = 0.025). Additionally, attitudes displayed a negative direct effect on practice (β = − 1.707, P = 0.002). In conclusion, offspring of lung cancer patients exhibited insufficient knowledge, positive attitude, and suboptimal practice toward lung cancer risk.

Abstract Introduction As the fetus relies on maternal thyroid hormones in early pregnancy, maternal hypothyroidism plays an important role in fetal development. However, the association between maternal hypothyroidism and metabolic disease in offspring is unclear. Objective To examine the association between maternal hypothyroidism in pregnancy and metabolic outcomes (obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia) in children 1 million children. The follow-up time ranged from 6 to 20 years. Included studies support an increased risk of hypertension and glucose dysregulation in offspring exposed to maternal hypothyroidism (hypertension: OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.75, 1.57 and HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.21, 2.69; diabetes: RR 2.7, 95% CI 0.7, 10). In the pooled analysis, maternal hypothyroidism was not associated with obesity in offspring (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.64, 1.70). Conclusion This study found inconsistent evidence on the association between maternal hypothyroidism in pregnancy and metabolic outcomes in offspring, though associations with hypertension and glucose dysregulation are possible.

Abstract Circadian rhythm disorder (CRD) is closely associated with hair regression and shedding, but whether this risk can be transmitted to the offspring is unknown. Whether Pu‐erh tea, with alleviating effects of CRD‐mediated syndrome, can act on the transmission of alopecia risk to offspring is also unproven. Here, we obtained CRD parental mice offspring and found that CRD‐mediated alopecia risk can be transmitted to offspring, especially male offspring. Parental consumption of Pu‐erh tea, especially in females or both parents, reduced the risk of CRD‐mediated alopecia transmitted to offspring by inhibiting subcutaneous fat accumulation (downregulation of Rab18, fat‐specific protein 27 (Fsp27), and perilipin 1 (Plin1)), reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in skin tissue (NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)/ nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB)), balancing androgen and hair growth factor release (hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1)), and restoring hair follicle DNA repair function (upregulation of Ku70, 8‐Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), and Rad51). Transcriptomic analysis further clarified that the mechanism stemmed from the upregulation of gene expression in pathways such as the Wnt, Hippo, and other signaling pathways.

Abstract Background Children who witness parental intimate partner violence (IPV) are more likely to develop mental health issues compared to those who do not witness such violence. Objective The main objective of this study is to assess the association between parental intimate partner violence and child mental health outcomes. Methodology This cross-sectional study involved 548 participants divided into two groups: parents (N = 304) and offspring (N = 244). The participants were recruited from Mageragere Sector in the City of Kigali (urban), as well as Mbazi and Ruhashya sectors in Huye District (rural). To assess the difference about mental difficulties reported by the offspring, a Mann-Whitney U test was employed to compare the responses of parents and their children on mental health outcomes. Additionally, multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to explore the association between parental intimate partner violence (IPV) and the mental health outcomes of their offspring. Results The results highlighted significant levels of mental and emotional challenges in children, as reported by both parents and the children themselves. Depression and youth conduct problems were more prevalent among the children compared to their parents, whereas anxiety and irritability were more commonly reported by parents than by their children. Intimate partner violence showed to be a predictor of irritability and anxiety symptoms in offspring. In terms of irritability, depression, and youth conduct problems they were identified as predictors of anxiety symptoms. Particularly, anxiety and irritability were revealed to predict youth conduct problems. Conclusion The study indicates that parental intimate partner violence (IPV) has an impact on the mental well-being of their offspring. Furthermore, it was observed that there is not only a correlation between IPV and poor mental health outcomes, but also a connection between different mental conditions, implying that children exposed to IPV are more prone to experiencing a range of mental issues. As a result, intervention programs should place emphasis on addressing the mental disorders of both parents and children.

