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This article aims to structuralize for educational capability of tourism based on practical relationship between tourism and education. In this context, it attempts to examine a tourism education framework addressing three dimensions ; education in tourism, education about tourism and education for tourism. Education in tourism involves classic tourism education in hospital industry and school curriculum and educational tourism, such as any educational / learning tourist activity in school students' travel, excursion and adult study tours. Education about tourism includes knowledge of tourism as industry, the impacts and the management issues associated with tourism settings to understand tourism broadly. Education for tourism focuses on tourism activity to be responsible as both an individual tourist and any institutions for sustainability. Lastly a framework for Education for Sustainability in Tourism is introduced to review and guide discussion of education for Sustainability in Tourism further., 紀要論文

Werner Syndrome (WS) is an adult‐onset segmental progeroid syndrome. Bisulfite pyrosequencing of repetitive DNA families revealed comparable blood DNA methylation levels between classical (18 WRN‐mutant) or atypical WS (3 LMNA‐mutant and 3 POLD1‐mutant) patients and age‐ and sex‐matched controls. WS was not associated with either age‐related accelerated global losses of ALU, LINE1, and α‐satellite DNA methylations or gains of rDNA methylation. Single CpG methylation was analyzed with Infinium MethylationEPIC arrays. In a correspondence analysis, atypical WS samples clustered together with the controls and were clearly separated from classical WS, consistent with distinct epigenetic pathologies. In classical WS, we identified 659 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) comprising 3,656 CpG sites and 613 RefSeq genes. The top DMR was located in the HOXA4 promoter. Additional DMR genes included LMNA, POLD1, and 132 genes which have been reported to be differentially expressed in WRN‐mutant/depleted cells. DMRs were enriched in genes with molecular functions linked to transcription factor activity and sequence‐specific DNA binding to promoters transcribed by RNA polymerase II. We propose that transcriptional misregulation of downstream genes by the absence of WRN protein contributes to the variable premature aging phenotypes of WS. There were no CpG sites showing significant differences in DNA methylation changes with age between WS patients and controls. Genes with both WS‐ and age‐related methylation changes exhibited a constant offset of methylation between WRN‐mutant patients and controls across the entire analyzed age range. WS‐specific epigenetic signatures occur early in life and do not simply reflect an acceleration of normal epigenetic aging processes.

Werner syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a constellation of adult onset phenotypes consistent with an acceleration of intrinsic biological aging. It is caused by pathogenic variants in the WRN gene, which encodes a multifunctional nuclear protein with exonuclease and helicase activities. WRN protein is thought to be involved in optimization of various aspects of DNA metabolism, including DNA repair, recombination, replication, and transcription. In this update, we summarize a total of 83 different WRN mutations, including eight previously unpublished mutations identified by the International Registry of Werner Syndrome (Seattle, WA) and the Japanese Werner Consortium (Chiba, Japan), as well as 75 mutations already reported in the literature. The Seattle International Registry recruits patients from all over the world to investigate genetic causes of a wide variety of progeroid syndromes in order to contribute to the knowledge of basic mechanisms of human aging. Given the unusually high prevalence of WS patients and heterozygous carriers in Japan, the major goal of the Japanese Consortium is to develop effective therapies and to establish management guidelines for WS patients in Japan and elsewhere. This review will also discuss potential translational approaches to this disorder, including those currently under investigation.

Werner syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by multiple features consistent with accelerated aging. It is caused by mutations in the WRN gene, which encodes a RecQ type helicase. To date, more than 70 disease-causing mutations have been reported. While founder mutations and a corresponding relatively high incidence of WS have been reported in Japan and Sardinia, such mutations have not been previously described among patients of South Asian descent. Here, we report two novel WRN mutations in three pedigrees. A homozygous c.561A>G mutation in exon 6 was identified both in a pedigree from Kerala, India and in a British patient of Pakistani ancestry. Although c.561A>G does not alter the corresponding amino acid (p.Lys187), it creates a cryptic splice site resulting in a 98 bp deletion at the mRNA level (r.557_654del98) followed by a frameshift (p.Lys187Trpfs*13). These two cases shared the same haplotype across the WRN gene, and were distinct from another Indian Werner patient with a homozygous stop codon mutation, c.2855 C > A (p.Ser952*), in exon 24. As the Indian population increases and the awareness of WS grows, we anticipate that more cases will be identified with these founder mutations among South Asian WS patients.

This study explores developing local skills in solving community-based problems with forest tourism in Okinawa prefecture, in particular regarding with activities in Yambaru area. Yambaru is a rural area, and is currently well-known domestically and a popular ecotourism destination because of its pristine subtropical rainforest environment, unknown on the Japanese mainland. As a result of depression of timber industry, problems within forestry have been developing all over Japan and the industry needs to undergo some restructuring to change from a single dimensional usage of forest for lumber, into a consciousness of multifaceted forest usage, such as for shelter from natural disaster, carbon sequestering to offset global warming, preserving drinking water, habitat for native animals and plants as well as promoting forest environmental education. However, the forestry industry and forestry cooperative in Okinawa are completely unaware of such recent trends. A major focus of this study is that social action which leads to sustainable community development is contingent on learning about social phenomena affecting community life and on applying that learning to planning and problem solving with adult education theory. Accordingly the process orientation of community development takes precedence over task orientation in this study. As the first stage of the study, this paper identifies current usage of Yambaru forest as a tourist destination and awareness of the issues involved in the local initiatives, such as conducting forest study and tour. It concludes with recommendations for further research., 紀要論文