Abstract Background Childhood family structure is considered to play a role in person’s health and welfare. This study investigated the relationships between the longitudinal changes of adult health behaviours and childhood family structure. Methods From Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 questionnaires, we collected data on childhood family structure at the age of 14 (‘two-parent family’, ‘one parent not living at home/no information on father’, and ‘father or mother deceased’), and on health behaviours (smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity status) at the ages of 31 and 46. We used the multinomial logistic regression model to estimate the unadjusted and adjusted associations between childhood family structures and the longitudinal changes between 31 and 46 years of health behaviours (four-category variables). Results Of the study sample (n = 5431; 55.5% females), 7.1% of the offspring were represented in the ‘One parent not living at home/no information on father’ subgroup, 6.3% in the ‘Father or mother deceased’ subgroup and 86.6% in the ‘Two-parent family’. ‘One parent not living at home/no information on father’ offspring were approximately twice as likely to smoke (adjusted OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.70–2.81) and heavily consume alcohol (adjusted OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.25–3.16) at both times in adulthood, relative to not smoking or not heavily consume alcohol, and compared with ‘two-parent family’ offspring. We found no statistically significant associations between childhood family structure and physical activity status changes in adulthood. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the offspring of single-parent families in particular should be supported in early life to diminish their risk of unhealthy behaviours in adulthood.

Objective: We aimed to summarize the association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its intergenerational cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) impacts in both mothers and offspring post-delivery in existing literature. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were utilized for searching publications between January 1980 and June 2024, with data extraction and meta-analysis continuing until 31 July 2024. Based on a predefined PROSPERO protocol, studies published as full-length, English-language journal articles that reported the presence of GDM during pregnancy and its association with any CVD development post-delivery were selected. All studies were evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Maximally adjusted risk estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis to assess the risk ratio (RR) of GDM, and overall and subtypes of CVDs in both mothers and offspring post-delivery. Results: The meta-analysis was based on 38 studies with a total of 77,678,684 participants. The results showed a 46% increased risk (RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.34–1.59) for mothers and a 23% increased risk (1.23, 1.05–1.45) for offspring of developing overall CVDs after delivery, following a GDM-complicated pregnancy. Our subgroup analysis revealed that mothers with a history of GDM faced various risks (20% to 2-fold) of developing different subtypes of CVDs, including cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and venous thromboembolism. Conclusions: These findings underscore the heightened risk of developing various CVDs for mothers and offspring affected by GDM, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures even right after birth to mitigate the burden of CVDs in these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of environmental nanoplastic (NPl) particle and microplastic (MPl) particle pollution is becoming increasingly severe, significantly impacting ecosystems and biological health. Research shows that NPl/MPl can penetrate the placental barrier and enter the fetus, leading to transgenerational effects. This review integrates the existing literature on the effects of prenatal NPl/MPl exposure on mammalian offspring, focusing particularly on its negative impacts on the central nervous system, liver, intestinal health, reproductive function, and skeletal muscles. The vast majority of previous studies on prenatal NPl/MPl in mammals have used polystyrene material. Future research should explore the effects of other prenatal NPl/MPl materials on offspring to better reflect the realities of the human environment. It is also essential to investigate the potential harm and underlying mechanisms associated with prenatal NPl/MPl exposure to offspring in greater depth. This will aid in developing appropriate prevention and treatment strategies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is intricately associated with genetic susceptibility, leading to familial clustering among affected individuals. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward lung cancer risk among the offspring of lung cancer patients. This study was conducted at Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital between April 2023 and August 2023. Participants' demographic characteristics and KAP toward lung cancer risk were collected through questionnaires. A total of 481 valid questionnaires were enrolled, with 243 (50.52%) males, and 242 (50.31%) aged > 40 years old. The mean scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice were 8.54 ± 2.60 (range: 0–13), 25.93 ± 3.16 (range: 7–35), and 17.47 ± 4.30 (range: 5–25), respectively. Structural equation modeling indicated that knowledge exerted a negative direct effect on attitude (β = − 0.417, P = 0.006) but a positive direct effect on practice (β = 0.733, P = 0.025). Additionally, attitudes displayed a negative direct effect on practice (β = − 1.707, P = 0.002). In conclusion, offspring of lung cancer patients exhibited insufficient knowledge, positive attitude, and suboptimal practice toward lung cancer risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disorder with a variable clinical course, ranging from mild to severe forms. It mainly occurs in women, especially those of fertile age. The aim of the study was to systematically analyze the associations of perinatal disease activity with adverse outcomes of Chinese patients with SLE and their offspring. Material and methods: Data of prenatal SLE patients and healthy pregnant woman admitted to our hospital during the period October 2001 to January 2018 were retrospectively collected, and the status of offspring of SLE patients was followed up in March 2020. Disease activity was evaluated by SLE disease activity index 2000 (SLEDAI-2k), and those with scores > 6 were defined as having active disease. Results: In total, 198 deliveries of 194 SLE patients and 199 deliveries of healthy women were documented. Maternal and fetal adverse outcomes occurred in 74 (37.4%) and 90 (45.5%) deliveries of SLE patients, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of healthy subjects. Among SLE patients, the active group had higher rates of gestational hypertension (p < 0.001), preeclampsia/eclampsia (p < 0.001), low birth weight (p < 0.001), premature birth (p < 0.001) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) (p < 0.01) than the inactive group. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that perinatal renal activity was associated with gestational hypertension (OR = 4.43, p < 0.001), preeclampsia/eclampsia (OR = 9.14, p < 0.001), low birth weight (OR = 2.24, p < 0.05) and premature birth (OR = 4.20, p < 0.001). Compared with the general population, offspring of SLE patients had relatively high rates of eczema (50/142, 35.2%) and congenital heart disease (6/142, 4.2%), which were irrelevant to perinatal disease activity, but related to specific antibodies. Conclusions: For perinatal women with SLE, renal activity is associated with a variety of adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, maternal perinatal disease activity does not seem to affect the growth of their offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We investigate the role of galantamine on autonomic dysfunction associated with early cardiometabolic dysfunction in the offspring of fructose-overloaded rats. Methods: Wistar rats received fructose diluted in drinking water (10%) or water for 60 days prior to mating. Fructose overload was maintained until the end of lactation. The offspring (21 days after birth) of control and fructose-overloaded animals were divided into three groups: control (C), fructose (F) and fructose + galantamine (GAL). GAL (5 mg/kg) was administered orally until the offspring were 51 days old. Metabolic, hemodynamic and cardiovascular autonomic modulation were evaluated. Results: The F group showed decreased insulin tolerance (KITT) compared to the C and GAL groups. The F group, in comparison to the C group, had increased arterial blood pressure, heart rate and sympathovagal balance (LF/HF ratio) and a low-frequency band of systolic arterial pressure (LF-SAP). The GAL group, in comparison to the F group, showed increased vagally mediated RMSSD index, a high-frequency band (HF-PI) and decreased LF/HF ratio and variance in SAP (VAR-SAP) and LF-SAP. Correlations were found between HF-PI and KITT (r = 0.60), heart rate (r = −0.65) and MAP (r = −0.71). Conclusions: GAL treatment significantly improved cardiovascular autonomic modulation, which was associated with the amelioration of cardiometabolic dysfunction in offspring of parents exposed to chronic fructose consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As the global consumption of sugary and non-sugar sweetened beverages continues to rise, there is growing concern about their health impacts, particularly among pregnant women and their offspring. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the consumption patterns of various beverages among pregnant women in Shanghai and their potential health impacts on both mothers and offspring. Method: We applied a multi-stage random sampling method to select participants from 16 districts in Shanghai. Each district was categorised into five zones. Two towns were randomly selected from each zone, and from each town, 30 pregnant women were randomly selected. Data were collected through face-to-face questionnaires. Follow-up data on births within a year after the survey were also obtained. Result: The consumption rates of total beverages (TB), sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), and non-sugar sweetened beverages (NSS) were 73.2%, 72.8%, and 13.5%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that compared to non-consumers, pregnant women consuming TB three times or less per week had a 38.4% increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (OR = 1.384; 95% CI: 1.129–1.696) and a 64.2% increased risk of gestational hypertension (GH) (OR = 1.642; 95% CI: 1.129–2.389). Those consuming TB four or more times per week faced a 154.3% higher risk of GDM (OR = 2.543; 95% CI: 2.064–3.314) and a 169.3% increased risk of GH (OR = 2.693; 95% CI: 1.773–4.091). Similar results were observed in the analysis of SSB. Regarding offspring health, compared to non-consumers, TB consumption four or more times per week was associated with a substantial increase in the risk of macrosomia (OR = 2.143; 95% CI: 1.304–3.522) and large for gestational age (LGA) (OR = 1.695; 95% CI: 1.219–2.356). In the analysis of NSS, with a significantly increased risk of macrosomia (OR = 6.581; 95% CI:2.796–13.824) and LGA (OR = 7.554; 95% CI: 3.372–16.921). Conclusion: The high level of beverage consumption among pregnant women in Shanghai needs attention. Excessive consumption of beverages increases the risk of GDM and GH, while excessive consumption of NSS possibly has a greater impact on offspring macrosomia and LGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As the fetus relies on maternal thyroid hormones in early pregnancy, maternal hypothyroidism plays an important role in fetal development. However, the association between maternal hypothyroidism and metabolic disease in offspring is unclear. Objective: To examine the association between maternal hypothyroidism in pregnancy and metabolic outcomes (obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia) in children < 18 years. Methods: We systematically searched 5 databases from inception to May 2023. Eligible studies included cohort, case-control, and randomized controlled trials involving children born to mothers with or without hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Data were pooled across studies using random-effects models for outcomes reported in at least three studies. Quality assessment was performed using the ROBINS-E tool for observational studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for trials. Results: The search identified 3221 articles, of which 7 studies were included (1 trial, 6 observational). All studies were conducted outside of North America and ranged in size from 250 to > 1 million children. The follow-up time ranged from 6 to 20 years. Included studies support an increased risk of hypertension and glucose dysregulation in offspring exposed to maternal hypothyroidism (hypertension: OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.75, 1.57 and HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.21, 2.69; diabetes: RR 2.7, 95% CI 0.7, 10). In the pooled analysis, maternal hypothyroidism was not associated with obesity in offspring (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.64, 1.70). Conclusion: This study found inconsistent evidence on the association between maternal hypothyroidism in pregnancy and metabolic outcomes in offspring, though associations with hypertension and glucose dysregulation are possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past three decades, dietary and lifestyle changes worldwide have resulted in a global increase in the prevalence of obesity in both adults and children. Known to be highly influenced by genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors, obesity is characterized by a low-grade chronic inflammation that contributes to the development of other metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Recently, the gut microbiome has been added as a cause/contributor to the development of obesity. As differences in the microbiome between obese and normoweight individuals have been observed, we set out to determine whether infants harbor an obesogenic microbiome early on and whether the pre-pregnancy status of the mother (obese or normoweight) is correlated to their infant's microbiome composition. Using shotgun sequencing, we analyzed stool samples throughout the first year of life from infants born to obese (n = 23 participants, m = 104 samples) and normoweight (n = 23 participants, m = 99 samples) mothers. We found that the infants' microbiome diversity at taxonomic and functional levels was significantly influenced by time (ANOVA p < 0.001) but not by the mother's pre-pregnancy status. Overall, no deterministic succession of taxa or functions was observed. However, infants born to obese mothers were found to have a significantly higher Bacillota/Bacteroidota ratio (p = 0.02) at six months, were significantly depleted from six months old of the wellestablished obesity biomarkers Akkermansia municiphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (p < 0.01), and were at one week old, significantly enriched in pathways such as the UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis II (p = 0.02) involved in leptin production, suggesting perhaps that there may exist some underlying mechanisms that dictate the development of an obesogenic microbiota early on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary nutrition plays a crucial role in determining pregnancy outcomes, with poor diet being a major contributor to pregnancy metabolic syndrome and metabolic disorders in offspring. While carbohydrates are essential for fetal development, the excessive consumption of low-quality carbohydrates can increase the risk of pregnancy complications and have lasting negative effects on offspring development. Recent studies not only highlighted the link between carbohydrate intake during pregnancy, maternal health, and offspring well-being, but also suggested that the quality of carbohydrate foods consumed is more critical. This article reviews the impacts of low-carbohydrate and high-carbohydrate diets on pregnancy complications and offspring health, introduces the varied physiological effects of different types of carbohydrate consumption during pregnancy, and emphasizes the importance of both the quantity and quality of carbohydrates in nutritional interventions during pregnancy. These findings may offer valuable insights for guiding dietary interventions during pregnancy and shaping the future development of carbohydrate-rich foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study establishes a fetal cannabinoid syndrome model to evaluate the effects of high doses of dronabinol (synthetic THC) during pregnancy and lactation on behavioral and brain changes in male and female progeny and their susceptibility to alcohol consumption. Female C57BL/6J mice received dronabinol (10 mg/kg/12 h, p.o.) from gestational day 5 to postnatal day 21. On the weaning day, the offspring were separated by sex, and on postnatal day 60, behavioral and neurobiological changes were analyzed. Mice exposed to dronabinol exhibited increased anxiogenic and depressive-like behaviors and cognitive impairment. These behaviors were associated with neurodevelopment-related gene and protein expression changes, establishing, for the first time, an association among behavioral changes, cognitive impairment, and neurobiological alterations. Exposure to dronabinol during pregnancy and lactation disrupted the reward system, leading to increased motivation to consume alcohol in the offspring. All these modifications exhibited sex-dependent patterns. These findings reveal the pronounced adverse effects on fetal neurodevelopment resulting from cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation and strongly suggest the need to prevent mothers who use cannabis in this period from the severe and permanent side effects on behavior and brain development that may occur in their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We hypothesized and investigated whether prenatal exposure to preeclampsia (PE) would simultaneously affect perinatal cardiovascular features and angiotensin system expressions. This prospective study was composed of mother-neonate dyads with (n = 49) and without maternal preeclampsia (n = 48) in a single tertiary medical center. The neonates exposed to PE had significantly larger relative sizes for the left and right coronary arteries and a higher cord plasma level of aminopeptidase-N, which positively correlated with the maternal diastolic blood pressures and determined the relative sizes of the left and right coronary arteries, whereas the encoding aminopeptidase-N (ANPEP) mRNA level in the PE cord blood leukocytes was significantly decreased, positively correlated with the neonatal systolic blood pressures (SBPs), and negatively correlated with the cord plasma-induced endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mRNA levels. The PE cord plasma significantly induced higher endothelial mRNA levels of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and AT4R, whereas in the umbilical arteries, the protein expressions of AT2R and AT4R were significantly decreased in the PE group. The endothelial AT1R mRNA level positively determined the maternal SBPs, and the AT4R mRNA level positively determined the neonatal chamber size and cardiac output. In conclusion, PE may influence perinatal angiotensin system and cardiovascular manifestations of neonates across placentae. Intriguing correlations between these two warrant further mechanistic investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children who witness parental intimate partner violence (IPV) are more likely to develop mental health issues compared to those who do not witness such violence. Objective: The main objective of this study is to assess the association between parental intimate partner violence and child mental health outcomes. Methodology: This cross-sectional study involved 548 participants divided into two groups: parents (N = 304) and offspring (N = 244). The participants were recruited from Mageragere Sector in the City of Kigali (urban), as well as Mbazi and Ruhashya sectors in Huye District (rural). To assess the difference about mental difficulties reported by the offspring, a Mann-Whitney U test was employed to compare the responses of parents and their children on mental health outcomes. Additionally, multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to explore the association between parental intimate partner violence (IPV) and the mental health outcomes of their offspring. Results: The results highlighted significant levels of mental and emotional challenges in children, as reported by both parents and the children themselves. Depression and youth conduct problems were more prevalent among the children compared to their parents, whereas anxiety and irritability were more commonly reported by parents than by their children. Intimate partner violence showed to be a predictor of irritability and anxiety symptoms in offspring. In terms of irritability, depression, and youth conduct problems they were identified as predictors of anxiety symptoms. Particularly, anxiety and irritability were revealed to predict youth conduct problems. Conclusion: The study indicates that parental intimate partner violence (IPV) has an impact on the mental well-being of their offspring. Furthermore, it was observed that there is not only a correlation between IPV and poor mental health outcomes, but also a connection between different mental conditions, implying that children exposed to IPV are more prone to experiencing a range of mental issues. As a result, intervention programs should place emphasis on addressing the mental disorders of both parents and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybridization is an important evolutionary force, and heterosis describes the phenomenon where hybrids exhibit superior traits compared to their parents. This study aimed to evaluate the one-hundred-seed weight and fatty acid content in F1 generations, investigating the effects of different parental crosses using a 9 × 3 incomplete diallel design (NCII). One of the challenges faced in this study was the complexity of accurately determining the influence of both genetic and environmental factors on trait inheritance. A total of 36 F1 crosses were analyzed for general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and heritability. The results showed that the level of each index in F1 is closely related to its parents. Significant differences in GCA and SCA were observed among parental traits in most crosses. The ratio of GCA to SCA ranged from 0 to 3, indicating the pivotal role of SCA over GCA in castor breeding efforts. High narrow-sense heritability was recorded in palmitic acid (30.98%), oleic acid (28.68%), and arachidonic acid (21.34%), suggesting that these traits are predominantly under the control of additive gene action, and hence these characters can be improved by selection. Additionally, heterosis exhibited diverse patterns across traits. Based on the evaluated combining ability, heritability, and heterosis, the inbred lines CSR181 and 20111149 were recommended for castor crossbreeding due to their potential to yield progeny with optimal oil-related traits. This research contributes valuable knowledge to the field of castor breeding, providing a foundation for developing superior castor cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Alterations in the gut microbiome have been linked to obesity, with maternal high‐fat diet (HF) playing a role in shaping offspring microbiome composition. However, the sex‐specific responses to maternal HF diet and the impact of subsequent dietary challenges remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of maternal HF diet on offspring gut microbiota structure and predicted functional profile in response to short‐term postnatal HF diet exposure with a focus on sex‐specific responses. Female and male offspring of maternal control (C) diet or maternal HF diet were weaned onto C diet or HF diet. Offspring were euthanized at 13 weeks of age and cecal contents were collected for bacterial taxonomic profiling. Maternal HF diet reduced α‐diversity, notably in male offspring weaned onto HF diet. Sex‐specific differences were observed in the gut microbial composition and predicted functional potential. Furthermore, the influence of maternal diet on bacterial community structure and functional potential varied depending on postnatal diet. Maternal HF diet led to increased relative abundance of Corynebacterium in female offspring and decreased abundance of Akkermansia and Roseburia in male offspring. These findings underscore the sexually dimorphic nature of maternal HF diet effects on gut microbiota composition and function, with implications for developmental programming and metabolic health.

Background Hypertensive pregnancies are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and neurological diseases in the offspring during later life. However, less is known about the potential impact on multi‐organ phenotypes in offspring before disease symptoms occur. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the associations of fetal exposure to maternal hypertensive pregnancy with multi‐organ phenotypes across developmental stages. Methods and Results Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), WoS, Scopus, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched until February 2024. Records were independently screened by 2 authors. Studies reporting on the structure or function of the heart, blood vessels, brain, liver, and kidneys in offspring of hypertensive pregnancies compared with a normotensive control population were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. Extracted data were presented using harvest plots. Seventy‐three studies including 7091 offspring of hypertensive pregnancies and 42 164 controls were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Thirty‐two studies were investigations in fetuses, 24 in neonates and infants, 12 in children, 2 in adolescents, and 3 in adults. Offspring of hypertensive pregnancies had structural and functional changes in the heart compared with controls in some studies across developmental stages. Offspring of hypertensive pregnancies also had smaller occipital and parietal vessels, higher aortic intima‐media thickness, and lower retinal arteriolar‐to‐venular ratio. Some conflicting evidence existed for other phenotypical alterations. Conclusions There is still inconsistent evidence of multi‐organ structural and functional differences in offspring of hypertensive pregnancies. The evidence base could therefore be further strengthened through well‐designed and conducted prospective studies. Registration Information www.crd.york.ac.uk. Unique Identifier: CRD42023387550.

Globally, plastic pollution threatens human health, particularly affecting the hearts of offspring exposed to maternal environmental factors early in development. Few studies have specifically addressed sex-specific cardiac injury in offspring resulting from maternal exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs). This study investigates the potential cardiac injury in offspring following maternal exposure to 1 mg/L PS-NPs. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were exposed to PS-NPs until 3 weeks postpartum to establish a maternal exposure model. Heart tissues were collected and weighed, and the transcriptomes of the offspring hearts were sequenced and analyzed using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess the effects of PS-NPs on cardiac immune infiltration, fibrosis, and apoptosis in the offspring. PS-NPs caused a significant reduction in heart and body weight in female offspring compared to males. Additionally, PS-NPs induced sex-specific transcriptional reprogramming and metabolic disruptions in the offspring. PS-NPs also induced significant fibrosis, apoptosis, and increased CD68+ macrophage infiltration in offspring hearts. Notably, PS-NPs induced distinct cardiovascular diseases in the offspring. Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis were significantly enriched in PS-NP-treated male offspring, while viral myocarditis was predominantly enriched in PS-NP-treated females. Our findings suggest that PS-NPs induce cardiotoxicity in offspring by disrupting metabolism, impairing immunity, and triggering fibrosis and apoptosis, with sex-specific differences. This study provides novel insights and a foundation for understanding sex-specific pharmacological differences and interventions in PS-NP-induced cardiovascular disease in offspring.

Conservation breeding programs (CBPs) are often the lifeline between extinction and survival for many imperilled amphibian species. With the goal of recovering wild populations, CBP success is reliant on their ability to successfully manage ex situ populations over time, breed viable offspring, and maintain genetic diversity and adaptive potential. Reproductive technologies have emerged as an important tool in the conservation toolkit to allow managers to improve reproductive output and genetic management, and their use in amphibian conservation is expanding. To date, studies investigating the efficacy of hormone therapies in amphibians typically only report spawning and fertility rates and do not monitor offspring to later stages of development. For the first time, here we assess the effect of hormone therapies on captive breeding outcomes beyond oviposition, to the point of metamorphosis, in the critically endangered Baw Baw frog, Philoria frosti. To determine the effect of hormone therapy on spawning success and offspring viability, male-female pairs were administered either 0 µg/g gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa), 0.5 µg/g GnRHa, or 0.5 µg/g GnRHa + 10 µg/g metoclopramide (MET) (n = 12 pairs/treatment), and the number of pairs ovipositing, time to oviposition, clutch size, metamorph mass, and the proportion and number (mean and total) of offspring to metamorphosis were quantified. Overall, the percentage of pairs that oviposited was high across all treatment groups (92-100%). The percentage of fertile clutches was highest in the GnRHa group (92%) and lowest in the GnRHa + MET group (82%), though differences were not statistically significant. Both hormone treatment groups took significantly less time to oviposit than the control pairs. Notably, the proportion of eggs developing to metamorphosis was significantly higher in the GnRHa group, resulting in 74% (total eggs=539) metamorphosing compared to approximately 50% in the control and GnRHa+MET treatments (total eggs= 273 and 264, respectively). Interestingly, weight at metamorphosis was statistically similar across all groups, and results are consistent with previous studies in this species that show a narrow range in size at metamorphosis. The continued application of GnRHa is recommended to improve conservation outcomes for the critically endangered Baw Baw frog. The outcomes of this research advance our understanding of the impact of hormone therapies on reproductive outcomes and will inform amphibian conservation breeding programs globally.